PeakDecoder enables machine learning-based metabolite annotation and accurate profiling in multidimensional mass spectrometry measurements
Abstract
Multidimensional measurements using state-of-the-art separations and mass spectrometry provide advantages in untargeted metabolomics analyses for studying biological and environmental bio-chemical processes. However, the lack of rapid analytical methods and robust algorithms for these heterogeneous data has limited its application. Here, we develop and evaluate a sensitive and high-throughput analytical and computational workflow to enable accurate metabolite profiling. Our workflow combines liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry with PeakDecoder, a machine learning-based algorithm that learns to distinguish true co-elution and co-mobility from raw data and calculates metabolite identification error rates. We apply PeakDecoder for metabolite profiling of various engineered strains of Aspergillus pseudoterreus, Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas putida and Rhodosporidium toruloides. Results, validated manually and against selected reaction monitoring and gas-chromatography platforms, show that 2683 features could be confidently annotated and quantified across 116 microbial sample runs using a library built from 64 standards.
- Authors:
-
more »
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); USDOE Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA (United States)
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
- Sandia National Laboratory (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); USDOE Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA (United States)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA (United States)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); USDOE Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA (United States)
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); USDOE Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA (United States)
- Sandia National Laboratory (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States); USDOE Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA (United States)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Bioenergy Technologies Office (BETO); National Institutes of Health (NIH)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1994378
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1973113; OSTI ID: 1996726
- Report Number(s):
- PNNL-SA-174727
Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723; 178960
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357; P41 GM103493; AC05-76RL01830; AC05-00OR22725
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Nature Communications
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 14; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723
- Publisher:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; HILIC; data-independent acquisition; ion mobility spectrometry; mass spectrometry; metabolomics; synthetic biology; Data processing; Machine learning
Citation Formats
Bilbao, Aivett, Munoz, Nathalie, Kim, Joonhoon, Orton, Daniel J., Gao, Yuqian, Poorey, Kunal, Pomraning, Kyle R., Weitz, Karl, Burnet, Meagan, Nicora, Carrie D., Wilton, Rosemarie, Deng, Shuang, Dai, Ziyu, Oksen, Ethan, Gee, Aaron, Fasani, Rick A., Tsalenko, Anya, Tanjore, Deepti, Gardner, James, Smith, Richard D., Michener, Joshua K., Gladden, John M., Baker, Erin S., Petzold, Christopher J., Kim, Young-Mo, Apffel, Alex, Magnuson, Jon K., and Burnum-Johnson, Kristin E. PeakDecoder enables machine learning-based metabolite annotation and accurate profiling in multidimensional mass spectrometry measurements. United States: N. p., 2023.
Web. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37031-9.
Bilbao, Aivett, Munoz, Nathalie, Kim, Joonhoon, Orton, Daniel J., Gao, Yuqian, Poorey, Kunal, Pomraning, Kyle R., Weitz, Karl, Burnet, Meagan, Nicora, Carrie D., Wilton, Rosemarie, Deng, Shuang, Dai, Ziyu, Oksen, Ethan, Gee, Aaron, Fasani, Rick A., Tsalenko, Anya, Tanjore, Deepti, Gardner, James, Smith, Richard D., Michener, Joshua K., Gladden, John M., Baker, Erin S., Petzold, Christopher J., Kim, Young-Mo, Apffel, Alex, Magnuson, Jon K., & Burnum-Johnson, Kristin E. PeakDecoder enables machine learning-based metabolite annotation and accurate profiling in multidimensional mass spectrometry measurements. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37031-9
Bilbao, Aivett, Munoz, Nathalie, Kim, Joonhoon, Orton, Daniel J., Gao, Yuqian, Poorey, Kunal, Pomraning, Kyle R., Weitz, Karl, Burnet, Meagan, Nicora, Carrie D., Wilton, Rosemarie, Deng, Shuang, Dai, Ziyu, Oksen, Ethan, Gee, Aaron, Fasani, Rick A., Tsalenko, Anya, Tanjore, Deepti, Gardner, James, Smith, Richard D., Michener, Joshua K., Gladden, John M., Baker, Erin S., Petzold, Christopher J., Kim, Young-Mo, Apffel, Alex, Magnuson, Jon K., and Burnum-Johnson, Kristin E. Fri .
"PeakDecoder enables machine learning-based metabolite annotation and accurate profiling in multidimensional mass spectrometry measurements". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37031-9. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1994378.
@article{osti_1994378,
title = {PeakDecoder enables machine learning-based metabolite annotation and accurate profiling in multidimensional mass spectrometry measurements},
author = {Bilbao, Aivett and Munoz, Nathalie and Kim, Joonhoon and Orton, Daniel J. and Gao, Yuqian and Poorey, Kunal and Pomraning, Kyle R. and Weitz, Karl and Burnet, Meagan and Nicora, Carrie D. and Wilton, Rosemarie and Deng, Shuang and Dai, Ziyu and Oksen, Ethan and Gee, Aaron and Fasani, Rick A. and Tsalenko, Anya and Tanjore, Deepti and Gardner, James and Smith, Richard D. and Michener, Joshua K. and Gladden, John M. and Baker, Erin S. and Petzold, Christopher J. and Kim, Young-Mo and Apffel, Alex and Magnuson, Jon K. and Burnum-Johnson, Kristin E.},
abstractNote = {Multidimensional measurements using state-of-the-art separations and mass spectrometry provide advantages in untargeted metabolomics analyses for studying biological and environmental bio-chemical processes. However, the lack of rapid analytical methods and robust algorithms for these heterogeneous data has limited its application. Here, we develop and evaluate a sensitive and high-throughput analytical and computational workflow to enable accurate metabolite profiling. Our workflow combines liquid chromatography, ion mobility spectrometry and data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry with PeakDecoder, a machine learning-based algorithm that learns to distinguish true co-elution and co-mobility from raw data and calculates metabolite identification error rates. We apply PeakDecoder for metabolite profiling of various engineered strains of Aspergillus pseudoterreus, Aspergillus niger, Pseudomonas putida and Rhodosporidium toruloides. Results, validated manually and against selected reaction monitoring and gas-chromatography platforms, show that 2683 features could be confidently annotated and quantified across 116 microbial sample runs using a library built from 64 standards.},
doi = {10.1038/s41467-023-37031-9},
journal = {Nature Communications},
number = 1,
volume = 14,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Apr 28 00:00:00 EDT 2023},
month = {Fri Apr 28 00:00:00 EDT 2023}
}
Works referenced in this record:
Targeted Data Extraction of the MS/MS Spectra Generated by Data-independent Acquisition: A New Concept for Consistent and Accurate Proteome Analysis
journal, January 2012
- Gillet, Ludovic C.; Navarro, Pedro; Tate, Stephen
- Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, Vol. 11, Issue 6
Building a global alliance of biofoundries
journal, May 2019
- Hillson, Nathan; Caddick, Mark; Cai, Yizhi
- Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Evaluation of chromosomal insertion loci in the Pseudomonas putida KT2440 genome for predictable biosystems design
journal, December 2020
- Chaves, Julie E.; Wilton, Rosemarie; Gao, Yuqian
- Metabolic Engineering Communications, Vol. 11
Significance estimation for large scale metabolomics annotations by spectral matching
journal, November 2017
- Scheubert, Kerstin; Hufsky, Franziska; Petras, Daniel
- Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
Ranking Fragment Ions Based on Outlier Detection for Improved Label-Free Quantification in Data-Independent Acquisition LC–MS/MS
journal, October 2015
- Bilbao, Aivett; Zhang, Ying; Varesio, Emmanuel
- Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 14, Issue 11
MetDIA: Targeted Metabolite Extraction of Multiplexed MS/MS Spectra Generated by Data-Independent Acquisition
journal, August 2016
- Li, Hao; Cai, Yuping; Guo, Yuan
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 88, Issue 17
Establishing a synthetic pathway for high-level production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via β-alanine
journal, January 2015
- Borodina, Irina; Kildegaard, Kanchana R.; Jensen, Niels B.
- Metabolic Engineering, Vol. 27
Multi-Omics Driven Metabolic Network Reconstruction and Analysis of Lignocellulosic Carbon Utilization in Rhodosporidium toruloides
journal, January 2021
- Kim, Joonhoon; Coradetti, Samuel T.; Kim, Young-Mo
- Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 8
mProphet: automated data processing and statistical validation for large-scale SRM experiments
journal, March 2011
- Reiter, Lukas; Rinner, Oliver; Picotti, Paola
- Nature Methods, Vol. 8, Issue 5
Further engineering of R. toruloides for the production of terpenes from lignocellulosic biomass
journal, April 2021
- Kirby, James; Geiselman, Gina M.; Yaegashi, Junko
- Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 14, Issue 1
Diel metabolomics analysis of a hot spring chlorophototrophic microbial mat leads to new hypotheses of community member metabolisms
journal, April 2015
- Kim, Young-Mo; Nowack, Shane; Olsen, Millie T.
- Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 6
Skyline: an open source document editor for creating and analyzing targeted proteomics experiments
journal, February 2010
- MacLean, Brendan; Tomazela, Daniela M.; Shulman, Nicholas
- Bioinformatics, Vol. 26, Issue 7
Identification and microbial production of a terpene-based advanced biofuel
journal, September 2011
- Peralta-Yahya, Pamela P.; Ouellet, Mario; Chan, Rossana
- Nature Communications, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Multi-omics analysis unravels a segregated metabolic flux network that tunes co-utilization of sugar and aromatic carbons in Pseudomonas putida
journal, April 2019
- Kukurugya, Matthew A.; Mendonca, Caroll M.; Solhtalab, Mina
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 294, Issue 21
Functional genomics of lipid metabolism in the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides
journal, March 2018
- Coradetti, Samuel T.; Pinel, Dominic; Geiselman, Gina M.
- eLife, Vol. 7
Structure Annotation of All Mass Spectra in Untargeted Metabolomics
journal, January 2019
- Blaženović, Ivana; Kind, Tobias; Sa, Michael R.
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 91, Issue 3
MPLEx: a Robust and Universal Protocol for Single-Sample Integrative Proteomic, Metabolomic, and Lipidomic Analyses
journal, May 2016
- Nakayasu, Ernesto S.; Nicora, Carrie D.; Sims, Amy C.
- mSystems, Vol. 1, Issue 3
Feature Selection with the Boruta Package
journal, January 2010
- Kursa, Miron B.; Rudnicki, Witold R.
- Journal of Statistical Software, Vol. 36, Issue 11
From dirt to industrial applications: Pseudomonas putida as a Synthetic Biology chassis for hosting harsh biochemical reactions
journal, October 2016
- Nikel, Pablo I.; Chavarría, Max; Danchin, Antoine
- Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Vol. 34
High-Throughput Large-Scale Targeted Proteomics Assays for Quantifying Pathway Proteins in Pseudomonas putida KT2440
journal, December 2020
- Gao, Yuqian; Fillmore, Thomas L.; Munoz, Nathalie
- Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 8
Deep learning, reinforcement learning, and world models
journal, August 2022
- Matsuo, Yutaka; LeCun, Yann; Sahani, Maneesh
- Neural Networks, Vol. 152
Target-Decoy-Based False Discovery Rate Estimation for Large-Scale Metabolite Identification
journal, May 2018
- Wang, Xusheng; Jones, Drew R.; Shaw, Timothy I.
- Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 17, Issue 7
A Highly Conserved Signal Controls Degradation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) Reductase in Eukaryotes
journal, October 1999
- Gardner, Richard G.; Hampton, Randolph Y.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 274, Issue 44
Software Tools and Approaches for Compound Identification of LC-MS/MS Data in Metabolomics
journal, May 2018
- Blaženović, Ivana; Kind, Tobias; Ji, Jian
- Metabolites, Vol. 8, Issue 2
FDR-controlled metabolite annotation for high-resolution imaging mass spectrometry
journal, November 2016
- Palmer, Andrew; Phapale, Prasad; Chernyavsky, Ilya
- Nature Methods, Vol. 14, Issue 1
Customized Consensus Spectral Library Building for Untargeted Quantitative Metabolomics Analysis with Data Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry and MetaboDIA Workflow
journal, April 2017
- Chen, Gengbo; Walmsley, Scott; Cheung, Gemmy C. M.
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 89, Issue 9
OpenSWATH enables automated, targeted analysis of data-independent acquisition MS data
journal, March 2014
- Röst, Hannes L.; Rosenberger, George; Navarro, Pedro
- Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 32, Issue 3
MaxQuant enables high peptide identification rates, individualized p.p.b.-range mass accuracies and proteome-wide protein quantification
journal, November 2008
- Cox, Jürgen; Mann, Matthias
- Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 26, Issue 12
Engineering the Oleaginous Yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides for Improved Resistance Against Inhibitors in Biomass Hydrolysates
journal, November 2021
- Lyu, Liting; Chu, Yadong; Zhang, Sufang
- Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 9
A community-driven reconstruction of the Aspergillus niger metabolic network
journal, September 2018
- Brandl, Julian; Aguilar-Pontes, Maria Victoria; Schäpe, Paul
- Fungal Biology and Biotechnology, Vol. 5, Issue 1
COBRApy: COnstraints-Based Reconstruction and Analysis for Python
journal, January 2013
- Ebrahim, Ali; Lerman, Joshua A.; Palsson, Bernhard O.
- BMC Systems Biology, Vol. 7, Issue 1
An improved method for the construction of decoy peptide MS/MS spectra suitable for the accurate estimation of false discovery rates
journal, September 2011
- Ahrné, Erik; Ohta, Yuki; Nikitin, Frederic
- PROTEOMICS, Vol. 11, Issue 20
XY-Meta: A High-Efficiency Search Engine for Large-Scale Metabolome Annotation with Accurate FDR Estimation
journal, March 2020
- Li, Dehua; Liu, Binghang; Zheng, Hancheng
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 92, Issue 8
In silico-guided engineering of Pseudomonas putida towards growth under micro-oxic conditions
journal, October 2019
- Kampers, Linde F. C.; van Heck, Ruben G. A.; Donati, Stefano
- Microbial Cell Factories, Vol. 18, Issue 1
Rhodosporidium toruloides: a new platform organism for conversion of lignocellulose into terpene biofuels and bioproducts
journal, October 2017
- Yaegashi, Junko; Kirby, James; Ito, Masakazu
- Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1
pmartR : Quality Control and Statistics for Mass Spectrometry-Based Biological Data
journal, January 2019
- Stratton, Kelly G.; Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo M.; McCue, Lee Ann
- Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 18, Issue 3
Challenges, progress and promises of metabolite annotation for LC–MS-based metabolomics
journal, February 2019
- Chaleckis, Romanas; Meister, Isabel; Zhang, Pei
- Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 55
Spectral entropy outperforms MS/MS dot product similarity for small-molecule compound identification
journal, December 2021
- Li, Yuanyue; Kind, Tobias; Folz, Jacob
- Nature Methods, Vol. 18, Issue 12
Processing strategies and software solutions for data-independent acquisition in mass spectrometry
journal, February 2015
- Bilbao, Aivett; Varesio, Emmanuel; Luban, Jeremy
- PROTEOMICS, Vol. 15, Issue 5-6
Carotenoid-based phenotypic screen of the yeast deletion collection reveals new genes with roles in isoprenoid production
journal, January 2013
- Özaydın, Bilge; Burd, Helcio; Lee, Taek Soon
- Metabolic Engineering, Vol. 15
Statistical control of peptide and protein error rates in large-scale targeted data-independent acquisition analyses
journal, August 2017
- Rosenberger, George; Bludau, Isabell; Schmitt, Uwe
- Nature Methods, Vol. 14, Issue 9
Rapid screening methods for yeast sub‐metabolome analysis with a high‐resolution ion mobility quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer
journal, May 2019
- Mairinger, Teresa; Kurulugama, Ruwan; Causon, Tim J.
- Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 33, Issue S2
Posterior Error Probabilities and False Discovery Rates: Two Sides of the Same Coin
journal, January 2008
- Käll, Lukas; Storey, John D.; MacCoss, Michael J.
- Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Comparison of Full-Scan, Data-Dependent, and Data-Independent Acquisition Modes in Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Based Untargeted Metabolomics
journal, May 2020
- Guo, Jian; Huan, Tao
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 92, Issue 12
Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in health and medical science: a systematic review
journal, January 2020
- Zhang, Xi-wu; Li, Qiu-han; Xu, Zuo-di
- RSC Advances, Vol. 10, Issue 6
DIAMetAlyzer allows automated false-discovery rate-controlled analysis for data-independent acquisition in metabolomics
journal, March 2022
- Alka, Oliver; Shanthamoorthy, Premy; Witting, Michael
- Nature Communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1
Ion mobility spectrometry and the omics: Distinguishing isomers, molecular classes and contaminant ions in complex samples
journal, July 2019
- Burnum-Johnson, Kristin E.; Zheng, Xueyun; Dodds, James N.
- TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 116
Bacillus subtilis biofilm matrix components target seed oil bodies to promote growth and anti-fungal resistance in melon
journal, June 2022
- Berlanga-Clavero, M. V.; Molina-Santiago, C.; Caraballo-Rodríguez, A. M.
- Nature Microbiology, Vol. 7, Issue 7
PaDEL-descriptor: An open source software to calculate molecular descriptors and fingerprints
journal, December 2010
- Yap, Chun Wei
- Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 32, Issue 7
Escher: A Web Application for Building, Sharing, and Embedding Data-Rich Visualizations of Biological Pathways
journal, August 2015
- King, Zachary A.; Dräger, Andreas; Ebrahim, Ali
- PLOS Computational Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 8
A lipidome atlas in MS-DIAL 4
journal, June 2020
- Tsugawa, Hiroshi; Ikeda, Kazutaka; Takahashi, Mikiko
- Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 38, Issue 10
Machine Learning Applications for Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics
journal, June 2020
- Liebal, Ulf W.; Phan, An N. T.; Sudhakar, Malvika
- Metabolites, Vol. 10, Issue 6
Spectrum-based Method to Generate Good Decoy Libraries for Spectral Library Searching in Peptide Identifications
journal, April 2013
- Cheng, Chia-Ying; Tsai, Chia-Feng; Chen, Yu-Ju
- Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 12, Issue 5
DecoID improves identification rates in metabolomics through database-assisted MS/MS deconvolution
journal, July 2021
- Stancliffe, Ethan; Schwaiger-Haber, Michaela; Sindelar, Miriam
- Nature Methods, Vol. 18, Issue 7
A Preprocessing Tool for Enhanced Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry-Based Omics Workflows
journal, August 2021
- Bilbao, Aivett; Gibbons, Bryson C.; Stow, Sarah M.
- Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 21, Issue 3
DaDIA: Hybridizing Data-Dependent and Data-Independent Acquisition Modes for Generating High-Quality Metabolomic Data
journal, January 2021
- Guo, Jian; Shen, Sam; Xing, Shipei
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 93, Issue 4
Combined Statistical Analyses of Peptide Intensities and Peptide Occurrences Improves Identification of Significant Peptides from MS-Based Proteomics Data
journal, November 2010
- Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo M.; McCue, Lee Ann; Waters, Katrina M.
- Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 9, Issue 11
Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Is a Potent Regulator of HRD-dependent 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Degradation in Yeast
journal, December 2009
- Garza, Renee M.; Tran, Peter N.; Hampton, Randolph Y.
- Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 284, Issue 51
BioCompoundML: A General Biofuel Property Screening Tool for Biological Molecules Using Random Forest Classifiers
journal, September 2016
- Whitmore, Leanne S.; Davis, Ryan W.; McCormick, Robert L.
- Energy & Fuels, Vol. 30, Issue 10
MetaboliteDetector: Comprehensive Analysis Tool for Targeted and Nontargeted GC/MS Based Metabolome Analysis
journal, May 2009
- Hiller, Karsten; Hangebrauk, Jasper; Jäger, Christian
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 81, Issue 9
Integration of Proteomics and Metabolomics Into the Design, Build, Test, Learn Cycle to Improve 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid Production in Aspergillus pseudoterreus
journal, April 2021
- Pomraning, Kyle R.; Dai, Ziyu; Munoz, Nathalie
- Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 9
Using Skyline to Analyze Data-Containing Liquid Chromatography, Ion Mobility Spectrometry, and Mass Spectrometry Dimensions
journal, July 2018
- MacLean, Brendan X.; Pratt, Brian S.; Egertson, Jarrett D.
- Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 29, Issue 11
An Interlaboratory Evaluation of Drift Tube Ion Mobility–Mass Spectrometry Collision Cross Section Measurements
journal, August 2017
- Stow, Sarah M.; Causon, Tim J.; Zheng, Xueyun
- Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 89, Issue 17
High‐quality genome‐scale metabolic modelling of Pseudomonas putida highlights its broad metabolic capabilities
journal, November 2019
- Nogales, Juan; Mueller, Joshua; Gudmundsson, Steinn
- Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 22, Issue 1