Evidence of Hexadecapole Deformation in Uranium-238 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Ryssens, Wouter; Giacalone, Giuliano; Schenke, Björn; Shen, Chun

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.212302

Title: Evidence of Hexadecapole Deformation in Uranium-238 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Journal Article · Thu May 25 00:00:00 UTC 2023 · Physical Review Letters

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.130.212302 · OSTI ID:1984784

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Univ. Libre, Brussels (Belgium)
Heidelberg Univ. (Germany)
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

State-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations of the quark-gluon plasma are unable to reproduce the elliptic flow of particles observed at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) in relativistic ²³⁸U + ²³⁸U collisions when they rely on information obtained from low-energy experiments for the implementation of deformation in the colliding ²³⁸U ions. Here, we show that this is due to an inappropriate treatment of well-deformed nuclei in the modeling of the initial conditions of the quark-gluon plasma. Past studies have identified the deformation of the nuclear surface with that of the nuclear volume, though these are different concepts. In particular, a volume quadrupole moment can be generated by both a surface hexadecapole and a surface quadrupole moment. This feature was so far neglected in the modeling of heavy-ion collisions, and is particularly relevant for nuclei like ²³⁸U, which is both quadrupole deformed and hexadecapole deformed. With rigorous input from Skyrme density functional calculations, we show that correcting for such effects in the implementation of nuclear deformations in hydrodynamic simulations restores agreement with BNL RHIC data. This brings consistency to the results of nuclear experiments across energy scales, and demonstrates the impact of the hexadecapole deformation of ²³⁸U on high-energy collisions.

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Research Organization:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI (United States); Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Vlaanderen (FWO); Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique de Belgique (FRS-FNRS); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); Walloon Region

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; SC0021969

OSTI ID:: 1984784

Report Number(s):: BNL--224499-2023-JAAM

Journal Information:: Physical Review Letters, Journal Name: Physical Review Letters Journal Issue: 21 Vol. 130; ISSN 0031-9007

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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