Investigation of Microstructures and Tensile Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Chepkoech, Melody; Owolabi, Gbadebo; Warner, Grant

doi:10.3390/ma17040913

Title: Investigation of Microstructures and Tensile Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Abstract

In this study, a thorough investigation of the microstructures and tensile properties of 316L stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was done. 316L stainless steel specimens with two different thicknesses of 1.5 mm and 4.0 mm fabricated under similar conditions were utilized. Microstructural characterization was performed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Melt pools and cellular structures were observed using OM, whereas EBSD was utilized to obtain the grain size, grain boundary characteristics, and crystallographic texture. The 1.5 mm thick sample demonstrated a yield strength (YS) of 538.42 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 606.47 MPa, and elongation to failure of 69.88%, whereas the 4.0 mm thick sample had a YS of 551.21 MPa, UTS of 619.58 MPa, and elongation to failure of 73.66%. These results demonstrated a slight decrease in mechanical properties with decreasing thickness, with a 2.4% reduction in YS, 2.1% reduction in UTS, and 5.8% reduction in elongation to failure. In addition to other microstructural features, the cellular structures were observed to be the major contributors to the high mechanical properties. Using the inverse pole figure (IPF) maps, both thicknesses depicted a crystallographic texture ofmore »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Owolabi, Gbadebo ^[1]; Warner, Grant ^[2]

Howard University, Washington, DC (United States)
Spelman College, Atlanta, GA (United States)

Publication Date:: Fri Feb 16 00:00:00 EST 2024

Research Org.:: University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:: 2319032

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003945

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Materials

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 17; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1996-1944

Publisher:: MDPI

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 316L stainless steel; laser powder bed fusion; additive manufacturing; tensile; microstructure

Citation Formats


                    Chepkoech, Melody, Owolabi, Gbadebo, and Warner, Grant. Investigation of Microstructures and Tensile Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion.  United States: N. p., 2024. 
Web.  doi:10.3390/ma17040913.

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                    Chepkoech, Melody, Owolabi, Gbadebo, & Warner, Grant. Investigation of Microstructures and Tensile Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040913

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                    Chepkoech, Melody, Owolabi, Gbadebo, and Warner, Grant. Fri .  
"Investigation of Microstructures and Tensile Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17040913.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/2319032.

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@article{osti_2319032,

  title        = {Investigation of Microstructures and Tensile Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion},

  author       = {Chepkoech, Melody and Owolabi, Gbadebo and Warner, Grant},

  abstractNote = {In this study, a thorough investigation of the microstructures and tensile properties of 316L stainless steel fabricated via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) was done. 316L stainless steel specimens with two different thicknesses of 1.5 mm and 4.0 mm fabricated under similar conditions were utilized. Microstructural characterization was performed using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Melt pools and cellular structures were observed using OM, whereas EBSD was utilized to obtain the grain size, grain boundary characteristics, and crystallographic texture. The 1.5 mm thick sample demonstrated a yield strength (YS) of 538.42 MPa, ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 606.47 MPa, and elongation to failure of 69.88%, whereas the 4.0 mm thick sample had a YS of 551.21 MPa, UTS of 619.58 MPa, and elongation to failure of 73.66%. These results demonstrated a slight decrease in mechanical properties with decreasing thickness, with a 2.4% reduction in YS, 2.1% reduction in UTS, and 5.8% reduction in elongation to failure. In addition to other microstructural features, the cellular structures were observed to be the major contributors to the high mechanical properties. Using the inverse pole figure (IPF) maps, both thicknesses depicted a crystallographic texture of {001} <101> in their as-built state. However, when subjected to tensile loads, texture transitions to {111} <001> and {111} <011> were observed for the 1.5 mm and 4.0 mm samples, respectively. Additionally, EBSD analysis revealed the pre-existence of high-density dislocation networks and a high fraction of low-angle grain boundaries. Interestingly, twinning was observed, suggesting that the plastic deformation occurred through dislocation gliding and deformation twinning.},

  doi          = {10.3390/ma17040913},

  journal      = {Materials},

  number       = 4,

  volume       = 17,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Feb 16 00:00:00 EST 2024},

  month        = {Fri Feb 16 00:00:00 EST 2024}

}

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Title: Investigation of Microstructures and Tensile Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Abstract

Citation Formats

Effect of Bimodal Grain Size Distribution on the Strain Hardening Behavior of a Medium-Entropy Alloy journal, January 2021

Tensile deformation of 316L austenitic stainless steel using in-situ electron backscatter diffraction and crystal plasticity simulations journal, June 2015

Microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel 316L vertical struts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion process journal, October 2018

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Statistical analysis of dislocations and dislocation boundaries from EBSD data journal, August 2017

Effect of laser power on defect, texture, and microstructure of a laser powder bed fusion processed 316L stainless steel journal, February 2019

Design of a novel Mn-based 1GPa duplex stainless TRIP steel with 60% ductility by a reduction of austenite stability journal, June 2011

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An assessment of ultra fine grained 316L stainless steel for implant applications journal, January 2016

Oxidation behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel in high temperature air with long-term exposure journal, June 2020

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Strength and ductility of 316L austenitic stainless steel strengthened by nano-scale twin bundles journal, February 2012

Recrystallization-based grain boundary engineering of 316L stainless steel produced via selective laser melting journal, November 2020

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Simultaneously enhanced strength and ductility for 3D-printed stainless steel 316L by selective laser melting journal, April 2018

Redistribution of Grain Boundary Misorientation and Residual Stresses of Thermomechanically Simulated Welding in an Intercritically Reheated Coarse Grained Heat Affected Zone journal, November 2021

Flaw type dependent tensile properties of 316L stainless steel additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion journal, September 2022

Twinning induced plasticity in austenitic stainless steel 316L made by additive manufacturing journal, September 2017

Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility journal, October 2017

Selective laser melting of Al–8.5Fe–1.3V–1.7Si alloy: Investigation on the resultant microstructure and hardness journal, April 2015

Evading the strength–ductility trade-off dilemma in steel through gradient hierarchical nanotwins journal, April 2014

On the measurement of dislocations and dislocation substructures using EBSD and HRSD techniques journal, August 2019

Deformation of single crystal Hadfield steel by twinning and slip journal, April 2000

Effects of Alloy Composition and Solid-State Diffusion Kinetics on Powder Bed Fusion Cracking Susceptibility journal, November 2020

Supra-Ductile and High-Strength Manganese-TRIP/TWIP Steels for High Energy Absorption Purposes. journal, January 2003

Effects of manufacturing parameters and mechanical post-processing on stainless steel 316L processed by laser powder bed fusion journal, January 2021

Cyclic deformation response of AISI 316L at room temperature: Mechanical behaviour, microstructural evolution, physically-based evolutionary constitutive modelling journal, August 2013

Microstructural and mechanical approaches of the selective laser melting process applied to a nickel-base superalloy journal, February 2012

Microstructure and Anisotropy of the Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting journal, May 2021

Influence of addition of TiAl particles on microstructural and mechanical property development in a selectively laser melted stainless steel journal, October 2021

Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel After Heat Treatment journal, November 2020

Grain refinement of 316L stainless steel through in-situ alloying with Ti in additive manufacturing journal, April 2022

Improving surface quality in selective laser melting based tool making journal, April 2021

New insights on cellular structures strengthening mechanisms and thermal stability of an austenitic stainless steel fabricated by laser powder-bed-fusion journal, January 2021

Effect of Bimodal Grain Size Distribution on the Strain Hardening Behavior of a Medium-Entropy Alloy
journal, January 2021

Tensile deformation of 316L austenitic stainless steel using in-situ electron backscatter diffraction and crystal plasticity simulations
journal, June 2015

Microstructure and mechanical properties of stainless steel 316L vertical struts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion process
journal, October 2018

Tensile Properties and Deformation of AISI 316L Additively Manufactured with Various Energy Densities
journal, October 2021

Statistical analysis of dislocations and dislocation boundaries from EBSD data
journal, August 2017

Effect of laser power on defect, texture, and microstructure of a laser powder bed fusion processed 316L stainless steel
journal, February 2019

Design of a novel Mn-based 1GPa duplex stainless TRIP steel with 60% ductility by a reduction of austenite stability
journal, June 2011

Effect of build geometry on the microstructural development of 316L parts produced by additive manufacturing
journal, September 2018

Investigation of the strengthening mechanism in 316L stainless steel produced with laser powder bed fusion
journal, August 2021

An assessment of ultra fine grained 316L stainless steel for implant applications
journal, January 2016

Oxidation behavior of 316L austenitic stainless steel in high temperature air with long-term exposure
journal, June 2020

Revealing relationships between porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of laser powder bed fusion 316L stainless steel through heat treatment
journal, April 2020

Dislocation network in additive manufactured steel breaks strength–ductility trade-off
journal, May 2018

Strength and ductility of 316L austenitic stainless steel strengthened by nano-scale twin bundles
journal, February 2012

Recrystallization-based grain boundary engineering of 316L stainless steel produced via selective laser melting
journal, November 2020

Effect of Severe Cold or Warm Deformation on Microstructure Evolution and Tensile Behavior of a 316L Stainless Steel: Effect of Severe Cold or Warm Deformation on Microstructure …
journal, April 2015

Enhanced tensile properties of 316L steel via grain refinement and low-strain rolling
journal, August 2019

Movement of Dislocations
book, February 2011

Mechanical behavior of selective laser melted 316L stainless steel
journal, June 2017

Hardened austenite steel with columnar sub-grain structure formed by laser melting
journal, February 2015

A new approach for determining GND and SSD densities based on indentation size effect: An application to additive-manufactured Hastelloy X
journal, January 2022

Intragranular cellular segregation network structure strengthening 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting
journal, March 2016

Interactions between Dislocations and Boundaries during Deformation
journal, February 2021

Grain-size effects on tensile behavior of nickel and AISI 316L stainless steel
journal, October 2003

Stacking Fault Energy Analyses of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L and CrCoNi Medium Entropy Alloy Using In Situ Neutron Diffraction
journal, January 2020

Highly Anisotropic Steel Processed by Selective Laser Melting
journal, May 2013

Anisotropic Mechanical Behavior of Additive Manufactured AISI 316L Steel
journal, February 2019

High Strength and Ductility of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel Explained
journal, April 2018

Effect of energy density and scanning strategy on densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel processed via selective laser melting
journal, January 2020

Introduction and comparison of new EBSD post-processing methodologies
journal, December 2015

Hall–Petch relation and boundary strengthening
journal, October 2004

Tensile properties of a nanocrystalline 316L austenitic stainless steel
journal, May 2005

Benchmarking of 316L Stainless Steel Manufactured by a Hybrid Additive/Subtractive Technology
journal, March 2022

Microstructure and mechanical properties of 316L austenitic stainless steel processed by different SLM devices
journal, May 2020

Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels
journal, January 2018

Texture, misorientation and mechanical anisotropy in a deformed dual phase stainless steel weld joint
journal, July 2013

Simultaneously enhanced strength and ductility for 3D-printed stainless steel 316L by selective laser melting
journal, April 2018

Redistribution of Grain Boundary Misorientation and Residual Stresses of Thermomechanically Simulated Welding in an Intercritically Reheated Coarse Grained Heat Affected Zone
journal, November 2021

Flaw type dependent tensile properties of 316L stainless steel additively manufactured by laser powder bed fusion
journal, September 2022

Twinning induced plasticity in austenitic stainless steel 316L made by additive manufacturing
journal, September 2017

Additively manufactured hierarchical stainless steels with high strength and ductility
journal, October 2017

Selective laser melting of Al–8.5Fe–1.3V–1.7Si alloy: Investigation on the resultant microstructure and hardness
journal, April 2015

Evading the strength–ductility trade-off dilemma in steel through gradient hierarchical nanotwins
journal, April 2014

On the measurement of dislocations and dislocation substructures using EBSD and HRSD techniques
journal, August 2019

Deformation of single crystal Hadfield steel by twinning and slip
journal, April 2000

Effects of Alloy Composition and Solid-State Diffusion Kinetics on Powder Bed Fusion Cracking Susceptibility
journal, November 2020

Supra-Ductile and High-Strength Manganese-TRIP/TWIP Steels for High Energy Absorption Purposes.
journal, January 2003

Effects of manufacturing parameters and mechanical post-processing on stainless steel 316L processed by laser powder bed fusion
journal, January 2021

Cyclic deformation response of AISI 316L at room temperature: Mechanical behaviour, microstructural evolution, physically-based evolutionary constitutive modelling
journal, August 2013

Microstructural and mechanical approaches of the selective laser melting process applied to a nickel-base superalloy
journal, February 2012

Microstructure and Anisotropy of the Mechanical Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting
journal, May 2021

Influence of addition of TiAl particles on microstructural and mechanical property development in a selectively laser melted stainless steel
journal, October 2021

Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Additively Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel After Heat Treatment
journal, November 2020

Grain refinement of 316L stainless steel through in-situ alloying with Ti in additive manufacturing
journal, April 2022

Improving surface quality in selective laser melting based tool making
journal, April 2021

New insights on cellular structures strengthening mechanisms and thermal stability of an austenitic stainless steel fabricated by laser powder-bed-fusion
journal, January 2021