Energy Use in Quantum Data Centers: Scaling the Impact of Computer Architecture, Qubit Performance, Size, and Thermal Parameters

Martin, Michael James; Hughes, Caroline; Moreno, Gilberto; Jones, Eric B.; Sickinger, David; Narumanchi, Sreekant; Grout, Ray

doi:10.1109/tsusc.2022.3190242

Title: Energy Use in Quantum Data Centers: Scaling the Impact of Computer Architecture, Qubit Performance, Size, and Thermal Parameters

Journal Article · Tue Jul 12 00:00:00 UTC 2022 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing (T-SUSC)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/tsusc.2022.3190242 · OSTI ID:1880806

^[1]; Hughes, Caroline ^[1];

^[1]; Jones, Eric B. ^[1]; Sickinger, David ^[1];

^[1]; Grout, Ray ^[1]

National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

As quantum computers increase in size, the total energy used by a quantum data center, including the cooling, will become a greater concern. The cooling requirements of quantum computers, which operate at temperatures near absolute zero, are determined by computing system parameters, including the number and type of physical qubits, the packaging efficiency of the system, and the split between circuits operating at cryogenic temperatures and those operating at room temperature. When combined with thermal system parameters such as cooling efficiency and cryostat heat transfer, the total energy use can be determined using a first-principles energy model. These models show that cooling of quantum computers differs in two fundamental ways from conventional data centers: (1) the energy required for cooling is much greater than the energy required for computation, and (2) the cooling loads are sensitive to the computational architecture. The temperature requirements for different qubit types can change energy requirements by orders of magnitude. Power use and computational power, as quantified by quantum volume, are analytically correlated. Approaches are identified for minimizing energy use in integrated quantum systems relative to computational power. Furthermore, designing a sustainable quantum computer will require both efficient cooling and system design that minimizes cooling requirements.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1880806

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-2C00-79350; MainId:33576; UUID:515cbd3d-6d82-49eb-bd3f-b0f0fc5c2d71; MainAdminID:65067

Journal Information:: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing (T-SUSC), Journal Name: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing (T-SUSC) Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 7; ISSN 2377-3782

Publisher:: IEEECopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING
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Title: Energy Use in Quantum Data Centers: Scaling the Impact of Computer Architecture, Qubit Performance, Size, and Thermal Parameters

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