Design and Development of Stable Nanocrystalline High‐Entropy Alloy: Coupling Self‐Stabilization and Solute Grain Boundary Segregation Effects
Abstract
Abstract Grain growth is prevalent in nanocrystalline (NC) materials at low homologous temperatures. Solute element addition is used to offset excess energy that drives coarsening at grain boundaries (GBs), albeit mostly for simple binary alloys. This thermodynamic approach is considered complicated in multi‐component alloy systems due to complex pairwise interactions among alloying elements. Guided by empirical and GB‐segregation enthalpy considerations for binary‐alloy systems, a novel alloy design strategy, the “ pseudo‐binary thermodynamic ” approach, for stabilizing NC‐high entropy alloys (HEAs) and other multi‐component‐alloy variants is proposed. Using Al 25 Co 25 Cr 25 Fe 25 as a model‐HEA to validate this approach, Zr, Sc, and Hf, are identified as the preferred solutes that would segregate to HEA‐GBs to stabilize it against growth. Using Zr, NC‐Al 25 Co 25 Cr 25 Fe 25 HEAs with minor additions of Zr are synthesized, followed by annealing up to 1123 K. Using advanced characterization techniques— in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), and atom probe tomography, nanograin stability due to coupling self‐stabilization and solute‐GB segregation effects is reported in HEAs up to substantially high temperatures. The self‐stabilization effect originates from the preferential GB‐segregation of constituent HEA‐elements that stabilizes NC‐Al 25 Co 25 Crmore »
- Authors:
-
[1]
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary Alberta T2N 1N4 Canada
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
- Nuclear Science and Technology Department Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 2290437
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 2290440; OSTI ID: 2319180
- Report Number(s):
- BNL-225340-2024-JAAM
Journal ID: ISSN 1613-6810; 2309631
- Grant/Contract Number:
- DE‐SC0012704; SC0012704
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Small
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Small; Journal ID: ISSN 1613-6810
- Publisher:
- Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)
- Country of Publication:
- Germany
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; AlCoCrFe HEA; grain boundary segregation; high-entropy alloys (HEAs); nanocrystalline alloys; nanograin stability; self-stabilization effect
Citation Formats
Adaan‐Nyiak, Moses A., Alam, Intekhab, Jossou, Ericmoore, Hwang, Sooyeon, Kisslinger, Kim, Gill, Simerjeet K., and Tiamiyu, Ahmed A. Design and Development of Stable Nanocrystalline High‐Entropy Alloy: Coupling Self‐Stabilization and Solute Grain Boundary Segregation Effects. Germany: N. p., 2024.
Web. doi:10.1002/smll.202309631.
Adaan‐Nyiak, Moses A., Alam, Intekhab, Jossou, Ericmoore, Hwang, Sooyeon, Kisslinger, Kim, Gill, Simerjeet K., & Tiamiyu, Ahmed A. Design and Development of Stable Nanocrystalline High‐Entropy Alloy: Coupling Self‐Stabilization and Solute Grain Boundary Segregation Effects. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202309631
Adaan‐Nyiak, Moses A., Alam, Intekhab, Jossou, Ericmoore, Hwang, Sooyeon, Kisslinger, Kim, Gill, Simerjeet K., and Tiamiyu, Ahmed A. Mon .
"Design and Development of Stable Nanocrystalline High‐Entropy Alloy: Coupling Self‐Stabilization and Solute Grain Boundary Segregation Effects". Germany. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202309631.
@article{osti_2290437,
title = {Design and Development of Stable Nanocrystalline High‐Entropy Alloy: Coupling Self‐Stabilization and Solute Grain Boundary Segregation Effects},
author = {Adaan‐Nyiak, Moses A. and Alam, Intekhab and Jossou, Ericmoore and Hwang, Sooyeon and Kisslinger, Kim and Gill, Simerjeet K. and Tiamiyu, Ahmed A.},
abstractNote = {Abstract Grain growth is prevalent in nanocrystalline (NC) materials at low homologous temperatures. Solute element addition is used to offset excess energy that drives coarsening at grain boundaries (GBs), albeit mostly for simple binary alloys. This thermodynamic approach is considered complicated in multi‐component alloy systems due to complex pairwise interactions among alloying elements. Guided by empirical and GB‐segregation enthalpy considerations for binary‐alloy systems, a novel alloy design strategy, the “ pseudo‐binary thermodynamic ” approach, for stabilizing NC‐high entropy alloys (HEAs) and other multi‐component‐alloy variants is proposed. Using Al 25 Co 25 Cr 25 Fe 25 as a model‐HEA to validate this approach, Zr, Sc, and Hf, are identified as the preferred solutes that would segregate to HEA‐GBs to stabilize it against growth. Using Zr, NC‐Al 25 Co 25 Cr 25 Fe 25 HEAs with minor additions of Zr are synthesized, followed by annealing up to 1123 K. Using advanced characterization techniques— in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM), and atom probe tomography, nanograin stability due to coupling self‐stabilization and solute‐GB segregation effects is reported in HEAs up to substantially high temperatures. The self‐stabilization effect originates from the preferential GB‐segregation of constituent HEA‐elements that stabilizes NC‐Al 25 Co 25 Cr 25 Fe 25 up to 0.5 T m ( T m –melting temperature). Meanwhile, solute‐GB segregation originates from Zr segregation to NC‐Al 25 Co 25 Cr 25 Fe 25 GBs; this results in further stabilization of the phase and grain‐size (≈14 nm) up to ≈0.58 and ≈0.64 T m , respectively.},
doi = {10.1002/smll.202309631},
journal = {Small},
number = ,
volume = ,
place = {Germany},
year = {Mon Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2024},
month = {Mon Feb 05 00:00:00 EST 2024}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202309631
https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202309631
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
High-Entropy Alloys as a Platform for Catalysis: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
journal, September 2020
- Xin, Yue; Li, Shuhui; Qian, Yayang
- ACS Catalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 19
Numerical modeling of diffusion-controlled phase transformation using the Darken method: Application to the dissolution/precipitation processes in materials
journal, January 2021
- Bordère, S.; Glockner, S.
- Computational Materials Science, Vol. 186
Excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties of bulk nanostructured FeCoNiCu high entropy alloy
journal, February 2022
- Zhang, Yitan; Liu, Maowen; Sun, Jingyong
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 835
Hardening of an Al0.3CoCrFeNi high entropy alloy via high-pressure torsion and thermal annealing
journal, July 2015
- Tang, Q. H.; Huang, Y.; Huang, Y. Y.
- Materials Letters, Vol. 151
Phosphorus segregation in nanocrystalline Ni–3.6 at.% P alloy investigated with the tomographic atom probe (TAP)
journal, February 2000
- Färber, B.; Cadel, E.; Menand, A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 48, Issue 3
High-entropy grain boundaries
journal, February 2023
- Luo, Jian; Zhou, Naixie
- Communications Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1
Amorphous and nanocrystalline materials for applications as soft magnets
journal, October 1999
- McHenry, Michael E.; Willard, Matthew A.; Laughlin, David E.
- Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 44, Issue 4
Modelling the influence of grain-size-dependent solute drag on the kinetics of grain growth in nanocrystalline materials
journal, May 1999
- Michels, A.; Krill, C. E.; Ehrhardt, H.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 47, Issue 7
Review of thermo‐kinetic correlation during grain growth in nanocrystalline materials
journal, March 2020
- Peng, Haoran; Jian, Zengyun; Liu, Feng
- International Journal of Ceramic Engineering & Science, Vol. 2, Issue 2
Grain boundary segregation, chemical ordering and stability of nanocrystalline alloys: Atomistic computer simulations in the Ni–W system
journal, July 2007
- Detor, A.; Schuh, C.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 12
Reducing grain boundary, dislocation line and vacancy formation energies by solute segregationII. Experimental evidence and consequences
journal, September 2007
- Kirchheim, R.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 15
Equilibrium surface composition of ternary alloys
journal, February 1989
- Hoffmann, M. A.; Wynblatt, P.
- Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 20, Issue 2
Effect of Ti on phase stability and strengthening mechanisms of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeMnNi high-entropy alloy
journal, May 2018
- Shahmir, Hamed; Nili-Ahmadabadi, Mahmoud; Shafiee, Ahad
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 725
Spectrum of grain boundary segregation energies in a polycrystal
journal, December 2019
- Wagih, Malik; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 181
Research Progress of Refractory High Entropy Alloys: A Review
journal, November 2022
- Xie, Xiaochang; Li, Neng; Liu, Wei
- Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 35, Issue 1
Competition between elements during mechanical alloying in an octonary multi-principal-element alloy system
journal, July 2009
- Chen, Yu-Liang; Hu, Ya-Huei; Hsieh, Cheng-An
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 481, Issue 1-2
In situ TEM study of grain growth in nanocrystalline copper thin films
journal, March 2010
- Simões, S.; Calinas, R.; Vieira, M. T.
- Nanotechnology, Vol. 21, Issue 14
High-Entropy Alloys: A Critical Review
journal, April 2014
- Tsai, Ming-Hung; Yeh, Jien-Wei
- Materials Research Letters, Vol. 2, Issue 3
Solute interaction effects on grain boundary segregation in ternary alloys
journal, December 2018
- Xing, Wenting; Kalidindi, Arvind R.; Amram, Dor
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 161
Thermal stability of nanocrystalline Fe–Zr alloys
journal, June 2010
- Darling, K. A.; VanLeeuwen, B. K.; Koch, C. C.
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 527, Issue 15
Alloy effects in nanostructures
journal, January 1993
- Weissmüller, J.
- Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1-6
High-entropy alloys
journal, June 2019
- George, Easo P.; Raabe, Dierk; Ritchie, Robert O.
- Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 8
Equilibrium segregation in a ternary solution: A model for temper embrittlement
journal, December 1975
- Guttmann, M.
- Surface Science, Vol. 53, Issue 1
An Overview of High-Entropy Alloys as Biomaterials
journal, April 2021
- Castro, Diogo; Jaeger, Pedro; Baptista, Ana Catarina
- Metals, Vol. 11, Issue 4
Grain coarsening inhibited by solute segregation
journal, January 2002
- Kirchheim, Reiner
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 50, Issue 2
Chemistry of solid–solid interfaces — A review of its characterization, theory, and relevance to materials science
journal, January 1980
- Seah, M. P.
- Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, Vol. 17, Issue 1
Nanoscale segregation behavior and high-temperature stability of nanocrystalline W–20at.% Ti
journal, July 2014
- Chookajorn, Tongjai; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 73
Thermo-Calc & DICTRA, computational tools for materials science
journal, June 2002
- Andersson, J-O; Helander, Thomas; Höglund, Lars
- Calphad, Vol. 26, Issue 2
Understanding solute effect on grain boundary strength based on atomic size and electronic interaction
journal, October 2020
- Huang, Zhifeng; Wang, Ping; Chen, Fei
- Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Stability of Nanocrystalline Structures in the Ti-Cu System
journal, January 1992
- Abe, Y. R.; Johnson, William L.
- Materials Science Forum, Vol. 88-90
Segregation-induced changes in grain boundary cohesion and embrittlement in binary alloys
journal, August 2015
- Gibson, Michael A.; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 95
Corrigendum to “First-principles-aided design of a new Ni-base superalloy: Influence of transition metal alloying elements on grain boundary and bulk cohesion” [Acta Mater. 82 (2015) 369–377]
journal, March 2016
- Razumovskiy, V. I.; Lozovoi, A. Y.; Razumovskii, I. M.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 106
Design of Stable Nanocrystalline Alloys
journal, August 2012
- Chookajorn, T.; Murdoch, H. A.; Schuh, C. A.
- Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6097
Thermal stability of nano-RuAl produced by mechanical alloying
journal, February 2001
- Liu, K. W.; Mücklich, F.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 49, Issue 3
Nanocrystalline Ag-W alloys lose stability upon solute desegregation from grain boundaries
journal, December 2018
- Jiao, Z. B.; Schuh, C. A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 161
Deformation behavior of nanocrystalline and ultrafine-grained CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloys
journal, January 2019
- Nam, Seungjin; Hwang, Jun Yeon; Jeon, Jonggyu
- Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 34, Issue 5
Enhanced solid solution effects on the strength of nanocrystalline alloys
journal, February 2011
- Rupert, Timothy J.; Trenkle, Jonathan C.; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 4
Unraveling the nature of room temperature grain growth in nanocrystalline materials
journal, September 2008
- Ames, Markus; Markmann, Jürgen; Karos, Rudolf
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 56, Issue 16
The Scherrer equation versus the 'Debye-Scherrer equation'
journal, August 2011
- Holzwarth, Uwe; Gibson, Neil
- Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 6, Issue 9
Grain boundary segregation beyond the dilute limit: Separating the two contributions of site spectrality and solute interactions
journal, October 2020
- Wagih, Malik; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 199
Electrochemical characteristics of nano and microcrystalline Fe–Cr alloys
journal, May 2012
- Gupta, Rajeev K.; Singh Raman, R. K.; Koch, C. C.
- Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 47, Issue 16
High-Temperature Stability and Grain Boundary Complexion Formation in a Nanocrystalline Cu-Zr Alloy
journal, September 2015
- Khalajhedayati, Amirhossein; Rupert, Timothy J.
- JOM, Vol. 67, Issue 12
Effect of short-range ordering and grain boundary segregation on shear deformation of CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloys with Al addition
journal, December 2022
- Babicheva, Rita; Jarlöv, Asker; Zheng, Han
- Computational Materials Science, Vol. 215
Processing and microstructure of Ti-Cu binary alloys: A comprehensive review
journal, June 2022
- Akbarpour, Mohammad Reza; Mirabad, Homayoun Mousa; Hemmati, Amir
- Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 127
Effect of Atomic Size Difference on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Entropy Alloys
journal, December 2018
- Wu, Chan-Sheng; Tsai, Ping-Hsiu; Kuo, Chia-Ming
- Entropy, Vol. 20, Issue 12
Thermal stability of nanocrystalline Pd81Zr19
journal, July 2010
- VanLeeuwen, Brian K.; Darling, Kristopher A.; Koch, Carl C.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, Issue 12
Inter-dependence of grain growth, Nb segregation, and chemical ordering in FeSiNb nanocrystals
journal, December 1994
- Gao, Z. Q.; Fultz, B.
- Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 8
Thermodynamics and design of nanocrystalline alloys using grain boundary segregation spectra
journal, September 2021
- Wagih, Malik; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 217
Effect of annealing on mechanical properties of a nanocrystalline CoCrFeNiMn high-entropy alloy processed by high-pressure torsion
journal, October 2016
- Shahmir, Hamed; He, Junyang; Lu, Zhaoping
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 676
Nanostructured high-entropy materials
journal, March 2020
- Haché, Michel J. R.; Cheng, Changjun; Zou, Yu
- Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 35, Issue 8
Mechanical alloying synthesis and spark plasma sintering consolidation of CoCrFeNiAl high-entropy alloy
journal, March 2014
- Ji, Wei; Fu, Zhengyi; Wang, Weimin
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 589
Stabilized Nanocrystalline Alloys: The Intersection of Grain Boundary Segregation with Processing Science
journal, July 2021
- Perrin, Alice E.; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 51, Issue 1
Alloy thermodynamics in nanostructures
journal, January 1994
- Weissmüller, Jörg
- Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Grain boundary segregation and thermodynamically stable binary nanocrystalline alloys
journal, March 2009
- Trelewicz, Jason R.; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 79, Issue 9
Stability criteria for nanocrystalline alloys
journal, June 2017
- Kalidindi, Arvind R.; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 132
Microstructures and mechanical properties of ductile NbTaTiV refractory high entropy alloy prepared by powder metallurgy
journal, March 2019
- Guo, Wenmin; Liu, Bin; Liu, Yong
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 776
Grain-size stabilization in nanocrystalline FeZr alloys
journal, September 2008
- Darling, Kris A.; Chan, Ryan N.; Wong, Patrick Z.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 59, Issue 5
Structural nanocrystalline materials: an overview
journal, February 2007
- Koch, Carl C.
- Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 42, Issue 5
A critical review of high entropy alloys and related concepts
journal, January 2017
- Miracle, D. B.; Senkov, O. N.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 122
Grain growth and the Hall–Petch relationship in a high-entropy FeCrNiCoMn alloy
journal, April 2013
- Liu, W. H.; Wu, Y.; He, J. Y.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 68, Issue 7
Bismuth embrittlement of copper is an atomic size effect
journal, December 2004
- Schweinfest, Rainer; Paxton, Anthony T.; Finnis, Michael W.
- Nature, Vol. 432, Issue 7020
Laves phases: a review of their functional and structural applications and an improved fundamental understanding of stability and properties
journal, December 2020
- Stein, Frank; Leineweber, Andreas
- Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 56, Issue 9
Toward a quantitative understanding of mechanical behavior of nanocrystalline metals
journal, July 2007
- Dao, M.; Lu, L.; Asaro, R.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 12
Estimation of grain boundary segregation enthalpy and its role in stable nanocrystalline alloy design
journal, August 2013
- Murdoch, Heather A.; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 28, Issue 16
Thermal stability of nanocrystalline materials: thermodynamics and kinetics
journal, November 2016
- Peng, H. R.; Gong, M. M.; Chen, Y. Z.
- International Materials Reviews, Vol. 62, Issue 6
High-entropy alloy: challenges and prospects
journal, July 2016
- Ye, Y. F.; Wang, Q.; Lu, J.
- Materials Today, Vol. 19, Issue 6
Materials Design and Discovery with High-Throughput Density Functional Theory: The Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD)
journal, September 2013
- Saal, James E.; Kirklin, Scott; Aykol, Muratahan
- JOM, Vol. 65, Issue 11
A Review of Fatigue Behavior in Nanocrystalline Metals
journal, October 2009
- Padilla, H. A.; Boyce, B. L.
- Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 50, Issue 1
Tailoring grain growth and solid solution strengthening of single-phase CrCoNi medium-entropy alloys by solute selection
journal, October 2020
- Hu, G. W.; Zeng, L. C.; Du, H.
- Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 54
Metal nanoparticle production by pulsed laser nanostructuring of thin metal films
journal, July 2007
- Henley, S. J.; Carey, J. D.; Silva, S. R. P.
- Applied Surface Science, Vol. 253, Issue 19
Design and development of CoCrFeNiTa eutectic high entropy alloys
journal, January 2021
- Mukarram, Muhammad; Mujahid, Mohammad; Yaqoob, Khurram
- Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Vol. 10
Grain boundary energy effect on grain boundary segregation in an equiatomic high-entropy alloy
journal, May 2020
- Li, Linlin; Kamachali, Reza Darvishi; Li, Zhiming
- Physical Review Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 5
An in-situ tem study of the thermal stability of nanocrystalline NiP
journal, December 1991
- Boylan, K.; Ostrander, D.; Erb, U.
- Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 25, Issue 12
Stabilization of nanocrystalline alloys at high temperatures via utilizing high-entropy grain boundary complexions
journal, November 2016
- Zhou, Naixie; Hu, Tao; Huang, Jiajia
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 124
Design of self-stable nanocrystalline high-entropy alloy
journal, December 2023
- Adaan-Nyiak, Moses A.; Alam, Intekhab; Arcuri, Gabriel A.
- Materials & Design, Vol. 236
Stability of binary nanocrystalline alloys against grain growth and phase separation
journal, April 2013
- Murdoch, Heather A.; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 6
Grain growth and chemical ordering in (Fe,Mn)3Si
journal, March 1995
- Bansal, C.; Gao, Z. Q.; Fultz, B.
- Nanostructured Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3
Grain boundary saturation and grain growth
journal, September 2004
- Liu, Feng; Kirchheim, Reiner
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 51, Issue 6
Interplay between thermodynamic and kinetic stabilization mechanisms in nanocrystalline Fe-Mg alloys
journal, February 2018
- Amram, Dor; Schuh, Christopher A.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 144
Nanostructured materials: basic concepts and microstructure
journal, January 2000
- Gleiter, H.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 48, Issue 1
Revisiting the phase stability rules in the design of high-entropy alloys: A case study of quaternary alloys produced by mechanical alloying
journal, August 2023
- Alam, Intekhab; Adaan-Nyiak, Moses A.; Tiamiyu, Ahmed A.
- Intermetallics, Vol. 159
Review of Atom Probe FIB-Based Specimen Preparation Methods
journal, November 2007
- Miller, Michael K.; Russell, Kaye F.; Thompson, Keith
- Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 13, Issue 6
Effect of grain size on friction and wear of nanocrystalline aluminum
journal, February 1996
- Farhat, Z. N.; Ding, Y.; Northwood, D. O.
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 206, Issue 2
Reducing grain boundary, dislocation line and vacancy formation energies by solute segregation. I. Theoretical background
journal, September 2007
- Kirchheim, R.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 15
Phase formations in low density high entropy alloys
journal, March 2017
- Sun, Weihua; Huang, Xuejun; Luo, Alan A.
- Calphad, Vol. 56
Network analysis of multivariate data in psychological science
journal, August 2021
- ,
- Nature Reviews Methods Primers, Vol. 1, Issue 1
Microstructures and Stabilization Mechanisms of Nanocrystalline Iron-Chromium Alloys with Hafnium Addition
journal, June 2015
- Xu, Weizong; Li, Lulu; Saber, Mostafa
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 46, Issue 9
Ball milling process variables optimization for high-entropy alloy development using design of experiment and genetic algorithm
journal, September 2023
- Adaan-Nyiak, Moses A.; Alam, Intekhab; Tiamiyu, Ahmed A.
- Powder Technology, Vol. 427
Effect of Zr content on microstructure and mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNi high entropy alloy
journal, March 2016
- Chen, Jian; Niu, Pengyun; Liu, Yunzi
- Materials & Design, Vol. 94