Quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode

Kachwala, A.; Chubenko, O.; Kim, D.; Simakov, E. I.; Karkare, S.

doi:10.1063/5.0130114

Title: Quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode

Abstract

The quantum efficiency and mean transverse energy of electrons emitted from a cathode determine the quality of beams generated from photoinjectors. The nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond, (N)UNCD, is a new class of robust semiconductor photocathodes, which has been considered in photoinjectors for high peak current extraction. In this work, we measure the spectral response in quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of the (N)UNCD photocathode using a photoemission electron microscope. The observed quantum efficiency was comparable to that of copper photocathodes. Photoemission spectra showed the evidence of scattering of electrons before emission. This relaxation of electrons due to scattering is also observed in the spectral response of the mean transverse energy. The mean transverse energy is limited to ∼70 meV at the threshold. We attribute this to the physical and chemical roughness of the (N)UNCD photocathode and, hence, smoother films will be required to further reduce the mean transverse energy obtained from the (N)UNCD photocathode.

Authors:

;

Publication Date:: Fri Dec 09 00:00:00 EST 2022

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1902788

Grant/Contract Number:: DESC0021092; 89233218CNA000001

Resource Type:: Publisher's Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Applied Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Journal of Applied Physics Journal Volume: 132 Journal Issue: 22; Journal ID: ISSN 0021-8979

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Formats


                    Kachwala, A., Chubenko, O., Kim, D., Simakov, E. I., and Karkare, S. Quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode.  United States: N. p., 2022. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/5.0130114.

Copy to clipboard


                    Kachwala, A., Chubenko, O., Kim, D., Simakov, E. I., & Karkare, S. Quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130114

Copy to clipboard


                    Kachwala, A., Chubenko, O., Kim, D., Simakov, E. I., and Karkare, S. Fri .  
"Quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130114.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1902788,

  title        = {Quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode},

  author       = {Kachwala, A. and Chubenko, O. and Kim, D. and Simakov, E. I. and Karkare, S.},

  abstractNote = {The quantum efficiency and mean transverse energy of electrons emitted from a cathode determine the quality of beams generated from photoinjectors. The nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond, (N)UNCD, is a new class of robust semiconductor photocathodes, which has been considered in photoinjectors for high peak current extraction. In this work, we measure the spectral response in quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of the (N)UNCD photocathode using a photoemission electron microscope. The observed quantum efficiency was comparable to that of copper photocathodes. Photoemission spectra showed the evidence of scattering of electrons before emission. This relaxation of electrons due to scattering is also observed in the spectral response of the mean transverse energy. The mean transverse energy is limited to ∼70 meV at the threshold. We attribute this to the physical and chemical roughness of the (N)UNCD photocathode and, hence, smoother films will be required to further reduce the mean transverse energy obtained from the (N)UNCD photocathode.},

  doi          = {10.1063/5.0130114},

  journal      = {Journal of Applied Physics},

  number       = 22,

  volume       = 132,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Dec 09 00:00:00 EST 2022},

  month        = {Fri Dec 09 00:00:00 EST 2022}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0130114

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Experimental investigation of thermal emittance components of copper photocathode
journal, April 2012

Qian, H. J.; Li, C.; Du, Y. C.
Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 15, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.15.040102

An investigation of grain size and nitrogen-doping effects on the mechanical properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond films
journal, May 2007

Shen, Luming; Chen, Zhen
International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 44, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.09.028

Compact x-ray source based on burst-mode inverse Compton scattering at 100 kHz
journal, December 2014

Graves, W. S.; Bessuille, J.; Brown, P.
Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 17, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.17.120701

Demonstration of nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathodes in a RF gun environment
journal, October 2020

Chen, Gongxiaohui; Spentzouris, Linda; Jing, Chunguang
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 117, Issue 17
DOI: 10.1063/5.0029512

Polycrystalline CVD diamond detector: Fast response and high sensitivity with large area
journal, January 2014

Liu, Linyue; Ouyang, Xiaoping; Zhang, Jianfu
AIP Advances, Vol. 4, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1063/1.4862671

Synthesis and Characterization of Multilayered Diamond Coatings for Biomedical Implants
journal, May 2011

Booth, Leigh; Catledge, Shane A.; Nolen, Dustin
Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 5
DOI: 10.3390/ma4050857

Near atomically smooth alkali antimonide photocathode thin films
journal, January 2017

Feng, Jun; Karkare, Siddharth; Nasiatka, James
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.4974363

Negative-electron-affinity effects on the diamond (100) surface
journal, August 1994

van der Weide, J.; Zhang, Z.; Baumann, P. K.
Physical Review B, Vol. 50, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.5803

Thermal limit to the intrinsic emittance from metal photocathodes
journal, September 2015

Feng, Jun; Nasiatka, J.; Wan, Weishi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1063/1.4931976

Analytical study on emittance growth caused by roughness of a metallic photocathode
journal, May 2015

Zhang, Zhe; Tang, Chuanxiang
Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 18, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.18.053401

Highly conductive nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond films with enhanced field emission properties: triethylamine as a new nitrogen source
journal, January 2016

Yuan, Wen; Fang, Liping; Feng, Zhen
Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 4, Issue 21
DOI: 10.1039/C6TC00087H

First lasing and operation of an ångstrom-wavelength free-electron laser
journal, August 2010

Emma, P.; Akre, R.; Arthur, J.
Nature Photonics, Vol. 4, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2010.176

Mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode
journal, March 2019

Chen, Gongxiaohui; Adhikari, Gowri; Spentzouris, Linda
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1063/1.5084167

Combined effect of nitrogen doping and nanosteps on microcrystalline diamond films for improvement of field emission
journal, April 2015

Mengui, U. A.; Campos, R. A.; Alves, K. A.
Applied Surface Science, Vol. 334
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.10.109

Theoretical evaluation of electronic density-of-states and transport effects on field emission from n-type ultrananocrystalline diamond films
journal, May 2019

Chubenko, Oksana; Baturin, Stanislav S.; Baryshev, Sergey V.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 125, Issue 20
DOI: 10.1063/1.5085679

Performance analysis of poly-, nano- and single-crystalline diamond-based photocathodes
journal, September 2008

Nitti, M. A.; Colasuonno, M.; Nappi, E.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 595, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2008.07.062

High current polarized electron source
conference, January 2018

Suleiman, R.; Adderley, P.; Grames, J.
INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON PHYSICS WITH POSITRONS AT JEFFERSON LAB, AIP Conference Proceedings
DOI: 10.1063/1.5040226

Cathode R&D for future light sources
journal, October 2010

Dowell, D. H.; Bazarov, I.; Dunham, B.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 622, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.104

Tribological Properties of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films: Mechanochemical Transformation of Sliding Interfaces
journal, January 2018

Rani, Revati; Panda, Kalpataru; Kumar, Niranjan
Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18425-4

The n-type doping of diamond: Present status and pending questions
journal, December 2007

Pinault, M. -A.; Barjon, J.; Kociniewski, T.
Physica B: Condensed Matter, Vol. 401-402
DOI: 10.1016/j.physb.2007.08.112

Charge and fluence lifetime measurements of a dc high voltage GaAs photogun at high average current
journal, April 2011

Grames, J.; Suleiman, R.; Adderley, P. A.
Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 14, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.14.043501

Effects of physical and chemical surface roughness on the brightness of electron beams from photocathodes
journal, September 2018

Gevorkyan, G.; Karkare, S.; Emamian, S.
Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 21, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.21.093401

Diamond as an electronic material
journal, January 2008

Wort, Chris J. H.; Balmer, Richard S.
Materials Today, Vol. 11, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/S1369-7021(07)70349-8

Effects of Surface Nonuniformities on the Mean Transverse Energy from Photocathodes
journal, August 2015

Karkare, Siddharth; Bazarov, Ivan
Physical Review Applied, Vol. 4, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.024015

Enhanced nucleation, smoothness and conformality of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) ultrathin films via tungsten interlayers
journal, October 2006

Naguib, Nevin N.; Elam, Jeffrey W.; Birrell, James
Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 430, Issue 4-6, p. 345-350
DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.08.137

Direct observation of electron emission from grain boundaries in CVD diamond by PeakForce-controlled tunnelling atomic force microscopy
journal, November 2015

Harniman, Robert L.; Fox, Oliver J. L.; Janssen, Wiebke
Carbon, Vol. 94
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2015.06.082

Comprehensive topography characterization of polycrystalline diamond coatings
journal, March 2021

Gujrati, Abhijeet; Sanner, Antoine; Khanal, Subarna R.
Surface Topography: Metrology and Properties, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1088/2051-672X/abe71f

Combined visible light photo-emission and low temperature thermionic emission from nitrogen doped diamond films
journal, November 2011

Sun, Tianyin; Koeck, Franz A. M.; Zhu, Chiyu
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 99, Issue 20, Article No. 202101
DOI: 10.1063/1.3658638

A Biocompatible Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD) Coating for a New Generation of Dental Implants
journal, February 2022

Auciello, Orlando; Renou, Sandra; Kang, Karam
Nanomaterials, Vol. 12, Issue 5
DOI: 10.3390/nano12050782

Thermal emittance and response time measurements of negative electron affinity photocathodes
journal, March 2008

Bazarov, Ivan V.; Dunham, Bruce M.; Li, Yulin
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 103, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.2838209

Towards jitter-free ultrafast electron diffraction technology
journal, December 2019

Kim, Hyun Woo; Vinokurov, Nikolay A.; Baek, In Hyung
Nature Photonics, Vol. 14, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1038/s41566-019-0566-4

Heavy Ions in RHIC — How to Get to Higher Luminosities?
journal, April 2006

A., Drees
Acta Physica Hungarica A) Heavy Ion Physics, Vol. 25, Issue 2-4
DOI: 10.1556/APH.25.2006.2-4.39

Monte Carlo charge transport and photoemission from negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes
journal, March 2013

Karkare, Siddharth; Dimitrov, Dimitre; Schaff, William
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.4794822

Quantum efficiency and thermal emittance of metal photocathodes
journal, July 2009

Dowell, David H.; Schmerge, John F.
Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 12, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.12.074201

High quantum efficiency ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode for photoinjector applications
journal, September 2014

Pérez Quintero, Kenneth J.; Antipov, Sergey; Sumant, Anirudha V.
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 12, Article No. 123103
DOI: 10.1063/1.4896418

Theory of Field Emission from Semiconductors
journal, January 1962

Stratton, Robert
Physical Review, Vol. 125, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRev.125.67

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode

Journal Article Chen, Gongxiaohui ; Adhikari, Gowri ; Spentzouris, Linda ; ... - Applied Physics Letters

Nitrogen incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond [(N)UNCD] could be an enabling material platform for injector photocathode applications due to its high emissivity. While the quantum efficiency (QE) of UNCD was reported by many groups, no experimental measurements of the intrinsic emittance/mean transverse energy (MTE) have been reported. Here, MTE measurement results for an (N)UNCD photocathode in the photon energy range from 4.41 to 5.26 eV are described. The MTE demonstrates no noticeable dependence on the photon energy, with an average value of 266 meV. This spectral behavior is shown not to be dependent upon physical or chemical surface roughness and inconsistent withmore »« less
Cited by 8
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5084167

Full Text Available
Demonstration of nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathodes in a RF gun environment

Journal Article Chen, Gongxiaohui ; Spentzouris, Linda ; Jing, Chunguang ; ... - Applied Physics Letters

Quantum efficiency (QE), intrinsic emittance, and robustness are the three most important figures of merit for photocathodes, the first two determine the ultimate achievable brightness of an electron beam, and the third one directly correlates with the complications of a beamline design. Nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond [(N)UNCD] materials are promising candidates for photocathode applications due to their remarkable electron emission performance as well as the moderate vacuum requirement. Two (N)UNCD photocathodes have been characterized in a realistic RF gun environment with the nicely balanced performance of all three figures of merit. In this work, the QE of the first (N)UNCD cathodemore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0029512

Full Text Available
Spectral emission properties of a nitrogen-doped diamond (001) photocathode: Hot electron transport and transverse momentum filtering

Journal Article Angeloni, Louis A. ; Baryshev, Sergey V. ; Mühle, Matthias ; ... - Physical Review. B

The electron emission properties of a single-crystal nitrogen-doped diamond(001) photocathode inserted in a 10 kV DC photoelectron gun are determined using a tunable (235–410 nm) ultraviolet laser radiation source for photoemission from both the back nitrogen-doped substrate face and the front homoepitaxially grown and undoped diamond crystal face. Here, the measured spectral trends of the mean transverse energy and quantum efficiency of the emitted electrons are both anomalous and nonmonotonic, but are shown to be consistent with (i) the known physics of electron photoexcitation from the nitrogen substitution states into the conduction bands of diamond, (ii) the energy position andmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.107.165105

Full Text Available
Physically and chemically smooth cesium-antimonide photocathodes on single crystal strontium titanate substrates

Journal Article Saha, Pallavi ; Chubenko, Oksana ; Gevorkyan, Gevork S. ; ... - Applied Physics Letters

The performance of x-ray free electron lasers and ultrafast electron diffraction experiments is largely dependent on the brightness of electron sources from photoinjectors. The maximum brightness from photoinjectors at a particular accelerating gradient is limited by the mean transverse energy (MTE) of electrons emitted from photocathodes. For high quantum efficiency (QE) cathodes like alkali-antimonide thin films, which are essential to mitigate the effects of non-linear photoemission on MTE, the smallest possible MTE and, hence, the highest possible brightness are limited by the nanoscale surface roughness and chemical inhomogeneity. In this work, we show that high QE Cs3Sb films grown onmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0088306

Full Text Available
Sub-threshold ultrafast one-photon photoemission from a Cu(111) photocathode

Journal Article Angeloni, L. A. ; Shan, I. -J. ; Schroeder, W. Andreas - AIP Advances

Single-photon photoemission of electrons for incident photon energies below the surface work function is reported for a single-crystal Cu(111) photocathode. Spectral characterization of the quantum efficiency and mean transverse energy of the emitted electrons is shown to be consistent with emission from a thermalized hot electron distribution photoexcited on sub-picosecond time scales into an upper conduction band at the L-point of the Brillouin zone of copper. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such excited-state thermionic emission has been observed from a planar metal photocathode, and then from a commonly used photocathode material. The results, therefore, indicate themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0099779

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Quantum efficiency, photoemission energy spectra, and mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode

Abstract

Citation Formats

Experimental investigation of thermal emittance components of copper photocathode journal, April 2012

An investigation of grain size and nitrogen-doping effects on the mechanical properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond films journal, May 2007

Compact x-ray source based on burst-mode inverse Compton scattering at 100 kHz journal, December 2014

Demonstration of nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathodes in a RF gun environment journal, October 2020

Polycrystalline CVD diamond detector: Fast response and high sensitivity with large area journal, January 2014

Synthesis and Characterization of Multilayered Diamond Coatings for Biomedical Implants journal, May 2011

Near atomically smooth alkali antimonide photocathode thin films journal, January 2017

Negative-electron-affinity effects on the diamond (100) surface journal, August 1994

Thermal limit to the intrinsic emittance from metal photocathodes journal, September 2015

Analytical study on emittance growth caused by roughness of a metallic photocathode journal, May 2015

Highly conductive nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond films with enhanced field emission properties: triethylamine as a new nitrogen source journal, January 2016

First lasing and operation of an ångstrom-wavelength free-electron laser journal, August 2010

Mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode journal, March 2019

Combined effect of nitrogen doping and nanosteps on microcrystalline diamond films for improvement of field emission journal, April 2015

Theoretical evaluation of electronic density-of-states and transport effects on field emission from n-type ultrananocrystalline diamond films journal, May 2019

Performance analysis of poly-, nano- and single-crystalline diamond-based photocathodes journal, September 2008

High current polarized electron source conference, January 2018

Cathode R&D for future light sources journal, October 2010

Tribological Properties of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films: Mechanochemical Transformation of Sliding Interfaces journal, January 2018

The n-type doping of diamond: Present status and pending questions journal, December 2007

Charge and fluence lifetime measurements of a dc high voltage GaAs photogun at high average current journal, April 2011

Effects of physical and chemical surface roughness on the brightness of electron beams from photocathodes journal, September 2018

Diamond as an electronic material journal, January 2008

Effects of Surface Nonuniformities on the Mean Transverse Energy from Photocathodes journal, August 2015

Enhanced nucleation, smoothness and conformality of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) ultrathin films via tungsten interlayers journal, October 2006

Direct observation of electron emission from grain boundaries in CVD diamond by PeakForce-controlled tunnelling atomic force microscopy journal, November 2015

Comprehensive topography characterization of polycrystalline diamond coatings journal, March 2021

Combined visible light photo-emission and low temperature thermionic emission from nitrogen doped diamond films journal, November 2011

A Biocompatible Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD) Coating for a New Generation of Dental Implants journal, February 2022

Thermal emittance and response time measurements of negative electron affinity photocathodes journal, March 2008

Towards jitter-free ultrafast electron diffraction technology journal, December 2019

Heavy Ions in RHIC — How to Get to Higher Luminosities? journal, April 2006

Monte Carlo charge transport and photoemission from negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes journal, March 2013

Quantum efficiency and thermal emittance of metal photocathodes journal, July 2009

High quantum efficiency ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode for photoinjector applications journal, September 2014

Theory of Field Emission from Semiconductors journal, January 1962

Experimental investigation of thermal emittance components of copper photocathode
journal, April 2012

An investigation of grain size and nitrogen-doping effects on the mechanical properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond films
journal, May 2007

Compact x-ray source based on burst-mode inverse Compton scattering at 100 kHz
journal, December 2014

Demonstration of nitrogen-incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathodes in a RF gun environment
journal, October 2020

Polycrystalline CVD diamond detector: Fast response and high sensitivity with large area
journal, January 2014

Synthesis and Characterization of Multilayered Diamond Coatings for Biomedical Implants
journal, May 2011

Near atomically smooth alkali antimonide photocathode thin films
journal, January 2017

Negative-electron-affinity effects on the diamond (100) surface
journal, August 1994

Thermal limit to the intrinsic emittance from metal photocathodes
journal, September 2015

Analytical study on emittance growth caused by roughness of a metallic photocathode
journal, May 2015

Highly conductive nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond films with enhanced field emission properties: triethylamine as a new nitrogen source
journal, January 2016

First lasing and operation of an ångstrom-wavelength free-electron laser
journal, August 2010

Mean transverse energy of ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode
journal, March 2019

Combined effect of nitrogen doping and nanosteps on microcrystalline diamond films for improvement of field emission
journal, April 2015

Theoretical evaluation of electronic density-of-states and transport effects on field emission from n-type ultrananocrystalline diamond films
journal, May 2019

Performance analysis of poly-, nano- and single-crystalline diamond-based photocathodes
journal, September 2008

High current polarized electron source
conference, January 2018

Cathode R&D for future light sources
journal, October 2010

Tribological Properties of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Films: Mechanochemical Transformation of Sliding Interfaces
journal, January 2018

The n-type doping of diamond: Present status and pending questions
journal, December 2007

Charge and fluence lifetime measurements of a dc high voltage GaAs photogun at high average current
journal, April 2011

Effects of physical and chemical surface roughness on the brightness of electron beams from photocathodes
journal, September 2018

Diamond as an electronic material
journal, January 2008

Effects of Surface Nonuniformities on the Mean Transverse Energy from Photocathodes
journal, August 2015

Enhanced nucleation, smoothness and conformality of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) ultrathin films via tungsten interlayers
journal, October 2006

Direct observation of electron emission from grain boundaries in CVD diamond by PeakForce-controlled tunnelling atomic force microscopy
journal, November 2015

Comprehensive topography characterization of polycrystalline diamond coatings
journal, March 2021

Combined visible light photo-emission and low temperature thermionic emission from nitrogen doped diamond films
journal, November 2011

A Biocompatible Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD) Coating for a New Generation of Dental Implants
journal, February 2022

Thermal emittance and response time measurements of negative electron affinity photocathodes
journal, March 2008

Towards jitter-free ultrafast electron diffraction technology
journal, December 2019

Heavy Ions in RHIC — How to Get to Higher Luminosities?
journal, April 2006

Monte Carlo charge transport and photoemission from negative electron affinity GaAs photocathodes
journal, March 2013

Quantum efficiency and thermal emittance of metal photocathodes
journal, July 2009

High quantum efficiency ultrananocrystalline diamond photocathode for photoinjector applications
journal, September 2014

Theory of Field Emission from Semiconductors
journal, January 1962