DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3−δ Films Under Deoxygenation: Magnetic And Electronic Transitions Are Apart from The Structural Phase Transition

Abstract

Abstract Topotactic phase transitions induced by changes in the oxygen vacancy concentration can largely alter the physical properties of complex oxides, including electronic and magnetic phases, while maintaining the structural integrity of the crystal lattice. An oxygen‐vacancy‐induced topotactic phase transition from perovskite (PV) to brownmillerite (BM) is achieved in epitaxial La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3−δ (LSCO) thin films. Two novel intermediate states with different oxygen content are identified by X‐ray diffraction, which involves a single‐phase reduced PV state and a mixed state of co‐existing PV and BM. The combination of depth‐sensitive polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) allows a quantitative determination of magnetization and the mean oxygen content in all states, revealing a continuous transition from La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 2.97 to La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 2.5 . BM formation is observed for an LSCO layer with an oxygen content of 2.67, while the magnetic and electronic transition already occurs for a layer with a higher oxygen content of 2.77 (and above) and in the absence of a BM signature. These results demonstrate that the physics of electronic metal‐to‐insulator transition (MIT), magnetic ferromagnet‐to‐non‐ferromagnet transition (FM‐to‐non‐FM), and structural PV‐to‐BM phase transition should be considered within themore » framework of separate but interrelated processes.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [6]; ORCiD logo [7]; ORCiD logo [7]; ORCiD logo [6]; ORCiD logo [8]; ORCiD logo [9];  [6]
  1. Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI‐7) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS‐2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI‐4) JARA‐FIT Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany, Jülich‐Aachen Research Alliance (JARA‐FIT) RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen Germany
  2. Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS‐2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI‐4) JARA‐FIT Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
  3. Neutron Scattering Division Neutron Sciences Directorate Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
  4. Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS‐2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI‐4) JARA‐FIT Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf 01328 Dresden Germany
  5. Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Helmholtz‐Zentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf 01328 Dresden Germany
  6. Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI‐7) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany, Jülich‐Aachen Research Alliance (JARA‐FIT) RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen Germany
  7. Semiconductor Nanoelectronics (PGI‐9) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany
  8. Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI‐7) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany, Jülich‐Aachen Research Alliance (JARA‐FIT) RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen Germany, Institut für Werkstoffe der Elektrotechnik 2 RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen Germany
  9. Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS‐2) and Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI‐4) JARA‐FIT Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 52425 Jülich Germany, Jülich‐Aachen Research Alliance (JARA‐FIT) RWTH Aachen University 52056 Aachen Germany
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
OSTI Identifier:
2308865
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 2301657; OSTI ID: 2308867
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-00OR22725
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
Advanced Functional Materials
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Advanced Functional Materials; Journal ID: ISSN 1616-301X
Publisher:
Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
Country of Publication:
Germany
Language:
English
Subject:
electronic and magnetic phase transitions; ionotronics; oxide electronics; polarized neutron reflectivity; topotactic phase transition

Citation Formats

He, Suqin, Petracic, Oleg, Lauter, Valeria, Cao, Lei, Zhou, Yunxia, Weber, Moritz Lukas, Schubert, Jürgen, Concepción, Omar, Dittmann, Regina, Waser, Rainer, Brückel, Thomas, and Gunkel, Felix. La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3−δ Films Under Deoxygenation: Magnetic And Electronic Transitions Are Apart from The Structural Phase Transition. Germany: N. p., 2024. Web. doi:10.1002/adfm.202313208.
He, Suqin, Petracic, Oleg, Lauter, Valeria, Cao, Lei, Zhou, Yunxia, Weber, Moritz Lukas, Schubert, Jürgen, Concepción, Omar, Dittmann, Regina, Waser, Rainer, Brückel, Thomas, & Gunkel, Felix. La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3−δ Films Under Deoxygenation: Magnetic And Electronic Transitions Are Apart from The Structural Phase Transition. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202313208
He, Suqin, Petracic, Oleg, Lauter, Valeria, Cao, Lei, Zhou, Yunxia, Weber, Moritz Lukas, Schubert, Jürgen, Concepción, Omar, Dittmann, Regina, Waser, Rainer, Brückel, Thomas, and Gunkel, Felix. Wed . "La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3−δ Films Under Deoxygenation: Magnetic And Electronic Transitions Are Apart from The Structural Phase Transition". Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202313208.
@article{osti_2308865,
title = {La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3−δ Films Under Deoxygenation: Magnetic And Electronic Transitions Are Apart from The Structural Phase Transition},
author = {He, Suqin and Petracic, Oleg and Lauter, Valeria and Cao, Lei and Zhou, Yunxia and Weber, Moritz Lukas and Schubert, Jürgen and Concepción, Omar and Dittmann, Regina and Waser, Rainer and Brückel, Thomas and Gunkel, Felix},
abstractNote = {Abstract Topotactic phase transitions induced by changes in the oxygen vacancy concentration can largely alter the physical properties of complex oxides, including electronic and magnetic phases, while maintaining the structural integrity of the crystal lattice. An oxygen‐vacancy‐induced topotactic phase transition from perovskite (PV) to brownmillerite (BM) is achieved in epitaxial La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 3−δ (LSCO) thin films. Two novel intermediate states with different oxygen content are identified by X‐ray diffraction, which involves a single‐phase reduced PV state and a mixed state of co‐existing PV and BM. The combination of depth‐sensitive polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) allows a quantitative determination of magnetization and the mean oxygen content in all states, revealing a continuous transition from La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 2.97 to La 0.6 Sr 0.4 CoO 2.5 . BM formation is observed for an LSCO layer with an oxygen content of 2.67, while the magnetic and electronic transition already occurs for a layer with a higher oxygen content of 2.77 (and above) and in the absence of a BM signature. These results demonstrate that the physics of electronic metal‐to‐insulator transition (MIT), magnetic ferromagnet‐to‐non‐ferromagnet transition (FM‐to‐non‐FM), and structural PV‐to‐BM phase transition should be considered within the framework of separate but interrelated processes.},
doi = {10.1002/adfm.202313208},
journal = {Advanced Functional Materials},
number = ,
volume = ,
place = {Germany},
year = {Wed Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2024},
month = {Wed Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2024}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202313208

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Atomic-Resolution Imaging of Spin-State Superlattices in Nanopockets within Cobaltite Thin Films
journal, March 2011

  • Gazquez, Jaume; Luo, Weidong; Oxley, Mark P.
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 3, p. 973-976
  • DOI: 10.1021/nl1034896

Interface takes charge over Si Oxide electronics
journal, March 2011

  • Schlom, Darrell G.; Mannhart, Jochen
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 3, p. 168-169
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat2965

Oxygen Defects in Nanostructured Metal‐Oxide Gas Sensors: Recent Advances and Challenges
journal, November 2020

  • Ding, Wenjie; Liu, Dandan; Liu, Jiajia
  • Chinese Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 38, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000341

Effect of oxygen vacancies on structural, electrical and magnetic properties of La0.67Sr0.33CoO3 thin films
journal, January 2016


Surface strontium enrichment on highly active perovskites for oxygen electrocatalysis in solid oxide fuel cells
journal, January 2012

  • Crumlin, Ethan J.; Mutoro, Eva; Liu, Zhi
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 5, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1039/c2ee03397f

Magnetic and Transport Properties of the System La1-xSrxCoO3-δ (0 < x ≤ 0.50)
journal, September 1995

  • Senarı́s-Rodrıiguez, M.; Goodenough, J.
  • Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 118, Issue 2, p. 323-336
  • DOI: 10.1006/jssc.1995.1351

Polarized 3He Neutron Spin Filters at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
journal, January 2013


Giant anisotropic magnetoresistance in oxygen-vacancy-ordered epitaxial La 0.5 Sr 0.5 Co O 3 δ films
journal, September 2020


Reversible redox reactions in an epitaxially stabilized SrCoOx oxygen sponge
journal, August 2013

  • Jeen, Hyoungjeen; Choi, Woo Seok; Biegalski, Michael D.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3736

Inducing exchange bias in La 0.67 Sr 0.33 MnO 3 δ /SrTiO 3 thin films by strain and oxygen deficiency
journal, October 2013


First-principles modelling of complex perovskite (Ba1-xSrx)(Co1-yFey)O3-δ for solid oxide fuel cell and gas separation membrane applications
journal, January 2010

  • Mastrikov, Yuri A.; Kuklja, Maija M.; Kotomin, Eugene A.
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 3, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1039/c0ee00096e

Epitaxial Brownmillerite Oxide Thin Films for Reliable Switching Memory
journal, March 2016

  • Acharya, Susant K.; Nallagatla, Raveendra Venkata; Togibasa, Octolia
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00647

Lattice mismatch accommodation via oxygen vacancy ordering in epitaxial La 0.5 Sr 0.5 CoO 3-δ thin films
journal, July 2013

  • Gazquez, J.; Bose, Shameek; Sharma, M.
  • APL Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4809547

Structural evolution of epitaxial SrCoO x films near topotactic phase transition
journal, December 2015

  • Jeen, Hyoungjeen; Lee, Ho Nyung
  • AIP Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4938547

Topotactic Phase Transition Driving Memristive Behavior
journal, August 2019

  • Nallagatla, Venkata R.; Heisig, Thomas; Baeumer, Christoph
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 40
  • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903391

Oxygen Vacancy Defects Boosted High Performance p-Type Delafossite CuCrO2 Gas Sensors
journal, September 2018

  • Tong, Bin; Deng, Zanhong; Xu, Bo
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 40
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10485

Effects of hydrogen anneals on oxygen deficient SrTiO3−x single crystals
journal, August 2008

  • Jalan, Bharat; Engel-Herbert, Roman; Mates, Thomas E.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.2969037

A new type of wide-angle supermirror analyzer of neutron polarization
journal, July 2014


Highlights from the magnetism reflectometer at the SNS
journal, September 2009

  • Lauter, Valeria; Ambaye, Hailemariam; Goyette, Richard
  • Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 404, Issue 17, p. 2543-2546
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.physb.2009.06.021

Separating the Effects of Band Bending and Covalency in Hybrid Perovskite Oxide Electrocatalyst Bilayers for Water Electrolysis
journal, March 2022

  • Heymann, Lisa; Weber, Moritz L.; Wohlgemuth, Marcus
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 14, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20337

Topotactic Metal-Insulator Transition in Epitaxial SrFeO x Thin Films
journal, July 2017


Magnetic order multilayering in FeRh thin films by He-Ion irradiation
journal, November 2017


Unraveling the enhanced Oxygen Vacancy Formation in Complex Oxides during Annealing and Growth
journal, January 2017

  • Hensling, Felix V. E.; Xu, Chencheng; Gunkel, Felix
  • Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/srep39953

In Situ Observation of Oxygen Vacancy Dynamics and Ordering in the Epitaxial LaCoO 3 System
journal, June 2017


Ordering and Phase Control in Epitaxial Double-Perovskite Catalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
journal, September 2017


Electrolysis of Water at Atomically Tailored Epitaxial Cobaltite Surfaces
journal, March 2019


Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy via strain-engineered oxygen vacancy ordering in epitaxial L a 1 x S r x Co O 3 δ
journal, November 2018


Techniques de diffusion des neutrons en incidence rasante pour les nanosciences
journal, January 2007

  • Lauter-Pasyuk, V.
  • École thématique de la Société Française de la Neutronique, Vol. 12
  • DOI: 10.1051/sfn:2007024

Topotactic transition between perovskite and brownmillerite phases for epitaxial LaCoO 3− δ films and effects thus resulted
journal, February 2020

  • Huang, Hailin; Zhang, Jine; Zhang, Hui
  • Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab6bef

Voltage-Controlled On/Off Switching of Ferromagnetism in Manganite Supercapacitors
journal, November 2017


Persistent Photoconductivity in 2D Electron Gases at Different Oxide Interfaces
journal, August 2013

  • Di Gennaro, Emiliano; di Uccio, Umberto Scotti; Aruta, Carmela
  • Advanced Optical Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1002/adom.201300150

Electric-field control of ferromagnetism through oxygen ion gating
journal, December 2017


Creating emergent phenomena in oxide superlattices
journal, March 2019


Topotactic Phase Transformation of the Brownmillerite SrCoO 2.5 to the Perovskite SrCoO 3- δ
journal, July 2013


Whither Oxide Electronics?
journal, November 2008

  • Ramesh, Ramamoorthy; Schlom, Darrell G.
  • MRS Bulletin, Vol. 33, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1557/mrs2008.220

Strain-driven formation of epitaxial nanostructures in brownmillerite strontium cobaltite thin films
journal, March 2023

  • Han, Hyeon; Deniz, Hakan; Parkin, Stuart S. P.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 120, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221651120

“Oxygen Sponge” Dynamics in Topotactic SrCo1–xFexO3−δ
journal, December 2022

  • Nguyen, Hien Thi Dieu; Wang, Yu; Schoenherr, Peggy
  • ACS Applied Electronic Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.2c01605

Locally enhanced conductivity due to the tetragonal domain structure in LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerfaces
journal, September 2013

  • Kalisky, Beena; Spanton, Eric M.; Noad, Hilary
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3753

New generation high performance in situ polarized 3 He system for time-of-flight beam at spallation sources
journal, February 2017

  • Jiang, C. Y.; Tong, X.; Brown, D. R.
  • Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 88, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4975991

GenX : an extensible X-ray reflectivity refinement program utilizing differential evolution
journal, November 2007


Perovskites in catalysis and electrocatalysis
journal, November 2017


Conducting interfaces between band insulating oxides: The LaGaO3/SrTiO3 heterostructure
journal, October 2010

  • Perna, P.; Maccariello, D.; Radovic, M.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3496440

Migration Kinetics of Surface Ions in Oxygen‐Deficient Perovskite During Topotactic Transitions
journal, November 2021


Polarization screening-induced magnetic phase gradients at complex oxide interfaces
journal, April 2015

  • Spurgeon, Steven R.; Balachandran, Prasanna V.; Kepaptsoglou, Despoina M.
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7735

Materials of high-temperature electrochemical oxygen membranes
journal, March 1996


Tunable spin polarization and superconductivity in engineered oxide interfaces
journal, December 2015

  • Stornaiuolo, D.; Cantoni, C.; De Luca, G. M.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat4491

Superconductivity in an infinite-layer nickelate
journal, August 2019


Resistive switching in transition metal oxides
journal, June 2008


Photoemission electron microscopy of magneto-ionic effects in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3
journal, November 2020

  • Wilhelm, Marek; Giesen, Margret; Duchoň, Tomáš
  • APL Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1063/5.0022150

Factors Governing Oxygen Reduction in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes
journal, October 2004


Redox-Based Resistive Switching Memories - Nanoionic Mechanisms, Prospects, and Challenges
journal, July 2009

  • Waser, Rainer; Dittmann, Regina; Staikov, Georgi
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 25-26, p. 2632-2663
  • DOI: 10.1002/adma.200900375

Surface-chemistry-driven actuation in nanoporous gold
journal, November 2008

  • Biener, J.; Wittstock, A.; Zepeda-Ruiz, L. A.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat2335

Wide Bandgap Perovskite Oxides with High Room‐Temperature Electron Mobility
journal, June 2019


Emergent phenomena at oxide interfaces
journal, January 2012

  • Hwang, H. Y.; Iwasa, Y.; Kawasaki, M.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3223

Superconductivity in infinite-layer nickelate La 1−x Ca x NiO 2 thin films
journal, February 2022


Neutron diffraction studies of perovskite-type compounds
journal, May 1996

  • Sathe, V. G.; Pimpale, A. V.; Siruguri, V.
  • Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 8, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/8/21/014

Strain-induced magnetic phase transition in SrCoO 3 δ thin films
journal, April 2015


Glassy ferromagnetism and magnetic phase separation in La 1 x Sr x CoO 3
journal, May 2003


Doping- and Strain-Dependent Electrolyte-Gate-Induced Perovskite to Brownmillerite Transformation in Epitaxial La1–xSrxCoO3−δ Films
journal, October 2021

  • Chaturvedi, Vipul; Postiglione, William M.; Chakraborty, Rohan D.
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 13, Issue 43
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13828

Oxygen vacancies: The (in)visible friend of oxide electronics
journal, March 2020

  • Gunkel, F.; Christensen, D. V.; Chen, Y. Z.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5143309

Crafting the magnonic and spintronic response of BiFeO3 films by epitaxial strain
journal, April 2013

  • Sando, D.; Agbelele, A.; Rahmedov, D.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3629

Phase Transition Dynamics in a Complex Oxide Heterostructure
journal, November 2022


Anisotropic Transport at the LaAlO 3 /SrTiO 3 Interface Explained by Microscopic Imaging of Channel-Flow over SrTiO 3 Domains
journal, May 2016

  • Frenkel, Yiftach; Haham, Noam; Shperber, Yishai
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01655

Oxide spin-orbitronics: spin–charge interconversion and topological spin textures
journal, November 2021


Oxygen Reduction Kinetics Enhancement on a Heterostructured Oxide Surface for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
journal, October 2010

  • Crumlin, Ethan J.; Mutoro, Eva; Ahn, Sung-Jin
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1021/jz101217d

Domain state exchange bias in a single layer FeRh thin film formed via low energy ion implantation
journal, January 2023

  • Cress, Cory D.; Erve, Olaf van ’t; Prestigiacomo, Joseph
  • Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 11, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1039/D2TC04014J

Direct observation of oxygen vacancy-driven structural and resistive phase transitions in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3
journal, February 2017

  • Yao, Lide; Inkinen, Sampo; van Dijken, Sebastiaan
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14544

Electric-field control of tri-state phase transformation with a selective dual-ion switch
journal, May 2017

  • Lu, Nianpeng; Zhang, Pengfei; Zhang, Qinghua
  • Nature, Vol. 546, Issue 7656
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature22389

Engineering SrSnO 3 Phases and Electron Mobility at Room Temperature Using Epitaxial Strain
journal, November 2018

  • Wang, Tianqi; Prakash, Abhinav; Dong, Yongqi
  • ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 10, Issue 50
  • DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16592

Direct imaging of the coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface
journal, September 2011

  • Bert, Julie A.; Kalisky, Beena; Bell, Christopher
  • Nature Physics, Vol. 7, Issue 10, p. 767-771
  • DOI: 10.1038/nphys2079

In situ polarized 3 He system for the Magnetism Reflectometer at the Spallation Neutron Source
journal, July 2012

  • Tong, X.; Jiang, C. Y.; Lauter, V.
  • Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 83, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4731261

Quasi-ideal strontium titanate crystal surfaces through formation of strontium hydroxide
journal, November 1998

  • Koster, Gertjan; Kropman, Boike L.; Rijnders, Guus J. H. M.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 73, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.122630

Probing oxygen vacancy concentration and homogeneity in solid-oxide fuel-cell cathode materials on the subunit-cell level
journal, August 2012

  • Kim, Young-Min; He, Jun; Biegalski, Michael D.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat3393