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Title: Observation of the Electromagnetic Field Effect via Charge-Dependent Directed Flow in Heavy-Ion Collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Journal Article · · Physical Review. X
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  1. American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
  2. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
  3. Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic
  4. The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
  5. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141 980
  6. Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
  7. Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India
  8. Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics NRC ”Kurchatov Institute,” Moscow 117218;National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409
  9. National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409
  10. Indian Institute Technology, Patna, Bihar 801106, India
  11. Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699
  12. Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
  13. University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204
  14. University of California, Riverside, California 92521
  15. University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India
  16. State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
  17. ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary H-1117
  18. Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics NRC ”Kurchatov Institute,” Moscow 117218
  19. Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800
  20. Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
  21. University of California, Davis, California 95616
  22. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
  23. University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
  24. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408
  25. National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur-713209, India
  26. Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237
  27. Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433
  28. Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
  29. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
  30. University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
  31. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607
  32. University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
  33. NRC ”Kurchatov Institute,” Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281
  34. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Berhampur 760010, India
  35. Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
  36. Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251
  37. University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
  38. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055
  39. University of Calabria and INFN-Cosenza, Rende 87036, Italy
  40. National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101
  41. Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
  42. Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, Connecticut 06515
  43. Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000
  44. Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122
  45. Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383
  46. Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517507, India
  47. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408
  48. Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079
  49. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973;State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794
  50. University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026
  51. Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
  52. Guangxi Normal University, Guilin
  53. South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631
  54. Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-661, Poland
  55. Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
  56. National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Jatni 752050, India
  57. Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
  58. Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
  59. University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
  60. Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich 80805, Germany
  61. Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178
  62. Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana, 47306;Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
  63. Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000
  64. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
  65. University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
  66. Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242;Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
  67. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439;Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383
  68. NRC ”Kurchatov Institute,” Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281;National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow 115409
  69. Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439;Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
  70. Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Frankfurt 60438, Germany
+ Show Author Affiliations

The deconfined quark-gluon plasma (QGP) created in relativistic heavy-ion collisions enables the exploration of the fundamental properties of matter under extreme conditions. Noncentral collisions can produce strong magnetic fields on the order of 1018 G, which offers a probe into the electrical conductivity of the QGP. In particular, quarks and antiquarks carry opposite charges and receive contrary electromagnetic forces that alter their momenta. This phenomenon can be manifested in the collective motion of final-state particles, specifically in the rapidity-odd directed flow, denoted as v1⁡(y). Here, we present the charge-dependent measurements of dv1/dy near midrapidities for π±, K±, and $$p⁡(\bar{p})$$ in Au+Au and isobar $$(^{96}_{44}Ru+^{96}_{44}Ru$$ and $$^{96}_{40}Zr+^{96}_{40}Zr)$$ collisions at $$\sqrt{s_{NN}}=200$$ GeV, and in Au+Au collisions at 27 GeV, recorded by the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. The combined dependence of the v1 signal on collision system, particle species, and collision centrality can be qualitatively and semi-quantitatively understood as several effects on constituent quarks. While the results in central events can be explained by the u and d quarks transported from initial-state nuclei, those in peripheral events reveal the impacts of the electromagnetic field on the QGP. Our data put valuable constraints on the electrical conductivity of the QGP in theoretical calculations.

Research Organization:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); National Science Foundation (NSF); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF); Czech Science Foundation (GA CR); Government of India; National Science Centre (Poland) (NSC); Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
Contributing Organization:
STAR Collaboration; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-06CH11357; SC0012704
OSTI ID:
2311230
Alternate ID(s):
OSTI ID: 1971833; OSTI ID: 2523668
Report Number(s):
BNL-224223-2023-JAAM; 182181
Journal Information:
Physical Review. X, Vol. 14, Issue 1; ISSN 2160-3308
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Figures / Tables (7)

FIG. 1(p. 4)figure FIG. 1
FIG. 2(p. 5)figure FIG. 2
FIG. 3(p. 5)figure FIG. 3
FIG. 4(p. 6)figure FIG. 4
TABLE I(p. 7)table TABLE I
FIG. 5(p. 8)figure FIG. 5
FIG. 6(p. 9)figure FIG. 6

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