Review—Fundamental Uranium Electrochemistry and Spectroscopy in Molten Salt Systems

Hege, Nicole; Jackson, Jessica; Shafer, Jenifer

doi:10.1149/1945-7111/acafa9

Title: Review—Fundamental Uranium Electrochemistry and Spectroscopy in Molten Salt Systems

Journal Article · Fri Jan 13 00:00:00 UTC 2023 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acafa9 · OSTI ID:1922479

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Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States); Colorado School of Mines
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States)

Uranium is a key element used for nuclear energy production. Some advanced reactor designs, specifically molten salt reactors, will continue to use uranium as the fissile material for energy production. These new technologies require an intimate understanding of uranium chemistry during and after energy production. This review covers contemporary research on the coordination chemistry and behavior of uranium with the coolant and pyroprocessing salts as proposed for use in future reactor designs. Discussed topics include the nature of U redox reactions involving the reduction of U(III) to U metal and oxidation of U(III) to U(IV). These systems have been interrogated using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry, and optical and X-ray absorption spectroscopies. Insights obtained into the electrode potentials, the uranium species, and their diffusion coefficients in alkali halide melts from decades of research are summarized selectively. Further, perspectives are provided on the importance of unifying studies for comparison across multiple institutions. The application of synchrotron radiation research and multimodal approaches involving two (or more) probes, such as the widespread combination of UV–visible spectroscopy and electroanalysis known as spectroelectrochemistry, can provide new knowledge about the main process of uranium electrorefining—diffusion, as will be demonstrated in this review through the lack of comparable results.

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Research Organization:: Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003921

OSTI ID:: 1922479

Journal Information:: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Journal Name: Journal of the Electrochemical Society Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 170; ISSN 0013-4651

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Application of Voltammetry for Quantitative Analysis of Actinides in Molten Salts Tylka, M. M.; Willit, J. L.; Prakash, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0281512jes	journal	January 2015
A Computational Meta-Analysis of UCl₃Cyclic Voltammograms in LiCl-KCl Electrolyte Cumberland, Riley M.; Yim, Man-Sung Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.033404jes	journal	January 2014
Method Development for Quantitative Analysis of Actinides in Molten Salts Tylka, M. M.; Willit, J. L.; Prakash, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0401509jes	journal	January 2015
The Application of Low-Melting LiCl-KCl-CsCl Eutectic to Electrodeposit Uranium Metal Liu, Kui; Sun, Jiajia; Zhu, Liqi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0451913jes	journal	January 2019
Electrochemical Nucleation and Growth of Uranium and Plutonium from Molten Salts Tylka, M. M.; Willit, J. L.; Williamson, M. A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0471708jes	journal	January 2017
Communication—Quantitative Voltammetric Analysis of High Concentration Actinides in Molten Salts Hoyt, Nathaniel C.; Willit, James L.; Williamson, Mark A. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1481702jes	journal	December 2016
The Future of Nuclear Energy: Electrochemical Reprocessing of Fuel Takes Center Stage Kersten, Bethany; Hawthorne, Krista; Williamson, Mark The Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F06213F	journal	September 2021
Integrated Efficiency Test for Pyrochemical Fuel Cycles Li, S. X.; Vaden, D.; Westphal, B. R. Nuclear Technology, Vol. 166, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.13182/NT09-A7404	journal	May 2009
Exchange Current Density and Diffusion Layer Thickness in Molten LiCl-KCl Eutectic: A Modeling Perspective for Pyroprocessing of Metal Fuels Ghosh, Suddhasattwa; Kumar, Krishan; Venkatesh, Aligati Nuclear Technology, Vol. 195, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.13182/NT16-37	journal	September 2016
On the formation of uranium(V) species in alkali chloride melts Volkovich, Vladimir A.; Aleksandrov, Denis E.; Griffiths, Trevor R. Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 82, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1351/PAC-CON-09-09-30	journal	June 2010
Solubility Measurement of Li2O in LiCl Molten Salt for Electro-Reduction Process Kim, Dae-Hyeon; Bae, Sang-Eun; Kim, Jong-Yun Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 25, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.18	journal	January 2013
Innovative Separations Research and Development Needs for Advanced Fuel Cycles Moyer, Bruce; Lumetta, Gregg; Bruffey, Stephanie https://doi.org/10.2172/1844866	report	February 2022
A Comprehensive Review of Molten Salt Reactors and Related Technological Innovations over the Years Joshi, Arnav Gautam International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, Vol. 8, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.5085	journal	May 2020
Applications of Voltammetry in Lithium Ion Battery Research Kim, Taewhan; Choi, Woosung; Shin, Heon-Cheol Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.33961/jecst.2019.00619	journal	February 2020
Pyroprocessing Flowsheets for Recycling used Nuclear fuel Williamson, M. A.; Willit, J. L. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5516/NET.2011.43.4.329	journal	August 2011
Fused Salt Electrolysis of Uranium and Chromium Chlorides Kuroda, Tadashi; Suzuki, Tadashi Journal of The Electrochemical Society of Japan, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5796/jesj.29.3.E174	journal	January 1961

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