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Title: Background determination for the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment

Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment recently reported limits on WIMP-nucleus interactions from its initial science run, down to 9.2 x 10–48 cm2 for the spin-independent interaction of a 36 GeV/c2 WIMP at 90% confidence level. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the backgrounds important for this result and for other upcoming physics analyses, including neutrinoless double-beta decay searches and effective field theory interpretations of LUX-ZEPLIN data. We confirm that the in-situ determinations of bulk and fixed radioactive backgrounds are consistent with expectations from the ex-situ assays. The observed background rate after WIMP search criteria were applied was (6.3 ± 0.5) x 10–5 events /keVee/kg/day in the low-energy region, approximately 60 times lower than the equivalent rate reported by the LUX experiment.

Authors:
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; more »; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
Contributing Org.:
LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1989967
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1906067; OSTI ID: 1994042; OSTI ID: 1997200; OSTI ID: 1999525
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-22-917-PPD; arXiv:2211.17120; LLNL-JRNL-852769
Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010; PRVDAQ; 012010
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231; SC0020216; SC0012704; SC0010010; AC02-07CH11359; SC0012161; SC0015910; SC0014223; SC0010813; SC0009999; NA0003180; SC0011702; SC0010072; SC0015708; SC0006605; SC0008475; SC0019193; FG02-10ER46709; UW PRJ82AJ; SC0013542; AC02-76SF00515; SC0018982; SC0019066; SC0015535; SC0019319; AC52-07NA27344; DOE-SC0012447; SC0012447
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
Physical Review. D.
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Physical Review. D. Journal Volume: 108 Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2470-0010
Publisher:
American Physical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; particle dark matter; weakly interacting massive particles; dark matter detectors

Citation Formats

Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Chiang, A. P. S., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Creaner, O., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O’Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Khaitan, D., Khurana, I., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Porzio, D., Poudel, S., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rushton, T., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A. C., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and The LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration. Background determination for the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment. United States: N. p., 2023. Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.108.012010.
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Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Chiang, A. P. S., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Creaner, O., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O’Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Khaitan, D., Khurana, I., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Porzio, D., Poudel, S., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rushton, T., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A. C., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., & The LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration. Background determination for the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.012010
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Aalbers, J., Akerib, D. S., Musalhi, A. K. Al, Alder, F., Alsum, S. K., Amarasinghe, C. S., Ames, A., Anderson, T. J., Angelides, N., Araújo, H. M., Armstrong, J. E., Arthurs, M., Baker, A., Bang, J., Bargemann, J. W., Baxter, A., Beattie, K., Beltrame, P., Bernard, E. P., Bhatti, A., Biekert, A., Biesiadzinski, T. P., Birch, H. J., Blockinger, G. M., Boxer, B., Brew, C. A. J., Brás, P., Burdin, S., Buuck, M., Cabrita, R., Carmona-Benitez, M. C., Chan, C., Chawla, A., Chen, H., Chiang, A. P. S., Chott, N. I., Converse, M. V., Cottle, A., Cox, G., Creaner, O., Dahl, C. E., David, A., Dey, S., de Viveiros, L., Ding, C., Dobson, J. E. Y., Druszkiewicz, E., Eriksen, S. R., Fan, A., Fearon, N. M., Fiorucci, S., Flaecher, H., Fraser, E. D., Fruth, T., Gaitskell, R. J., Genovesi, J., Ghag, C., Gibbons, R., Gilchriese, M. G. D., Gokhale, S., Green, J., van der Grinten, M. G. D., Gwilliam, C. B., Hall, C. R., Han, S., Hartigan-O’Connor, E., Haselschwardt, S. J., Hertel, S. A., Heuermann, G., Horn, M., Huang, D. Q., Hunt, D., Ignarra, C. M., Jacobsen, R. G., Jahangir, O., James, R. S., Johnson, J., Kaboth, A. C., Kamaha, A. C., Khaitan, D., Khurana, I., Kirk, R., Kodroff, D., Korley, L., Korolkova, E. V., Kraus, H., Kravitz, S., Kreczko, L., Krikler, B., Kudryavtsev, V. A., Leason, E. A., Lee, J., Leonard, D. S., Lesko, K. T., Levy, C., Lin, J., Lindote, A., Linehan, R., Lippincott, W. H., Liu, X., Lopes, M. I., Asamar, E. Lopez, Paredes, B. López, Lorenzon, W., Lu, C., Luitz, S., Majewski, P. A., Manalaysay, A., Mannino, R. L., Marangou, N., McCarthy, M. E., McKinsey, D. N., McLaughlin, J., Miller, E. H., Mizrachi, E., Monte, A., Monzani, M. E., Mendoza, J. D. Morales, Morrison, E., Mount, B. J., Murdy, M., Murphy, A. St. J., Naim, D., Naylor, A., Nedlik, C., Nelson, H. N., Neves, F., Nguyen, A., Nikoleyczik, J. A., Olcina, I., Oliver-Mallory, K. C., Orpwood, J., Palladino, K. J., Palmer, J., Parveen, N., Patton, S. J., Penning, B., Pereira, G., Perry, E., Pershing, T., Piepke, A., Porzio, D., Poudel, S., Qie, Y., Reichenbacher, J., Rhyne, C. A., Riffard, Q., Rischbieter, G. R. C., Riyat, H. S., Rosero, R., Rossiter, P., Rushton, T., Santone, D., Sazzad, A. B. M. R., Schnee, R. W., Shaw, S., Shutt, T., Silk, J. J., Silva, C., Sinev, G., Smith, R., Solmaz, M., Solovov, V. N., Sorensen, P., Soria, J., Stancu, I., Stevens, A., Stifter, K., Suerfu, B., Sumner, T. J., Swanson, N., Szydagis, M., Taylor, R., Taylor, W. C., Temples, D. J., Terman, P. A., Tiedt, D. R., Timalsina, M., Tong, Z., Tovey, D. R., Tranter, J., Trask, M., Tripathi, M., Tronstad, D. R., Turner, W., Utku, U., Vaitkus, A. C., Wang, A., Wang, J. J., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Watson, J. R., Webb, R. C., Whitis, T. J., Williams, M., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woodford, S., Woodward, D., Wright, C. J., Xia, Q., Xiang, X., Xu, J., Yeh, M., and The LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration. Mon . "Background determination for the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.012010.
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@article{osti_1989967,
title = {Background determination for the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment},
author = {Aalbers, J. and Akerib, D. S. and Musalhi, A. K. Al and Alder, F. and Alsum, S. K. and Amarasinghe, C. S. and Ames, A. and Anderson, T. J. and Angelides, N. and Araújo, H. M. and Armstrong, J. E. and Arthurs, M. and Baker, A. and Bang, J. and Bargemann, J. W. and Baxter, A. and Beattie, K. and Beltrame, P. and Bernard, E. P. and Bhatti, A. and Biekert, A. and Biesiadzinski, T. P. and Birch, H. J. and Blockinger, G. M. and Boxer, B. and Brew, C. A. J. and Brás, P. and Burdin, S. and Buuck, M. and Cabrita, R. and Carmona-Benitez, M. C. and Chan, C. and Chawla, A. and Chen, H. and Chiang, A. P. S. and Chott, N. I. and Converse, M. V. and Cottle, A. and Cox, G. and Creaner, O. and Dahl, C. E. and David, A. and Dey, S. and de Viveiros, L. and Ding, C. and Dobson, J. E. Y. and Druszkiewicz, E. and Eriksen, S. R. and Fan, A. and Fearon, N. M. and Fiorucci, S. and Flaecher, H. and Fraser, E. D. and Fruth, T. and Gaitskell, R. J. and Genovesi, J. and Ghag, C. and Gibbons, R. and Gilchriese, M. G. D. and Gokhale, S. and Green, J. and van der Grinten, M. G. D. and Gwilliam, C. B. and Hall, C. R. and Han, S. and Hartigan-O’Connor, E. and Haselschwardt, S. J. and Hertel, S. A. and Heuermann, G. and Horn, M. and Huang, D. Q. and Hunt, D. and Ignarra, C. M. and Jacobsen, R. G. and Jahangir, O. and James, R. S. and Johnson, J. and Kaboth, A. C. and Kamaha, A. C. and Khaitan, D. and Khurana, I. and Kirk, R. and Kodroff, D. and Korley, L. and Korolkova, E. V. and Kraus, H. and Kravitz, S. and Kreczko, L. and Krikler, B. and Kudryavtsev, V. A. and Leason, E. A. and Lee, J. and Leonard, D. S. and Lesko, K. T. and Levy, C. and Lin, J. and Lindote, A. and Linehan, R. and Lippincott, W. H. and Liu, X. and Lopes, M. I. and Asamar, E. Lopez and Paredes, B. López and Lorenzon, W. and Lu, C. and Luitz, S. and Majewski, P. A. and Manalaysay, A. and Mannino, R. L. and Marangou, N. and McCarthy, M. E. and McKinsey, D. N. and McLaughlin, J. and Miller, E. H. and Mizrachi, E. and Monte, A. and Monzani, M. E. and Mendoza, J. D. Morales and Morrison, E. and Mount, B. J. and Murdy, M. and Murphy, A. St. J. and Naim, D. and Naylor, A. and Nedlik, C. and Nelson, H. N. and Neves, F. and Nguyen, A. and Nikoleyczik, J. A. and Olcina, I. and Oliver-Mallory, K. C. and Orpwood, J. and Palladino, K. J. and Palmer, J. and Parveen, N. and Patton, S. J. and Penning, B. and Pereira, G. and Perry, E. and Pershing, T. and Piepke, A. and Porzio, D. and Poudel, S. and Qie, Y. and Reichenbacher, J. and Rhyne, C. A. and Riffard, Q. and Rischbieter, G. R. C. and Riyat, H. S. and Rosero, R. and Rossiter, P. and Rushton, T. and Santone, D. and Sazzad, A. B. M. R. and Schnee, R. W. and Shaw, S. and Shutt, T. and Silk, J. J. and Silva, C. and Sinev, G. and Smith, R. and Solmaz, M. and Solovov, V. N. and Sorensen, P. and Soria, J. and Stancu, I. and Stevens, A. and Stifter, K. and Suerfu, B. and Sumner, T. J. and Swanson, N. and Szydagis, M. and Taylor, R. and Taylor, W. C. and Temples, D. J. and Terman, P. A. and Tiedt, D. R. and Timalsina, M. and Tong, Z. and Tovey, D. R. and Tranter, J. and Trask, M. and Tripathi, M. and Tronstad, D. R. and Turner, W. and Utku, U. and Vaitkus, A. C. and Wang, A. and Wang, J. J. and Wang, W. and Wang, Y. and Watson, J. R. and Webb, R. C. and Whitis, T. J. and Williams, M. and Wolfs, F. L. H. and Woodford, S. and Woodward, D. and Wright, C. J. and Xia, Q. and Xiang, X. and Xu, J. and Yeh, M. and The LUX-ZEPLIN Collaboration},
abstractNote = {The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment recently reported limits on WIMP-nucleus interactions from its initial science run, down to 9.2 x 10–48 cm2 for the spin-independent interaction of a 36 GeV/c2 WIMP at 90% confidence level. In this paper, we present a comprehensive analysis of the backgrounds important for this result and for other upcoming physics analyses, including neutrinoless double-beta decay searches and effective field theory interpretations of LUX-ZEPLIN data. We confirm that the in-situ determinations of bulk and fixed radioactive backgrounds are consistent with expectations from the ex-situ assays. The observed background rate after WIMP search criteria were applied was (6.3 ± 0.5) x 10–5 events /keVee/kg/day in the low-energy region, approximately 60 times lower than the equivalent rate reported by the LUX experiment.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevD.108.012010},
journal = {Physical Review. D.},
number = 1,
volume = 108,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Jul 17 00:00:00 EDT 2023},
month = {Mon Jul 17 00:00:00 EDT 2023}
}
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journal, February 2008

  • Back, J. J.; Ramachers, Y. A.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 586, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2007.12.008

Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in 124Xe with XENON1T
journal, April 2019

Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)
journal, January 2003

  • de Laeter, John R.; Böhlke, John Karl; De Bièvre, P.
  • Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 75, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1351/pac200375060683

Geant4—a simulation toolkit
journal, July 2003

  • Agostinelli, S.; Allison, J.; Amako, K.
  • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01368-8

Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the 0 ν β β decay of Xe 136
journal, July 2020

Radiogenic and muon-induced backgrounds in the LUX dark matter detector
journal, March 2015

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 129
journal, September 2014

Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment
journal, March 2020

Cosmogenic activation of xenon and copper
journal, October 2015

Clarification of the use of CHI-square and likelihood functions in fits to histograms
journal, April 1984

Measurement of the double- β decay half-life of 136 Xe with the KamLAND-Zen experiment
journal, April 2012

Projected sensitivities of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to new physics via low-energy electron recoils
journal, November 2021

Measurement of the gamma ray background in the Davis cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility
journal, March 2020

A New Generation of Standard Solar Models
journal, January 2017

  • Vinyoles, Núria; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Villante, Francesco L.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 835, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/202
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