A review of rare earth elements and yttrium in coal ash: Content, modes of occurrences, combustion behavior, and extraction methods

Fu, Biao; Hower, James C.; Zhang, Wencai; Luo, Guangqian; Hu, Hongyun; Yao, Hong

doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100954

Title: A review of rare earth elements and yttrium in coal ash: Content, modes of occurrences, combustion behavior, and extraction methods

Journal Article · 15 September 2021 · Progress in Energy and Combustion Science

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2021.100954 · OSTI ID:1977532

Fu, Biao ^[1]; Hower, James C. ^[2]; Zhang, Wencai ^[3]; Luo, Guangqian ^[4]; Hu, Hongyun ^[4]; Yao, Hong ^[4]

Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (China); OSTI
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (United States)
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA (United States)
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan (China)

Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) have attracted considerable attention over the last decade because of their vital roles in clean energy, consumer product, national defense and security applications, among other uses. Due to the retention of REY during coal burning, coal combustion ash is considered as potential alternative sources for REY. Understanding the content, speciation, retention and/or transformation behavior of REY during coal combustion not only expands our knowledge of the combustion behavior of the trace elements in coal, but also provides basis for modeling REY partitioning during coal combustion and for developing economically viable REY recovery technologies. This review makes a critical summary of recent progress in the study of REY in coal ash. The contents and the extraction potentials of REY in coal ash derived from 15 major coal-producing countries worldwide were summarized and evaluated. Various analytical methods for determining REY bulk contents and speciation, together with the solid sample pretreatment, analytical accuracy and precision, advantages and disadvantages were summarized and compared. Modern analytical approaches combined indirect methods (e.g., sequential extraction) shed light on the physical distribution, mineralogy, and the chemical state of REY in coal ash. Three types of REY occurrences in coal ash, including Si-Al glassy association, discrete minerals or compounds, and organic association (bound with unburned carbon) were defined in the review. The glassy association can be further divided into REY minerals closely bound to glass phases and dispersed throughout the glassy structure. REY partitioning in various emission streams, the size distribution, and their enrichment behavior in coal ash were discussed. Additionally, thermal behavior and transformation of various REY forms in coal during combustion process, including organic-associated REY, REY phosphates, REY carbonates, clay-bound REY and among others were summarized. Two possible retention mechanisms of REY by aluminosilicate glass at boiler temperature were proposed: the incorporation of the individual REY phases into the glass as inclusions and the diffusion of REY phases throughout Si-Al glass structures in the melting process. Feed coal mineral types, mineral-mineral associations, boiler conditions, and other factors control the retention process. After coal combustion, the speciation of REY in fly ash may be modified by the reactions of REY phases with flue gas components. Further, an overview of REY transformation mechanisms during coal combustion was deeply discussed. Finally, current extraction techniques for REY recovery from coal combustion ash were introduced. Future outlooks and research problems were also identified.

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Research Organization:: Duke University, Durham, NC (United States); Physical Sciences, Inc., Andover, MA (United States); University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE; USDOE Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM)

Grant/Contract Number:: FE0026952; FE0027167; FE0029007

OSTI ID:: 1977532

Journal Information:: Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, Journal Name: Progress in Energy and Combustion Science Journal Issue: C Vol. 88; ISSN 0360-1285

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Coal combustion ash
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Title: A review of rare earth elements and yttrium in coal ash: Content, modes of occurrences, combustion behavior, and extraction methods

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