Comprehensive model for evaluating voltage losses and performance improvements in thin-film photovoltaic devices

Nardone, Marco; Gupta, Sakshi; Mulloy, Eva; Johnston, Steve; Colegrove, Eric; Duenow, Joel N.; Good, Brian; Perkins, Craig L.; Kuciauskas, Darius; Reese, Matthew O.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevApplied.23.034019

Title: Comprehensive model for evaluating voltage losses and performance improvements in thin-film photovoltaic devices

Journal Article · Mon Mar 10 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Physical Review Applied

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.23.034019 · OSTI ID:2546939

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^[2]; Duenow, Joel N. ^[2]; Good, Brian ^[2]; Perkins, Craig L. ^[2];

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Bowling Green State Univ., OH (United States)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Progress of state-of-the-art and next-generation thin-film photovoltaic devices is often stymied by open-circuit voltage (𝑉_oc) that is significantly lower than theoretical and practical limits. Yet, effectively diagnosing the primary sources of voltage loss remains challenging. Herein, a sequence of device-level characterization techniques and simulations are employed to identify and rank loss mechanisms. For the research-based Cd⁡(Se,Te) device under study, most of the loss was at the front semiconductor heterointerface due to a clifflike conduction-band offset that lowered the recombination activation energy. Additional losses due to band tails were quantified by photoluminescence analysis. The latter provided the absorption coefficient and activation energy reduction associated with band tails as inputs to device models. Simulations showed that alleviating front-interface issues would improve 𝑉_oc, but it would then be limited by bulk recombination. Further improvement of the bulk would then lead to back-contact limitations. Reducing band tails is beneficial in any circumstance. In conclusion, this analysis provides guidance for reaching toward the radiative 𝑉_oc limit.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 2546939

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA--5K00-90543

Journal Information:: Physical Review Applied, Journal Name: Physical Review Applied Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 23; ISSN 2331-7019

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Title: Comprehensive model for evaluating voltage losses and performance improvements in thin-film photovoltaic devices

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