Review of condensed matter laser cooling using electric-dipole-allowed transitions
Abstract
The cooling of solids via laser-excited anti-Stokes luminescence has reached the cryogenic regime and is now being considered for several applications that benefit from vibration-free cryogenic refrigeration. 4f-4f transitions in rare-earth-doped crystals with low phonon energies currently offer the best laser-cooling performance. These transitions, however, are electric-dipole (ED) forbidden and thus have low cross sections, limiting the minimum achievable temperatures in practical materials to the 50–100 K regime. In contrast, ED-allowed transitions may offer greater cross sections and potentially enable lower minimum temperatures or more compact devices. The search for laser cooling with ED-allowed transitions has been an active field of research over the past decades with a wide variety of materials having been studied. This paper reviews the fundamentals of solid-state laser cooling, provides a preliminary theoretical assessment showing that laser-cooling with ED-allowed transitions is in principle possible, and reviews the experimental results reported to date. While cooling with ED-allowed transitions has not yet been realized in the solid state, the existing experimental body of work along with the theoretical considerations presented here suggest that further research on this topic may be fruitful.
- Authors:
-
- Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE; US Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1887155
- Report Number(s):
- LA-UR-22-25027
Journal ID: ISSN 0022-2313; TRN: US2309778
- Grant/Contract Number:
- 89233218CNA000001; FA9550-15-1-024; FA9550-16-1-0362
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Luminescence
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 252; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-2313
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY
Citation Formats
Hehlen, Markus P. Review of condensed matter laser cooling using electric-dipole-allowed transitions. United States: N. p., 2022.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.119270.
Hehlen, Markus P. Review of condensed matter laser cooling using electric-dipole-allowed transitions. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.119270
Hehlen, Markus P. Tue .
"Review of condensed matter laser cooling using electric-dipole-allowed transitions". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.119270. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1887155.
@article{osti_1887155,
title = {Review of condensed matter laser cooling using electric-dipole-allowed transitions},
author = {Hehlen, Markus P.},
abstractNote = {The cooling of solids via laser-excited anti-Stokes luminescence has reached the cryogenic regime and is now being considered for several applications that benefit from vibration-free cryogenic refrigeration. 4f-4f transitions in rare-earth-doped crystals with low phonon energies currently offer the best laser-cooling performance. These transitions, however, are electric-dipole (ED) forbidden and thus have low cross sections, limiting the minimum achievable temperatures in practical materials to the 50–100 K regime. In contrast, ED-allowed transitions may offer greater cross sections and potentially enable lower minimum temperatures or more compact devices. The search for laser cooling with ED-allowed transitions has been an active field of research over the past decades with a wide variety of materials having been studied. This paper reviews the fundamentals of solid-state laser cooling, provides a preliminary theoretical assessment showing that laser-cooling with ED-allowed transitions is in principle possible, and reviews the experimental results reported to date. While cooling with ED-allowed transitions has not yet been realized in the solid state, the existing experimental body of work along with the theoretical considerations presented here suggest that further research on this topic may be fruitful.},
doi = {10.1016/j.jlumin.2022.119270},
journal = {Journal of Luminescence},
number = ,
volume = 252,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Sep 06 00:00:00 EDT 2022},
month = {Tue Sep 06 00:00:00 EDT 2022}
}
Works referenced in this record:
Photon energy upconversion in porphyrins: one-photon hot-band absorption versus two-photon absorption
journal, March 2003
- Drobizhev, M.; Karotki, A.; Kruk, M.
- Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 370, Issue 5-6
Intervalence charge transfer luminescence: Interplay between anomalous and 5 d − 4 f emissions in Yb-doped fluorite-type crystals
journal, December 2014
- Barandiarán, Zoila; Seijo, Luis
- The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 141, Issue 23
Can Laser Light Cool Semiconductors?
journal, June 2004
- Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor; Epstein, Richard I.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 92, Issue 24
Spectral hole burning ofEu 2 + in CaF 2
journal, September 1996
- Boye, D. M.; Macfarlane, R. M.; Sun, Y.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 54, Issue 9
Impacts of laser cooling for low earth orbit observation satellites: An analysis in terms of size, weight and power
journal, January 2020
- Vicente, Rémi; Nogues, Gilles; Niot, Jean-Michel
- Cryogenics, Vol. 105
Hot-Band Anti-Stokes Fluorescence Properties of Alexa Fluor 568
journal, February 2020
- Gajdos, Tamás; Hopp, Béla; Erdélyi, Miklós
- Journal of Fluorescence, Vol. 30, Issue 3
Vibronic structure in the photoluminescence spectrum of Cr3+ ions in garnets
journal, January 1989
- O'Donnell, K. P.; Marshall, A.; Yamaga, M.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 42, Issue 6
Spectroscopic properties of alexandrite crystals
journal, September 1985
- Powell, Richard C.; Xi, Lin; Gang, Xu
- Physical Review B, Vol. 32, Issue 5
Optical and Microwave-Optical Experiments in Ruby
journal, June 1960
- Maiman, T. H.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 11
Quantum efficiency of alexandrite
journal, May 1983
- Shand, M. L.
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 54, Issue 5
Anti-stokes fluorescence of polymethine dyes excited by a titanium-sapphire laser
journal, March 2007
- Meshalkin, Yu. P.; Svetlichnyi, V. A.; Lapin, I. N.
- Russian Physics Journal, Vol. 50, Issue 3
Relation between Eu 2 and Ce 3 f d-transition energies in inorganic compounds
journal, June 2003
- Dorenbos, P.
- Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 15, Issue 27
Radiation-Balanced Lasers: History, Status, Potential
journal, August 2021
- Nemova, Galina
- Applied Sciences, Vol. 11, Issue 16
50th anniversary of the Judd–Ofelt theory: An experimentalist's view of the formalism and its application
journal, April 2013
- Hehlen, Markus P.; Brik, Mikhail G.; Krämer, Karl W.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 136
Three-dimensional confocal thermal imaging using anti-Stokes luminescence
journal, July 2005
- Kachynski, A. V.; Kuzmin, A. N.; Pudavar, H. E.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 87, Issue 2
Relation between Absorption and Emission in the Region of theR Lines of Ruby
journal, February 1965
- Nelson, D. F.; Sturge, M. D.
- Physical Review, Vol. 137, Issue 4A
Femtosecond Dynamics of Excited-State Evolution in [Ru(bpy)3]2+
journal, January 1997
- Damrauer, N. H.
- Science, Vol. 275, Issue 5296
Spin-Forbidden Transitions in the Spectra of Transition Metal Ions and Nephelauxetic Effect
journal, September 2015
- Brik, M. G.; Camardello, S. J.; Srivastava, A. M.
- ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 1
Colored LiF: an optical material for all seasons
journal, December 2002
- Baldacchini, Giuseppe
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 100, Issue 1-4
Can lasers really refrigerate CdS nanobelts?
journal, June 2019
- Morozov, Yurii V.; Zhang, Shubin; Pant, Anupum
- Nature, Vol. 570, Issue 7762
Preparation and Characterization of High-Purity Metal Fluorides for Photonic Applications
journal, June 2011
- Patterson, Wendy M.; Stark, Peter C.; Yoshida, Thomas M.
- Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 94, Issue 9
Dependence of the spontaneous emission rates of emitters on the refractive index of the surrounding media
journal, July 2006
- Duan, Chang-Kui; Reid, Michael F.
- Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 418, Issue 1-2
Temperature dependence of the luminescence of GSGG:Cr3+
journal, March 1990
- Healy, S. M.; Donnelly, C. J.; Glynn, T. J.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 46, Issue 1
Raman laser cooling of solids
journal, January 2013
- Rand, Stephen C.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 133
New Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes with Single-Photon Anti-Stokes-Shift Fluorescence for Sensitive Determination of pH Variances in Lysosomes with a Double-Checked Capability
journal, August 2018
- Chen, Tzu-Ho; Zhang, Shuwei; Jaishi, Meghnath
- ACS Applied Bio Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 3
A sub-40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity
journal, September 2012
- Kessler, T.; Hagemann, C.; Grebing, C.
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 6, Issue 10
Absorption and Emission Spectra of Ce 3+ in Elpasolite Lattices
journal, October 2003
- Tanner, Peter A.; Mak, Chris S. K.; Edelstein, Norman M.
- Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 125, Issue 43
Shapes of Impurity Absorption Bands in Solids
journal, October 1965
- Keil, Thomas H.
- Physical Review, Vol. 140, Issue 2A
Theoretical Investigation of Some Magnetic and Spectroscopic Properties of Rare-Earth Ions
journal, September 1962
- Freeman, A. J.; Watson, R. E.
- Physical Review, Vol. 127, Issue 6
On the possibility of laser cooling of Cr3+ ions doped crystals
journal, January 2018
- Feofilov, S. P.; Kulinkin, A. B.
- Optical Materials, Vol. 75
Analysis of the photoconduction inCaF 2 :Eu 2 + crystals using the microwave resonant cavity technique
journal, July 2008
- Loudyi, H.; Guyot, Y.; Kazanskii, S. A.
- Physical Review B, Vol. 78, Issue 4
Some Rules of Spectral Structure*
journal, January 1925
- Laporte, Otto; Meggers, William F.
- Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 11, Issue 5
F 3 + Center in NaF
journal, September 1966
- Stiles, L. F.; Fitchen, D. B.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 13
Single-photon upconversion via hot-band absorption and assessment of the laser cooling effect of tricarbocyanine dyes
journal, June 2021
- Sharanov, Illya; Slominskii, Yuri; Ishchenko, Alexander
- Chemical Physics Impact, Vol. 2
Photoionization thresholds of rare‐earth impurity ions. Eu2+:CaF2, Ce3+:YAG, and Sm2+:CaF2
journal, February 1986
- Pedrini, C.; Rogemond, F.; McClure, D. S.
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 59, Issue 4
Local field effects on the radiative lifetimes of Ce3+ in different hosts
journal, June 2006
- Duan, Chang-Kui; Reid, Michael F.
- Current Applied Physics, Vol. 6, Issue 3
Tunnelling between excited4T2and2E states of Cr3+ions with small energy separation-the case of GSGG
journal, November 1989
- Yamaga, M.; Henderson, B.; O'Donnell, K. P.
- Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 1, Issue 46
Model of laser cooling in theYb 3 + -doped fluorozirconate glass ZBLAN
journal, April 2007
- Hehlen, Markus P.; Epstein, Richard I.; Inoue, Hiroyuki
- Physical Review B, Vol. 75, Issue 14
Optical Properties of Carbon Dots: A Review
journal, January 2020
- Liu, Mengli
- Nanoarchitectonics, Vol. 1, Issue 1
Some misconceptions concerning the electronic spectra of tri-positive europium and cerium
journal, January 2013
- Tanner, Peter A.
- Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 42, Issue 12
First demonstration of an all-solid-state optical cryocooler
journal, June 2018
- Hehlen, Markus P.; Meng, Junwei; Albrecht, Alexander R.
- Light: Science & Applications, Vol. 7, Issue 1
Investigation of allowed and forbidden electronic transitions in rare earth doped materials for laser cooling application by thermal lens spectroscopy
journal, September 2019
- Silva, J. R.; Andrade, L. H. C.; Lima, S. M.
- Optical Materials, Vol. 95
Rhodamine B and rhodamine 101 as reference substances for fluorescence quantum yield measurements
journal, July 1980
- Karstens, T.; Kobs, K.
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 84, Issue 14
Laser cooling of a semiconductor by 40 kelvin
journal, January 2013
- Zhang, Jun; Li, Dehui; Chen, Renjie
- Nature, Vol. 493, Issue 7433
Energy of the first 4f7→4f65d transition of Eu2+ in inorganic compounds
journal, August 2003
- Dorenbos, P.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 104, Issue 4
Anti-Stokes fluorescence of Cr3+ ions doped crystals excited in one-phonon vibronic sidebands
journal, August 2019
- Feofilov, S. P.; Kulinkin, A. B.
- Optical Materials, Vol. 94
Zur Quantentheorie der Molekeln
journal, January 1927
- Born, M.; Oppenheimer, R.
- Annalen der Physik, Vol. 389, Issue 20
Resolving the ambiguity in the relation between Stokes shift and Huang–Rhys parameter
journal, January 2015
- de Jong, Mathijs; Seijo, Luis; Meijerink, Andries
- Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 26
Optical refrigeration
journal, December 2007
- Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor; Epstein, Richard I.
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 1, Issue 12
Laser cooling in solids: advances and prospects
journal, August 2016
- Seletskiy, Denis V.; Epstein, Richard; Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor
- Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 79, Issue 9
Mechanisms for Ce3+ excitation at energies below the zero-phonon line in YAG crystals and nanocrystals
journal, November 2012
- Feofilov, S. P.; Kulinkin, A. B.; Gacoin, T.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 132, Issue 11
Laser cooling of organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites
journal, December 2015
- Ha, Son-Tung; Shen, Chao; Zhang, Jun
- Nature Photonics, Vol. 10, Issue 2
Identification of Lasing Energy Levels by Spectroscopic Techniques
journal, March 1963
- Blau, E. J.; Hochheimer, B. F.; Massey, J. T.
- Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 34, Issue 3
Saturation, Allowed Transitions and Quantum Interference in Laser Cooling of Solids
journal, January 2022
- Andre, Laura B.; Cheng, Long; Rand, Stephen C.
- Applied Sciences, Vol. 12, Issue 3
Materials for Optical Cryocoolers
journal, January 2013
- Hehlen, Markus P.; Sheik-Bahae, Mansoor; Epstein, Richard I.
- Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 1, Issue 45
Laser cooling of solids containing local centers with electric dipole allowed transitions: a feasibility study
journal, October 2015
- Feofilov, S. P.; Kulinkin, A. B.; Konyushkin, V. A.
- Optical Materials, Vol. 48
Excited-state absorption of Eu2+ ions in pure fluoride crystals
journal, January 1994
- Moine, B.; Dujardin, C.; Pedrini, C.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 58, Issue 1-6
Red Edge Photophysics of Ethanolic Rhodamine 101 and the Observation of Laser Cooling in the Condensed Phase
journal, May 1998
- Clark, J. L.; Miller, P. F.; Rumbles, G.
- The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 102, Issue 24
Vibronic model of laser cooling with stimulated Raman adiabatic passage pumping for Yb^3+-ion-doped crystals
journal, January 2016
- Ivanov, Andrei; Rozhdestvensky, Yuriy; Perlin, Evgeniy
- Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 33, Issue 8
Comment on “Laser Cooling in the Condensed Phase by Frequency Up-Conversion”
journal, September 1996
- Mungan, C. E.; Gosnell, T. R.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 77, Issue 13
Observation of laser-induced fluorescent cooling of a solid
journal, October 1995
- Epstein, Richard I.; Buchwald, Melvin I.; Edwards, Bradley C.
- Nature, Vol. 377, Issue 6549
Laser Cooling and Trapping of Rare-Earth-Doped Particles
journal, April 2022
- Nemova, Galina
- Applied Sciences, Vol. 12, Issue 8
Highly-efficient upconversion via direct one-photon absorption of xanthene-based chromophores
journal, January 2020
- Zhu, Lin; Ye, Changqing; Dai, Guoliang
- Dyes and Pigments, Vol. 172
Efficient tunable LiF:F2crystal lasers containingF2andF2+color centers
journal, February 1992
- Basiev, Tasoltan T.; Konyushkin, V. A.; Mirov, S. B.
- Soviet Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. 22, Issue 2
Temperature-dependent radiative lifetime of Yb:YLF: refined cross sections and potential for laser cooling
journal, March 2021
- Püschel, Stefan; Kalusniak, Sascha; Kränkel, Christian
- Optics Express, Vol. 29, Issue 7
The role of two-step excitation processes in laser cooling experiments: CaF 2 :Eu 2+
journal, October 2016
- Feofilov, S. P.; Kulinkin, A. B.; Konyushkin, V. A.
- Optical Materials, Vol. 60
Ce3+ 5d-centroid shift and vacuum referred 4f-electron binding energies of all lanthanide impurities in 150 different compounds
journal, March 2013
- Dorenbos, Pieter
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 135
Spontaneous temperature and fluorescence oscillations in CaS:Eu2+ crystals excited in the long-wavelength tail of the absorption spectrum
journal, February 2016
- Feofilov, S. P.; Kulinkin, A. B.
- Journal of Luminescence, Vol. 170
External radiative quantum efficiency of 96% from a GaAs / GaInP heterostructure
journal, January 1997
- Gauck, H.; Gfroerer, T. H.; Renn, M. J.
- Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, Vol. 64, Issue 2
Laser Cooling in the Condensed Phase by Frequency Up-Conversion
journal, March 1996
- Clark, J. L.; Rumbles, G.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 76, Issue 12
Possibility of Optical Cooling of Ruby
journal, April 1963
- Tsujikawa, Ikuji; Murao, Tsuyoshi
- Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Vol. 18, Issue 4
Elementary processes of photochemical reactions
journal, January 1926
- Franck, J.; Dymond, E. G.
- Transactions of the Faraday Society, Vol. 21, Issue February
A Theory of Intensity Distribution in Band Systems
journal, December 1926
- Condon, Edward
- Physical Review, Vol. 28, Issue 6