Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS) Ⅳ: Metallicity distributions and bulge structure from 2.6 million red clump stars

Johnson, Christian I.; Rich, R. Michael; Simion, Iulia T.; Young, Michael D.; Clarkson, William I.; Pilachowski, Catherine A.; Michael, Scott; Marchetti, Tommaso; Soto, Mario; Kunder, Andrea; Koch-Hansen, Andreas J.; Katherina Vivas, A.; Joyce, Meridith; Shen, Juntai; Osmond, Alexis

doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1840

Title: Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS) Ⅳ: Metallicity distributions and bulge structure from 2.6 million red clump stars

Journal Article · Sat Jul 09 00:00:00 UTC 2022 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1840 · OSTI ID:1982630

Johnson, Christian I. ^[1];

^[2]; Simion, Iulia T. ^[3]; Young, Michael D. ^[4]; Clarkson, William I. ^[5]; Pilachowski, Catherine A. ^[4]; Michael, Scott ^[4];

^[6];

^[7]; Kunder, Andrea ^[8]; Koch-Hansen, Andreas J. ^[9]; Katherina Vivas, A. ^[10];

^[1]; Shen, Juntai ^[11]; Osmond, Alexis ^[12]

Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
University of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Shanghai Normal University (China)
Indiana University, Bloomington, IN (United States)
University of Michigan-Dearborn, MI (United States)
European Southern Observatory, Munich (Germany)
Universidad de Atacama, Copiapó (Chile)
Saint Martin’s University, Lacey, WA (United States)
Heidelberg University (Germany)
National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, La Serena (Chile)
Shanghai Jiao Tong University (China); Key Laboratory for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (MOE) / Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Shanghai (China)
University of Michigan-Dearborn, MI (United States); University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)

We present photometric metallicity measurements for a sample of 2.6 million bulge red clump stars extracted from the Blanco DECam Bulge Survey (BDBS). Similar to previous studies, we find that the bulge exhibits a strong vertical metallicity gradient, and that at least two peaks in the metallicity distribution functions appear at b < -5°. We can discern a metal-poor ([Fe/H] ~ -0.3) and metal-rich ([Fe/H] ~+0.2) abundance distribution that each show clear systematic trends with latitude, and may be best understood by changes in the bulge’s star formation/enrichment processes. Both groups exhibit asymmetric tails, and as a result we argue that the proximity of a star to either peak in [Fe/H] space is not necessarily an affirmation of group membership. The metal-poor peak shifts to lower [Fe/H] values at larger distances from the plane while the metal-rich tail truncates. Close to the plane, the metal-rich tail appears broader along the minor axis than in off-axis fields. We also posit that the bulge has two metal-poor populations – one that belongs to the metal-poor tail of the low latitude and predominantly metal-rich group, and another belonging to the metal-poor group that dominates in the outer bulge. We detect the X-shape structure in fields with |Z| >0.7 kpc and for stars with [Fe/H] < -0.5. Stars with [Fe/H] > -0.5 may form a spheroidal or ‘thick bar’ distribution while those with [Fe/H] ≳ -0.1 are strongly concentrated near the plane.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: German Research Foundation (DFG); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0014664

OSTI ID:: 1982630

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 515; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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How many components? Quantifying the complexity of the metallicity distribution in the Milky Way bulge with APOGEE Rojas-Arriagada, Alvaro; Zasowski, Gail; Schultheis, Mathias Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 499, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2807	journal	September 2020
Non-parametric density reconstruction of the Galactic bulge area using red clump stars in the VVV survey Paterson, Dylan; Coleman, Brendan; Gordon, Chris Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 499, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2834	journal	September 2020
Evidence from APOGEE for the presence of a major building block of the halo buried in the inner Galaxy Horta, Danny; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Mackereth, J. Ted Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 500, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2987	journal	November 2020
The COMBS Survey - II. Distinguishing the metal-poor bulge from the halo interlopers Lucey, Madeline; Hawkins, Keith; Ness, Melissa Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 501, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab003	journal	January 2021
Mapping the tilt of the Milky Way bulge velocity ellipsoids with ARGOS and Gaia DR2 Simion, Iulia T.; Shen, Juntai; Koposov, Sergey E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 502, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab073	journal	January 2021
Composite bulges – II. Classical bulges and nuclear discs in barred galaxies: the contrasting cases of NGC 4608 and NGC 4643 Erwin, Peter; Seth, Anil; Debattista, Victor P. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 502, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab126	journal	January 2021
An enquiry on the origins of N-rich stars in the inner Galaxy based on APOGEE chemical compositions Kisku, Shobhit; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Horta, Danny Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 504, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab525	journal	February 2021
Combined APOGEE-GALAH stellar catalogues using the Cannon Nandakumar, Govind; Hayden, Michael R.; Sharma, Sanjib Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 513, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac873	journal	March 2022
ARGOS – II. The Galactic bulge survey Freeman, K.; Ness, M.; Wylie-de-Boer, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 428, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts305	journal	December 2012
ARGOS – III. Stellar populations in the Galactic bulge of the Milky Way Ness, M.; Freeman, K.; Athanassoula, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 430, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts629	journal	January 2013
A new photometric model of the Galactic bar using red clump giants Cao, Liang; Mao, Shude; Nataf, David Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 434, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1045	journal	July 2013
Mapping the three-dimensional density of the Galactic bulge with VVV red clump stars Wegg, Christopher; Gerhard, Ortwin Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 435, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1376	journal	September 2013
Wet disc contraction to galactic blue nuggets and quenching to red nuggets Dekel, A.; Burkert, A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 438, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt2331	journal	December 2013
ARGOS – IV. The kinematics of the Milky Way bulge Ness, M.; Freeman, K.; Athanassoula, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 432, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt533	journal	May 2013
The Gaia-ESO Survey: the most metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge Howes, L. M.; Asplund, M.; Casey, A. R. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 445, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1991	journal	November 2014
Composite bulges: the coexistence of classical bulges and discy pseudo-bulges in S0 and spiral galaxies Erwin, Peter; Saglia, Roberto P.; Fabricius, Maximilian Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 446, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2376	journal	December 2014
On the correlation between metallicity and the X-shaped morphology of the Milky Way bulge Nataf, D. M.; Cassisi, S.; Athanassoula, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 442, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu805	journal	June 2014
The age and structure of the Galactic bulge from Mira variables Catchpole, Robin M.; Whitelock, Patricia A.; Feast, Michael W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 455, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2372	journal	November 2015
Compaction and quenching of high-z galaxies in cosmological simulations: blue and red nuggets Zolotov, Adi; Dekel, Avishai; Mandelker, Nir Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 450, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv740	journal	May 2015
The EMBLA survey – metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge Howes, Louise M.; Asplund, Martin; Keller, Stefan C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 460, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1004	journal	April 2016
Chemical tagging with APOGEE: discovery of a large population of N-rich stars in the inner Galaxy Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Zamora, Olga; Carrera, Ricardo Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 465, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2162	journal	September 2016
Evolution of density profiles in high- z galaxies: compaction and quenching inside-out Tacchella, Sandro; Dekel, Avishai; Carollo, C. Marcella Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 458, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw303	journal	February 2016
Understanding inverse metallicity gradients in galactic discs as a consequence of inside-out formation Schönrich, Ralph; McMillan, Paul J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx093	journal	January 2017
Red clump stars and Gaia: calibration of the standard candle using a hierarchical probabilistic model Hawkins, Keith; Leistedt, Boris; Bovy, Jo Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 471, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1655	journal	June 2017
A parametric description of the 3D structure of the Galactic bar/bulge using the VVV survey Simion, I. T.; Belokurov, V.; Irwin, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 471, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1832	journal	July 2017
Separation of stellar populations by an evolving bar: implications for the bulge of the Milky Way Debattista, Victor P.; Ness, Melissa; Gonzalez, Oscar A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 469, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx947	journal	April 2017
HERBS I: Metallicity and alpha enhancement along the Galactic bulge minor axis Duong, L.; Asplund, M.; Nataf, D. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1104	journal	April 2019
HERBS II: Detailed chemical compositions of Galactic bulge stars Duong, L.; Asplund, M.; Nataf, D. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1183	journal	May 2019
The age and metallicity dependence of the near-infrared magnitudes of red clump stars Onozato, Hiroki; Ita, Yoshifusa; Nakada, Yoshikazu Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1192	journal	May 2019
The Milky Way bar/bulge in proper motions: a 3D view from VIRAC and Gaia Clarke, Jonathan P.; Wegg, Christopher; Gerhard, Ortwin Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2382	journal	September 2019
Life in the fast lane: a direct view of the dynamics, formation, and evolution of the Milky Way’s bar Bovy, Jo; Leung, Henry W.; Hunt, Jason A. S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2891	journal	October 2019
Age demographics of the Milky Way disc and bulge Grady, J.; Belokurov, V.; Evans, N. W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3617	journal	January 2020
Metallicity-dependent kinematics and morphology of the Milky Way bulge Athanassoula, E.; Rodionov, S. A.; Prantzos, N. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 467, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slw255	journal	December 2016
The structure behind the Galactic bar traced by red clump stars in the VVV survey★ Gonzalez, Oscar A.; Minniti, Dante; Valenti, Elena Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 481, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/sly171	journal	September 2018
The Pristine Inner Galaxy Survey (PIGS) I: Tracing the kinematics of metal-poor stars in the Galactic bulge Arentsen, A.; Starkenburg, E.; Martin, N. F. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slz156	journal	October 2019
On the nature of bulges in general and of box/peanut bulges in particular: input from N -body simulations Athanassoula, E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 358, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08872.x	journal	April 2005
The SAURON project - XI. Stellar populations from absorption-line strength maps of 24 early-type spirals Peletier, R. F.; Falcon-Barroso, J.; Bacon, R. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 379, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11860.x	journal	August 2007
A new Large Magellanic Cloud K-band distance from precision measurements of nearby red clump stars Laney, C. D.; Joner, M. D.; Pietrzyński, G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 419, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19826.x	journal	November 2011
Chemodynamical History of the Galactic Bulge Barbuy, Beatriz; Chiappini, Cristina; Gerhard, Ortwin Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 56, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051826	journal	September 2018
Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies Kormendy, John; Kennicutt, Robert C. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 42, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.134024	journal	September 2004
SOUTH GALACTIC CAP u -BAND SKY SURVEY (SCUSS): DATA RELEASE Zou, Hu; Zhou, Xu; Jiang, Zhaoji The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 151, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/37	journal	January 2016
THE X-SHAPED BULGE OF THE MILKY WAY REVEALED BY WISE Ness, Melissa; Lang, Dustin The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 152, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/1/14	journal	June 2016
Mesa Isochrones and Stellar Tracks (Mist). i. Solar-Scaled Models Choi, Jieun; Dotter, Aaron; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 823, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/102	journal	May 2016
THE AGE OF THE YOUNG BULGE-LIKE POPULATION IN THE STELLAR SYSTEM TERZAN 5: LINKING THE GALACTIC BULGE TO THE HIGH- Z UNIVERSE Ferraro, F. R.; Massari, D.; Dalessandro, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 828, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/828/2/75	journal	September 2016
The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) Majewski, Steven R.; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Frinchaboy, Peter M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 154, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa784d	journal	August 2017
The Bulge Radial Velocity Assay for RR Lyrae Stars (BRAVA-RR) DR2: A Bimodal Bulge? Kunder, Andrea; Pérez-Villegas, Angeles; Rich, R. Michael The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 159, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab8d35	journal	May 2020
The Impact of Modeling Assumptions in Galactic Chemical Evolution Models Côté, Benoit; O’Shea, Brian W.; Ritter, Christian The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 835, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/128	journal	January 2017
Absence of an X-shaped Structure in the Milky Way Bulge Using Mira Variable Stars López-Corredoira, Martín The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 836, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/218	journal	February 2017
The Canada–France Imaging Survey: First Results from the u-Band Component Ibata, Rodrigo A.; McConnachie, Alan; Cuillandre, Jean-Charles The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa855c	journal	October 2017
Chemically Dissected Rotation Curves of the Galactic Bulge from Main-sequence Proper Motions Clarkson, William I.; Calamida, Annalisa; Sahu, Kailash C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 858, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaba7f	journal	May 2018
The WFC3 Galactic Bulge Treasury Program: Relative Ages of Bulge Stars of High and Low Metallicity Renzini, Alvio; Gennaro, Mario; Zoccali, Manuela The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad09b	journal	August 2018
APOGEE DR14/DR15 Abundances in the Inner Milky Way Zasowski, G.; Schultheis, M.; Hasselquist, S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaeff4	journal	January 2019
An Ultraviolet–Optical Color–Metallicity Relation for Red Clump Stars Using GALEX and Gaia Mohammed, Steven; Schiminovich, David; Hawkins, Keith The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 872, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf236	journal	February 2019
Mapping the Interstellar Reddening and Extinction toward Baade’s Window Using Minimum Light Colors of ab-type RR Lyrae Stars: Revelations from the De-reddened Color–Magnitude Diagrams Saha, Abhijit; Vivas, A. Katherina; Olszewski, Edward W. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab07ba	journal	March 2019
Multiwavelength Absolute Magnitudes and Colors of Red Clump Stars in the Gaia Era Plevne, Olcay; Önal Taş, Özgecan; Bilir, Selçuk The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 893, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab80bb	journal	April 2020
The Age Distribution of Stars in the Milky Way Bulge Sit, Tawny; Ness, M. K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 900, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9ff6	journal	August 2020
Exploring the Stellar Age Distribution of the Milky Way Bulge Using APOGEE Hasselquist, Sten; Zasowski, Gail; Feuillet, Diane K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abaeee	journal	September 2020
Difference in Chemical Composition between the Bright and Faint Red Clump Stars in the Milky Way Bulge Lim, Dongwook; Lee, Young-Wook; Koch, Andreas The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 907, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd08d	journal	January 2021
The Similarity of Abundance Ratio Trends and Nucleosynthetic Patterns in the Milky Way Disk and Bulge Griffith, Emily; Weinberg, David H.; Johnson, Jennifer A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 909, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd6be	journal	March 2021
On the Color–Metallicity Relation of the Red Clump and the Reddening toward the Magellanic Clouds Nataf, David M.; Cassisi, Santi; Casagrande, Luca The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 910, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abe530	journal	April 2021
Before the bar: Kinematic Detection of a Spheroidal Metal-Poor Bulge Component Kunder, Andrea; Rich, R. M.; Koch, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 821, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/821/2/L25	journal	April 2016
Are the Double-mode Bulge RR Lyrae Stars with Identical Period Ratios the Relic of a Disrupted Stellar System? Kunder, Andrea; Tilton, Alex; Maertens, Dylon The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1fe4	journal	May 2019
The Globular Cluster Origin of the Milky Way Outer Bulge: Evidence from Sodium Bimodality Lee, Young-Wook; Kim, Jenny J.; Johnson, Christian I. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab22bc	journal	June 2019

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