Foundation species loss affects vegetation structure more than ecosystem function in a northeastern USA forest
Abstract
Loss of foundation tree species rapidly alters ecological processes in forested ecosystems. Tsuga canadensis, an hypothesized foundation species of eastern North American forests, is declining throughout much of its range due to infestation by the nonnative insect Adelges tsugae and by removal through pre-emptive salvage logging. In replicate 0.81-ha plots, T. canadensis was cut and removed, or killed in place by girdling to simulate adelgid damage. Control plots included undisturbed hemlock and mid-successional hardwood stands that represent expected forest composition in 50–100 years. Vegetation richness, understory vegetation cover, soil carbon flux, and nitrogen cycling were measured for two years prior to, and five years following, application of experimental treatments. Litterfall and coarse woody debris (CWD), including snags, stumps, and fallen logs and branches, have been measured since treatments were applied. Overstory basal area was reduced 60%–70% in girdled and logged plots. Mean cover and richness did not change in hardwood or hemlock control plots but increased rapidly in girdled and logged plots. Following logging, litterfall immediately decreased then slowly increased, whereas in girdled plots, there was a short pulse of hemlock litterfall as trees died. CWD volume remained relatively constant throughout but was 3–4× higher in logged plots. Logging andmore »
- Authors:
-
- Harvard University, Petersham, MA (United States)
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States); Harvard University, Petersham, MA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1904734
- Grant/Contract Number:
- FC02-03ER63613; DEB 06-20443; DEB 02-36897; DBI 04-52254
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- PeerJ
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2167-8359
- Publisher:
- PeerJ Inc.
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Adelges tsugae; Eastern hemlock; hemlock woolly adelgid; primary productivity; logging; nutrient cycling; soil respiration; Tsuga canadensis; forest dynamics
Citation Formats
Orwig, David A., Barker Plotkin, Audrey A., Davidson, Eric A., Lux, Heidi, Savage, Kathleen E., and Ellison, Aaron M. Foundation species loss affects vegetation structure more than ecosystem function in a northeastern USA forest. United States: N. p., 2013.
Web. doi:10.7717/peerj.41.
Orwig, David A., Barker Plotkin, Audrey A., Davidson, Eric A., Lux, Heidi, Savage, Kathleen E., & Ellison, Aaron M. Foundation species loss affects vegetation structure more than ecosystem function in a northeastern USA forest. United States. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.41
Orwig, David A., Barker Plotkin, Audrey A., Davidson, Eric A., Lux, Heidi, Savage, Kathleen E., and Ellison, Aaron M. Tue .
"Foundation species loss affects vegetation structure more than ecosystem function in a northeastern USA forest". United States. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.41. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1904734.
@article{osti_1904734,
title = {Foundation species loss affects vegetation structure more than ecosystem function in a northeastern USA forest},
author = {Orwig, David A. and Barker Plotkin, Audrey A. and Davidson, Eric A. and Lux, Heidi and Savage, Kathleen E. and Ellison, Aaron M.},
abstractNote = {Loss of foundation tree species rapidly alters ecological processes in forested ecosystems. Tsuga canadensis, an hypothesized foundation species of eastern North American forests, is declining throughout much of its range due to infestation by the nonnative insect Adelges tsugae and by removal through pre-emptive salvage logging. In replicate 0.81-ha plots, T. canadensis was cut and removed, or killed in place by girdling to simulate adelgid damage. Control plots included undisturbed hemlock and mid-successional hardwood stands that represent expected forest composition in 50–100 years. Vegetation richness, understory vegetation cover, soil carbon flux, and nitrogen cycling were measured for two years prior to, and five years following, application of experimental treatments. Litterfall and coarse woody debris (CWD), including snags, stumps, and fallen logs and branches, have been measured since treatments were applied. Overstory basal area was reduced 60%–70% in girdled and logged plots. Mean cover and richness did not change in hardwood or hemlock control plots but increased rapidly in girdled and logged plots. Following logging, litterfall immediately decreased then slowly increased, whereas in girdled plots, there was a short pulse of hemlock litterfall as trees died. CWD volume remained relatively constant throughout but was 3–4× higher in logged plots. Logging and girdling resulted in small, short-term changes in ecosystem dynamics due to rapid regrowth of vegetation but in general, interannual variability exceeded differences among treatments. Soil carbon flux in girdled plots showed the strongest response: 35% lower than controls after three years and slowly increasing thereafter. Ammonium availability increased immediately after logging and two years after girdling, due to increased light and soil temperatures and nutrient pulses from leaf-fall and reduced uptake following tree death. The results from this study illuminate ecological processes underlying patterns observed consistently in region-wide studies of adelgid-infested hemlock stands. Mechanisms of T. canadensis loss determine rates, magnitudes, and trajectories of ecological changes in hemlock forests. Logging causes abrupt, large changes in vegetation structure whereas girdling (and by inference, A. tsugae) causes sustained, smaller changes. Ecosystem processes depend more on vegetation cover per se than on species composition. We conclude that the loss of this late-successional foundation species will have long-lasting impacts on forest structure but subtle impacts on ecosystem function.},
doi = {10.7717/peerj.41},
journal = {PeerJ},
number = ,
volume = 1,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2013},
month = {Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2013}
}
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journal, January 1976
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The relative contributions of seed bank, seed rain, and understory vegetation dynamics to the reorganization of Tsuga canadensis forests after loss due to logging or simulated attack by Adelges tsugae
journal, December 2012
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Influence of eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams
journal, February 2002
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journal, August 2003
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Carbon Balance and Vegetation Dynamics in an Old-Growth Amazonian Forest
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TSUGA CANADENSIS (L.) CARR. MORTALITY WILL IMPACT HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES IN SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
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A conditional trophic cascade: Birds benefit faster growing trees with strong links between predators and plants
journal, January 2010
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- Ecology, Vol. 91, Issue 1
The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services
journal, May 2011
- Barbier, Edward B.; Hacker, Sally D.; Kennedy, Chris
- Ecological Monographs, Vol. 81, Issue 2
Modeling range dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes: invasion of the hemlock woolly adelgid in eastern North America
journal, March 2012
- Fitzpatrick, Matthew C.; Preisser, Evan L.; Porter, Adam
- Ecological Applications, Vol. 22, Issue 2
Do evergreen and deciduous trees have different effects on net N mineralization in soil?
journal, June 2012
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