Free spectator nucleons in ultracentral relativistic heavy-ion collisions as a probe of neutron skin

Liu, Lu-Meng; Zhang, Chun-Jian; Xu, Jun; Jia, Jiangyong; Peng, Guang-Xiong

doi:10.1103/physrevc.106.034913

Title: Free spectator nucleons in ultracentral relativistic heavy-ion collisions as a probe of neutron skin

Abstract

Besides the yield ratio of free spectator neutrons produced in ultracentral ⁹⁶Zr + ⁹⁶Zr to ⁹⁶Ru + ⁹⁶Ru collisions, we propose that the yield ratio N_n/N_p of free spectator neutrons to protons in a single collision system at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider or the CERN Large Hadron Collider can be a more sensitive probe of the neutron-skin thickness Δrnp and the slope parameter L of the symmetry energy. Here, the idea is demonstrated based on the proton and neutron density distributions of colliding nuclei obtained from Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations, and on a Glauber model that provides information of spectator matter. The final spectator particles are produced from direct emission, clusterization by a minimum spanning tree algorithm or a Wigner function approach, and deexcitation of heavy clusters by gemini. A larger Δr_np associated with a larger L value increases the isospin asymmetry of spectator matter and thus leads to a larger N_n/N_p, especially in ultracentral collisions where the multiplicity of free nucleons are free from the uncertainties of cluster formation and deexcitation. We have further shown that the double ratio of N_n/N_p in isobaric collision systems or in collisions by isotopes helps to cancel the detecting efficiency for protons. Effectsmore »« less

Authors:

^[1];

^[2];

^[3];

^[4];

^[5]

Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China)
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai (China)
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States); Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China); Inst. of High Energy Physics, Beijing (China); Hunan Normal Univ., Changsha (China)

Publication Date:: Mon Sep 26 00:00:00 EDT 2022

Research Org.:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1897507

Report Number(s):: BNL-223677-2022-JAAM
Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985; TRN: US2310805

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; 11922514; FG02-87ER40331; 11875052; 11575190; 11135011

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review. C

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 106; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; Nuclear density functional theory; Nucleon distribution; Relativistic heavy-ion collisions; Symmetry energy

Citation Formats


                    Liu, Lu-Meng, Zhang, Chun-Jian, Xu, Jun, Jia, Jiangyong, and Peng, Guang-Xiong. Free spectator nucleons in ultracentral relativistic heavy-ion collisions as a probe of neutron skin.  United States: N. p., 2022. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/physrevc.106.034913.

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                    Liu, Lu-Meng, Zhang, Chun-Jian, Xu, Jun, Jia, Jiangyong, & Peng, Guang-Xiong. Free spectator nucleons in ultracentral relativistic heavy-ion collisions as a probe of neutron skin.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.106.034913

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                    Liu, Lu-Meng, Zhang, Chun-Jian, Xu, Jun, Jia, Jiangyong, and Peng, Guang-Xiong. Mon .  
"Free spectator nucleons in ultracentral relativistic heavy-ion collisions as a probe of neutron skin".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.106.034913.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1897507.

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@article{osti_1897507,

  title        = {Free spectator nucleons in ultracentral relativistic heavy-ion collisions as a probe of neutron skin},

  author       = {Liu, Lu-Meng and Zhang, Chun-Jian and Xu, Jun and Jia, Jiangyong and Peng, Guang-Xiong},

  abstractNote = {Besides the yield ratio of free spectator neutrons produced in ultracentral 96Zr + 96Zr to 96Ru + 96Ru collisions, we propose that the yield ratio Nn/Np of free spectator neutrons to protons in a single collision system at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider or the CERN Large Hadron Collider can be a more sensitive probe of the neutron-skin thickness Δrnp and the slope parameter L of the symmetry energy. Here, the idea is demonstrated based on the proton and neutron density distributions of colliding nuclei obtained from Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov calculations, and on a Glauber model that provides information of spectator matter. The final spectator particles are produced from direct emission, clusterization by a minimum spanning tree algorithm or a Wigner function approach, and deexcitation of heavy clusters by gemini. A larger Δrnp associated with a larger L value increases the isospin asymmetry of spectator matter and thus leads to a larger Nn/Np, especially in ultracentral collisions where the multiplicity of free nucleons are free from the uncertainties of cluster formation and deexcitation. We have further shown that the double ratio of Nn/Np in isobaric collision systems or in collisions by isotopes helps to cancel the detecting efficiency for protons. Effects from nuclear deformation and electromagnetic excitation are studied, and they are found to be subdominant compared to the expected sensitivity to Δrnp.},

  doi          = {10.1103/physrevc.106.034913},

  journal      = {Physical Review. C},

  number       = 3,

  volume       = 106,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Sep 26 00:00:00 EDT 2022},

  month        = {Mon Sep 26 00:00:00 EDT 2022}

}

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Title: Free spectator nucleons in ultracentral relativistic heavy-ion collisions as a probe of neutron skin

Abstract

Citation Formats

Neutron density distributions from antiprotonic Pb 208 and Bi 209 atoms journal, July 2007

Centrality determination of Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV with ALICE journal, October 2013

Isospin asymmetry in nuclei and neutron stars journal, June 2005

Neutron star observations: Prognosis for equation of state constraints journal, April 2007

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Initial eccentricity in deformed Au 197 + Au 197 and U 238 + U 238 collisions at s NN = 200 GeV at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider journal, November 2009

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Probing neutron-skin thickness with free spectator neutrons in ultracentral high-energy isobaric collisions journal, November 2022

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Centrality Dependence of Charged Particle Multiplicity in Au-Au Collisions at s NN = 130 GeV journal, April 2001

Microscopic studies of production cross sections in multinucleon transfer reaction Ni 58 + Sn 124 journal, July 2019

Light nuclei quasiparticle energy shifts in hot and dense nuclear matter journal, January 2009

Proton elastic scattering from tin isotopes at 295 MeV and systematic change of neutron density distributions journal, February 2008

Probing the Neutron Skin with Ultrarelativistic Isobaric Collisions journal, November 2020

Systematics of complex fragment emission in niobium-induced reactions journal, June 1988

Pre-Equilibrium Clustering in Production of Spectator Fragments in Collisions of Relativistic Nuclei journal, January 2022

Hadron production in nuclear collisions at RHIC and high-density QCD journal, May 2001

Equation of State of Asymmetric Nuclear Matter and Collisions of Neutron-Rich Nuclei journal, March 1997

Neutron and Proton Transverse Emission Ratio Measurements and the Density Dependence of the Asymmetry Term of the Nuclear Equation of State journal, August 2006

Nuclear ground-state masses and deformations: FRDM(2012) journal, May 2016

Recent progress and new challenges in isospin physics with heavy-ion reactions journal, August 2008

Implications of PREX-2 on the electric dipole polarizability of neutron-rich nuclei journal, August 2021

Light cluster production in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions induced by neutron-rich nuclei journal, December 2003

Evidence of the Triaxial Structure of Xe 129 at the Large Hadron Collider journal, February 2022

Identified charged particle spectra and yields in Au + Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, March 2004

Probing nuclear quadrupole deformation from correlation of elliptic flow and transverse momentum in heavy ion collisions journal, January 2022

Shape of atomic nuclei in heavy ion collisions journal, January 2022

Neutron Density Distributions Deduced from Antiprotonic Atoms journal, August 2001

Search for the chiral magnetic effect with isobar collisions at s N N = 200 GeV by the STAR Collaboration at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider journal, January 2022

A centrality detector concept journal, December 2014

Parameterization of deformed nuclei for Glauber modeling in relativistic heavy ion collisions journal, October 2015

Bayesian inference of nuclear symmetry energy from measured and imagined neutron skin thickness in Sn 116 , 118 , 120 , 122 , 124 , 130 , 132 , Pb 208 , and Ca 48 journal, October 2020

Density slope of the nuclear symmetry energy from the neutron skin thickness of heavy nuclei journal, August 2010

Beam-energy dependence of the production of light nuclei in Au + Au collisions journal, October 2020

Neutron skins of 208Pb and 48Ca from pionic probes journal, December 2012

The Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons journal, July 1952

Microscopic study of higher-order deformation effects on the ground states of superheavy nuclei around 270Hs * journal, February 2022

Nuclear Symmetry Energy Probed by Neutron Skin Thickness of Nuclei journal, March 2009

Transport approaches for the description of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions journal, May 2019

Dynamics of nuclear fluid. VIII. Time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation from a classical point of view journal, March 1982

Analytical coalescence formula for particle production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal, April 2017

The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission journal, September 1939

Neutron Skin of Pb 208 from Coherent Pion Photoproduction journal, June 2014

Neutron skin deduced from antiprotonic atom data journal, September 2007

Axially deformed solution of the Skyrme-Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov equations using the transformed harmonic oscillator basis (II) hfbtho v2.00d: A new version of the program journal, June 2013

Neutron radii in mean-field models journal, July 2002

Incorporating the weak mixing angle dependence to reconcile the neutron skin measurement on Pb208 by PREX-II journal, May 2022

Centrality fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions journal, October 2018

Constraining the symmetry energy at subsaturation densities using isotope binding energy difference and neutron skin thickness journal, October 2013

Neutron density distributions of Pb 204 , 206 , 208 deduced via proton elastic scattering at E p = 295 MeV journal, October 2010

Observing the Deformation of Nuclei with Relativistic Nuclear Collisions journal, May 2020

Implications of PREX-2 on the Equation of State of Neutron-Rich Matter journal, April 2021

Glauber Modeling in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions journal, November 2007

Excitation of Isovector Spin-Dipole Resonances and Neutron Skin of Nuclei journal, April 1999

Evidence of Quadrupole and Octupole Deformations in Zr 96 + Zr 96 and Ru 96 + Ru 96 Collisions at Ultrarelativistic Energies journal, January 2022

Relativistic mean field theory for finite nuclei journal, February 1990

Surface diffuseness correction in global mass formula journal, June 2014

Neutron-Rich Nuclei and Neutron Stars: A New Accurately Calibrated Interaction for the Study of Neutron-Rich Matter journal, September 2005

Effect of neutron skin thickness on projectile fragmentation journal, March 2015

Multiphase transport model for relativistic heavy ion collisions journal, December 2005

Double neutron/proton ratio of nucleon emissions in isotopic reaction systems as a robust probe of nuclear symmetry energy journal, March 2006

Impact of Nuclear Deformation on Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions: Assessing Consistency in Nuclear Physics across Energy Scales journal, December 2021

The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references* journal, March 2021

The role of the compound nucleus in complex fragment emission at low and intermediate energies journal, January 1988

Magnetic effects in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies journal, December 2011

Neutron density distributions from antiprotonic ${}^{208}{Pb}$ and ${}^{209}{Bi}$ atoms
journal, July 2007

Centrality determination of Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76$ TeV with ALICE
journal, October 2013

Isospin asymmetry in nuclei and neutron stars
journal, June 2005

Neutron star observations: Prognosis for equation of state constraints
journal, April 2007

Probing triaxial deformation of atomic nuclei in high-energy heavy ion collisions
journal, April 2022

Systematic description of evaporation spectra for light and heavy compound nuclei
journal, July 2010

A guide to microscopic models for intermediate energy heavy ion collisions
journal, March 1988

Triton/3He ratio as an observable for neutron-skin thickness
journal, January 2014

Elliptic Flow in $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt s_{NN} = 130 GeV$
journal, January 2001

Initial eccentricity in deformed ${}^{197}{Au} + {}^{197}{Au}$ and ${}^{238}U + {}^{238}U$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
journal, November 2009

Statistical emission of large fragments: A general theoretical approach
journal, August 1975

Probing neutron-skin thickness with free spectator neutrons in ultracentral high-energy isobaric collisions
journal, November 2022

Neutron Star Structure and the Neutron Radius of ${}^{208}P b$
journal, June 2001

Centrality Dependence of Charged Particle Multiplicity in Au-Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV$
journal, April 2001

Microscopic studies of production cross sections in multinucleon transfer reaction ${}^{58}{Ni} + {}^{124}{Sn}$
journal, July 2019

Light nuclei quasiparticle energy shifts in hot and dense nuclear matter
journal, January 2009

Proton elastic scattering from tin isotopes at 295 MeV and systematic change of neutron density distributions
journal, February 2008

Probing the Neutron Skin with Ultrarelativistic Isobaric Collisions
journal, November 2020

Systematics of complex fragment emission in niobium-induced reactions
journal, June 1988

Pre-Equilibrium Clustering in Production of Spectator Fragments in Collisions of Relativistic Nuclei
journal, January 2022

Hadron production in nuclear collisions at RHIC and high-density QCD
journal, May 2001

Equation of State of Asymmetric Nuclear Matter and Collisions of Neutron-Rich Nuclei
journal, March 1997

Neutron and Proton Transverse Emission Ratio Measurements and the Density Dependence of the Asymmetry Term of the Nuclear Equation of State
journal, August 2006

Nuclear ground-state masses and deformations: FRDM(2012)
journal, May 2016

Recent progress and new challenges in isospin physics with heavy-ion reactions
journal, August 2008

Implications of PREX-2 on the electric dipole polarizability of neutron-rich nuclei
journal, August 2021

Light cluster production in intermediate energy heavy-ion collisions induced by neutron-rich nuclei
journal, December 2003

Evidence of the Triaxial Structure of ${}^{129}{Xe}$ at the Large Hadron Collider
journal, February 2022

Identified charged particle spectra and yields in $Au + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, March 2004

Probing nuclear quadrupole deformation from correlation of elliptic flow and transverse momentum in heavy ion collisions
journal, January 2022

Shape of atomic nuclei in heavy ion collisions
journal, January 2022

Neutron Density Distributions Deduced from Antiprotonic Atoms
journal, August 2001

Search for the chiral magnetic effect with isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200$ GeV by the STAR Collaboration at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
journal, January 2022

A centrality detector concept
journal, December 2014

Parameterization of deformed nuclei for Glauber modeling in relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, October 2015

Bayesian inference of nuclear symmetry energy from measured and imagined neutron skin thickness in ${}^{116, 118, 120, 122, 124, 130, 132}{Sn}, {}^{208}{Pb}$ , and ${}^{48}{Ca}$
journal, October 2020

Density slope of the nuclear symmetry energy from the neutron skin thickness of heavy nuclei
journal, August 2010

Beam-energy dependence of the production of light nuclei in Au + Au collisions
journal, October 2020

Neutron skins of 208Pb and 48Ca from pionic probes
journal, December 2012

The Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons
journal, July 1952

Microscopic study of higher-order deformation effects on the ground states of superheavy nuclei around ²⁷⁰Hs *
journal, February 2022

Nuclear Symmetry Energy Probed by Neutron Skin Thickness of Nuclei
journal, March 2009

Transport approaches for the description of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions
journal, May 2019

Dynamics of nuclear fluid. VIII. Time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation from a classical point of view
journal, March 1982

Analytical coalescence formula for particle production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, April 2017

The Mechanism of Nuclear Fission
journal, September 1939

Neutron Skin of ${}^{208}{Pb}$ from Coherent Pion Photoproduction
journal, June 2014

Neutron skin deduced from antiprotonic atom data
journal, September 2007

Axially deformed solution of the Skyrme-Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov equations using the transformed harmonic oscillator basis (II) hfbtho v2.00d: A new version of the program
journal, June 2013

Neutron radii in mean-field models
journal, July 2002

Incorporating the weak mixing angle dependence to reconcile the neutron skin measurement on Pb208 by PREX-II
journal, May 2022

Centrality fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
journal, October 2018

Constraining the symmetry energy at subsaturation densities using isotope binding energy difference and neutron skin thickness
journal, October 2013

Neutron density distributions of ${}^{204, 206, 208}{Pb}$ deduced via proton elastic scattering at $E_{p} = 295$ MeV
journal, October 2010

Observing the Deformation of Nuclei with Relativistic Nuclear Collisions
journal, May 2020

Implications of PREX-2 on the Equation of State of Neutron-Rich Matter
journal, April 2021

Glauber Modeling in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions
journal, November 2007

Excitation of Isovector Spin-Dipole Resonances and Neutron Skin of Nuclei
journal, April 1999

Evidence of Quadrupole and Octupole Deformations in ${}^{96}{Zr} + {}^{96}{Zr}$ and ${}^{96}{Ru} + {}^{96}{Ru}$ Collisions at Ultrarelativistic Energies
journal, January 2022

Relativistic mean field theory for finite nuclei
journal, February 1990

Surface diffuseness correction in global mass formula
journal, June 2014

Neutron-Rich Nuclei and Neutron Stars: A New Accurately Calibrated Interaction for the Study of Neutron-Rich Matter
journal, September 2005

Effect of neutron skin thickness on projectile fragmentation
journal, March 2015

Multiphase transport model for relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, December 2005

Double neutron/proton ratio of nucleon emissions in isotopic reaction systems as a robust probe of nuclear symmetry energy
journal, March 2006

Impact of Nuclear Deformation on Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions: Assessing Consistency in Nuclear Physics across Energy Scales
journal, December 2021

The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*
journal, March 2021

The role of the compound nucleus in complex fragment emission at low and intermediate energies
journal, January 1988

Magnetic effects in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
journal, December 2011