Important Ice Processes Are Missed by the Community Earth System Model in Southern Ocean Mixed-Phase Clouds: Bridging SOCRATES Observations to Model Developments
Abstract
Global climate models (GCMs) are challenged by difficulties in simulating cloud phase and cloud radiative effect over the Southern Ocean (SO). Some of the new-generation GCMs predict too much liquid and too little ice in mixed-phase clouds. This misrepresentation of cloud phase in GCMs results in weaker negative cloud feedback over the SO and a higher climate sensitivity. Based on a model comparison with observational data obtained during the Southern Ocean Cloud Radiation and Aerosol Transport Experimental Study, this study addresses a key uncertainty in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) related to cloud phase, namely ice formation in pristine remote SO clouds. It is found that sea spray organic aerosols (SSOAs) are the most important type of ice nucleating particles (INPs) over the SO with concentrations 1 order of magnitude higher than those of dust INPs based on measurements and CESM2 simulations. Secondary ice production (SIP) which includes riming splintering, rain droplet shattering, and ice-ice collisional fragmentation as implemented in CESM2 is the dominant ice production process in moderately cold clouds with cloud temperatures greater than -20°C. SIP enhances the in-cloud ice number concentrations (Ni) by 1–3 orders of magnitude and predicts more mixed-phase (with percentage occurrencemore »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[1];
[2];
[3];
[4];
[5];
[8];
[1];
[9]
- Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
- Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
- Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)
- San Jose State Univ., CA (United States)
- Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States)
- Lund Univ. (Sweden)
- Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States). Scripps Inst. of Oceanography
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD (United States)
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Center; Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); National Science Foundation (NSF); Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (FORMAS); Swedish Research Council (VR); Swedish Innovation Agency (Vinnova); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
- Contributing Org.:
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1987310
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1923985; OSTI ID: 1924828; OSTI ID: 2008169; OSTI ID: 2338190
- Report Number(s):
- PNNL-SA-176173; LLNL-JRNL-845228
Journal ID: ISSN 2169-897X
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-76RL01830; SC0022065; SC0020510; SC0021211; SC0018932; SC0021116; AC52-07NA27344; AGS-1660486; 2018-01795; 2015-05104; 2020-03406; AGS-1660374; OPP 1744965; AGS-1628674; AGS-1762096; NSF OPP 1744965; DE‐SC0020510; DE‐SC0022065; DE‐SC0021116
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 128; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-897X
- Publisher:
- American Geophysical Union
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; cloud microphysics; secondary ice production; ice nucleating particle; ice formation; 58 GEOSCIENCES
Citation Formats
Zhao, Xi, Liu, Xiaohong, Burrows, Susannah M., DeMott, Paul J., Diao, Minghui, McFarquhar, Greg M., Patade, Sachin, Phillips, Vaughan, Roberts, Greg C., Sanchez, Kevin J., Shi, Yang, and Zhang, Meng. Important Ice Processes Are Missed by the Community Earth System Model in Southern Ocean Mixed-Phase Clouds: Bridging SOCRATES Observations to Model Developments. United States: N. p., 2023.
Web. doi:10.1029/2022jd037513.
Zhao, Xi, Liu, Xiaohong, Burrows, Susannah M., DeMott, Paul J., Diao, Minghui, McFarquhar, Greg M., Patade, Sachin, Phillips, Vaughan, Roberts, Greg C., Sanchez, Kevin J., Shi, Yang, & Zhang, Meng. Important Ice Processes Are Missed by the Community Earth System Model in Southern Ocean Mixed-Phase Clouds: Bridging SOCRATES Observations to Model Developments. United States. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd037513
Zhao, Xi, Liu, Xiaohong, Burrows, Susannah M., DeMott, Paul J., Diao, Minghui, McFarquhar, Greg M., Patade, Sachin, Phillips, Vaughan, Roberts, Greg C., Sanchez, Kevin J., Shi, Yang, and Zhang, Meng. Tue .
"Important Ice Processes Are Missed by the Community Earth System Model in Southern Ocean Mixed-Phase Clouds: Bridging SOCRATES Observations to Model Developments". United States. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jd037513. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1987310.
@article{osti_1987310,
title = {Important Ice Processes Are Missed by the Community Earth System Model in Southern Ocean Mixed-Phase Clouds: Bridging SOCRATES Observations to Model Developments},
author = {Zhao, Xi and Liu, Xiaohong and Burrows, Susannah M. and DeMott, Paul J. and Diao, Minghui and McFarquhar, Greg M. and Patade, Sachin and Phillips, Vaughan and Roberts, Greg C. and Sanchez, Kevin J. and Shi, Yang and Zhang, Meng},
abstractNote = {Global climate models (GCMs) are challenged by difficulties in simulating cloud phase and cloud radiative effect over the Southern Ocean (SO). Some of the new-generation GCMs predict too much liquid and too little ice in mixed-phase clouds. This misrepresentation of cloud phase in GCMs results in weaker negative cloud feedback over the SO and a higher climate sensitivity. Based on a model comparison with observational data obtained during the Southern Ocean Cloud Radiation and Aerosol Transport Experimental Study, this study addresses a key uncertainty in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) related to cloud phase, namely ice formation in pristine remote SO clouds. It is found that sea spray organic aerosols (SSOAs) are the most important type of ice nucleating particles (INPs) over the SO with concentrations 1 order of magnitude higher than those of dust INPs based on measurements and CESM2 simulations. Secondary ice production (SIP) which includes riming splintering, rain droplet shattering, and ice-ice collisional fragmentation as implemented in CESM2 is the dominant ice production process in moderately cold clouds with cloud temperatures greater than -20°C. SIP enhances the in-cloud ice number concentrations (Ni) by 1–3 orders of magnitude and predicts more mixed-phase (with percentage occurrence increased from 15% to 21%), in better agreement with the observations. Finally, this study highlights the importance of accurately representing the cloud phase over the pristine remote SO by considering the ice nucleation of SSOA and SIP processes, which are currently missing in most GCM cloud microphysics parameterizations.},
doi = {10.1029/2022jd037513},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
number = 4,
volume = 128,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2023},
month = {Tue Feb 07 00:00:00 EST 2023}
}
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