Probing the Galactic halo with RR Lyrae stars – II. The substructures of the Milky Way
Abstract
ABSTRACT We identify substructures of the Galactic halo using 3003 type ab RR Lyrae stars with six-dimensional position–velocity information from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope and the Gaia Early Data Release 3. Based on this information, we define the separation of any two of the stars in the integrals of motion space and we identify substructures by utilizing the friends-of-friends algorithm. We identify members belonging to several known substructures: the Sagittarius stream, the Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage (GES), the Sequoia and the Helmi streams. In addition to these known substructures, there are three other substructures possibly associated with globular clusters NGC 5272, 6656 and 5024, respectively. Finally, we also find three remaining unknown substructures, one of which has large angular momentum and a mean metallicity −2.13 dex, which may be a new substructure. As for the GES, we find that it accounts for a large part of substructures in the inner halo and the apocentre distance is in the range 10–34 kpc, which suggests that the GES is mainly distributed in the inner halo. The near one-third proportion of the GES and the peak value of 20 kpc of the apocentre distance suggest that themore »
- Authors:
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- US Department of Energy (USDOE), Washington, DC (United States). Office of Science, Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Key Research and Development Program of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); Yunnan University
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1866631
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1982707
- Grant/Contract Number:
- 2019YFA0405500; 11973001; 12090040; 12090044; 11988101; 11873052; 11890694; 11903027; 11833006; 11811530289; U1731108; C176220100006
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Volume: 513 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0035-8711
- Publisher:
- Oxford University Press
- Country of Publication:
- United Kingdom
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Astronomy; Astrophysics; Stars; RR Lyrae; Galaxy; Evolution; Formation; Halo
Citation Formats
Wang, F., Zhang, H-W, Xue, X-X, Huang, Y., Liu, G-C, Zhang, L., and Yang, C-Q. Probing the Galactic halo with RR Lyrae stars – II. The substructures of the Milky Way. United Kingdom: N. p., 2022.
Web. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac874.
Wang, F., Zhang, H-W, Xue, X-X, Huang, Y., Liu, G-C, Zhang, L., & Yang, C-Q. Probing the Galactic halo with RR Lyrae stars – II. The substructures of the Milky Way. United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac874
Wang, F., Zhang, H-W, Xue, X-X, Huang, Y., Liu, G-C, Zhang, L., and Yang, C-Q. Wed .
"Probing the Galactic halo with RR Lyrae stars – II. The substructures of the Milky Way". United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac874.
@article{osti_1866631,
title = {Probing the Galactic halo with RR Lyrae stars – II. The substructures of the Milky Way},
author = {Wang, F. and Zhang, H-W and Xue, X-X and Huang, Y. and Liu, G-C and Zhang, L. and Yang, C-Q},
abstractNote = {ABSTRACT We identify substructures of the Galactic halo using 3003 type ab RR Lyrae stars with six-dimensional position–velocity information from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope and the Gaia Early Data Release 3. Based on this information, we define the separation of any two of the stars in the integrals of motion space and we identify substructures by utilizing the friends-of-friends algorithm. We identify members belonging to several known substructures: the Sagittarius stream, the Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage (GES), the Sequoia and the Helmi streams. In addition to these known substructures, there are three other substructures possibly associated with globular clusters NGC 5272, 6656 and 5024, respectively. Finally, we also find three remaining unknown substructures, one of which has large angular momentum and a mean metallicity −2.13 dex, which may be a new substructure. As for the GES, we find that it accounts for a large part of substructures in the inner halo and the apocentre distance is in the range 10–34 kpc, which suggests that the GES is mainly distributed in the inner halo. The near one-third proportion of the GES and the peak value of 20 kpc of the apocentre distance suggest that the GES could account for the break in the density profile of the Galactic halo at the Galactocentric distance ~20–25 kpc. The similarity when comparing the kinematic properties of the GES with the Hercules–Aquila Cloud and Virgo Overdensity suggests that the three substructures may have similar origins.},
doi = {10.1093/mnras/stac874},
journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
number = 2,
volume = 513,
place = {United Kingdom},
year = {Wed May 04 00:00:00 EDT 2022},
month = {Wed May 04 00:00:00 EDT 2022}
}
https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac874
Works referenced in this record:
Identifying Stellar Streams in the First RAVE Public Data Release
journal, September 2008
- Klement, R.; Fuchs, B.; Rix, H. ‐W.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 685, Issue 1
Gaia Data Release 2 : Specific characterisation and validation of all-sky Cepheids and RR Lyrae stars★
journal, January 2019
- Clementini, G.; Ripepi, V.; Molinaro, R.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 622
The Distance to the Center of the Galaxy
journal, September 1993
- Reid, Mark J.
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 31, Issue 1
A Low-mass Stellar-debris Stream Associated with a Globular Cluster Pair in the Halo
journal, July 2020
- Yuan, Zhen; Chang, Jiang; Beers, Timothy C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 898, Issue 2
The Structure of Cold Dark Matter Halos
journal, May 1996
- Navarro, Julio F.; Frenk, Carlos S.; White, Simon D. M.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 462
Mapping the Galactic Halo. Viii. Quantifying Substructure
journal, May 2009
- Starkenburg, Else; Helmi, Amina; Morrison, Heather L.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 698, Issue 1
Gaia Data Release 2 : Summary of the contents and survey properties
journal, August 2018
- Brown, A. G. A.; Vallenari, A.; Prusti, T.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 616
The Absolute Magnitude and Kinematics of RR Lyrae Stars Via Statistical Parallax
journal, November 1996
- Layden, Andrew C.; Hanson, Robert B.; Hawley, Suzanne L.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 112
Machine-learned Identification of RR Lyrae Stars from Sparse, Multi-band Data: The PS1 Sample
journal, May 2017
- Sesar, Branimir; Hernitschek, Nina; Mitrović, Sandra
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 153, Issue 5
Review of galactic constants
journal, August 1986
- Kerr, F. J.; Lynden-Bell, D.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 221, Issue 4
The New Galaxy: Signatures of Its Formation
journal, September 2002
- Freeman, Ken; Bland-Hawthorn, Joss
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 40, Issue 1
The Ghost of Sagittarius and Lumps in the Halo of the Milky Way
journal, April 2002
- Newberg, Heidi Jo; Yanny, Brian; Rockosi, Connie
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 569, Issue 1
Core condensation in heavy halos: a two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering
journal, July 1978
- White, S. D. M.; Rees, M. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 183, Issue 3
Precession of the Sagittarius stream
journal, November 2013
- Belokurov, V.; Koposov, S. E.; Evans, N. W.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 437, Issue 1
In Disguise or Out of Reach: First Clues about In Situ and Accreted Stars in the Stellar Halo of the Milky Way from Gaia DR2
journal, August 2018
- Haywood, M.; Di Matteo, P.; Lehnert, M. D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way
journal, August 2020
- Helmi, Amina
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 58, Issue 1
SEGUE: A SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF 240,000 STARS WITH g = 14-20
journal, April 2009
- Yanny, Brian; Rockosi, Constance; Newberg, Heidi Jo
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 137, Issue 5
Evidence for Galactic disc RR Lyrae stars in the solar neighbourhood
journal, January 2020
- Prudil, Z.; Dékány, I.; Grebel, E. K.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 3
Gaia Early Data Release 3: Catalogue validation
journal, April 2021
- Fabricius, C.; Luri, X.; Arenou, F.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 649
The Eleventh and Twelfth data Releases of the Sloan Digital sky Survey: Final data from Sdss-Iii
journal, July 2015
- Alam, Shadab; Albareti, Franco D.; Prieto, Carlos Allende
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 219, Issue 1
Discovery of ∼9000 new RR Lyrae in the southern Catalina surveys
journal, November 2014
- Torrealba, G.; Catelan, M.; Drake, A. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 446, Issue 3
The Hercules-Aquila Cloud
journal, February 2007
- Belokurov, V.; Evans, N. W.; Bell, E. F.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 657, Issue 2
Hierarchical Galaxy Formation and Substructure in the Galaxy’s Stellar Halo
journal, February 2001
- Bullock, James S.; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Weinberg, David H.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 548, Issue 1
Spectroscopic Comparison of Metal-rich RRab Stars of the Galactic Field with their Metal-poor Counterparts
journal, January 2017
- Chadid, Merieme; Sneden, Christopher; Preston, George W.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 835, Issue 2
Probing the Outer Galactic halo with rr Lyrae from the Catalina Surveys
journal, January 2013
- Drake, A. J.; Catelan, M.; Djorgovski, S. G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 763, Issue 1
The Catalina Surveys Periodic Variable star Catalog
journal, June 2014
- Drake, A. J.; Graham, M. J.; Djorgovski, S. G.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 213, Issue 1
Template rr Lyrae hα, hβ, and hγ Velocity Curves
journal, September 2012
- Sesar, Branimir
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 144, Issue 4
The retrograde orbit of the globular cluster FSR1758 revealed with Gaia DR2
journal, June 2019
- Simpson, Jeffrey D.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 1
Evidence for two early accretion events that built the Milky Way stellar halo
journal, July 2019
- Myeong, G. C.; Vasiliev, E.; Iorio, G.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 1
Formation of galaxies and large-scale structure with cold dark matter
journal, October 1984
- Blumenthal, George R.; Faber, S. M.; Primack, Joel R.
- Nature, Vol. 311, Issue 5986
Discovery of a Stellar Overdensity in Eridanus–Phoenix in the dark Energy Survey
journal, January 2016
- Li, T. S.; Balbinot, E.; Mondrik, N.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 817, Issue 2
The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
journal, October 2016
- McMillan, Paul J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 465, Issue 1
Broken and Unbroken: the Milky way and m31 Stellar Halos
journal, January 2013
- Deason, A. J.; Belokurov, V.; Evans, N. W.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 763, Issue 2
Origin of the system of globular clusters in the Milky Way
journal, September 2019
- Massari, D.; Koppelman, H. H.; Helmi, A.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 630
Identification of A‐colored Stars and Structure in the Halo of the Milky Way from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Commissioning Data
journal, September 2000
- Yanny, Brian; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Kent, Steve
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 540, Issue 2
Debris streams in the solar neighbourhood as relicts from the formation of the Milky Way
journal, November 1999
- Helmi, Amina; White, Simon D. M.; de Zeeuw, P. Tim
- Nature, Vol. 402, Issue 6757
Common origin for Hercules-Aquila and Virgo Clouds in Gaia DR2
journal, October 2018
- Simion, Iulia T.; Belokurov, Vasily; Koposov, Sergey E.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 1
A dwarf satellite galaxy in Sagittarius
journal, July 1994
- Ibata, R. A.; Gilmore, G.; Irwin, M. J.
- Nature, Vol. 370, Issue 6486
Identifying Galactic Halo Substructure in 6D Phase Space Using ∼13,000 LAMOST K Giants
journal, July 2019
- Yang, Chengqun; Xue, Xiang-Xiang; Li, Jing
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary
journal, September 2000
- York, Donald G.; Adelman, J.; Anderson, Jr., John E.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 120, Issue 3
The Milky Way Halo in Action Space
journal, March 2018
- Myeong, G. C.; Evans, N. W.; Belokurov, V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2
Co-formation of the disc and the stellar halo★
journal, June 2018
- Belokurov, V.; Erkal, D.; Evans, N. W.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 1
A Two Micron All Sky Survey View of the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy. I. Morphology of the Sagittarius Core and Tidal Arms
journal, December 2003
- Majewski, Steven R.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Weinberg, Martin D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 599, Issue 2
The man Behind the Curtain: X-Rays Drive the uv Through nir Variability in the 2013 Active Galactic Nucleus Outburst in ngc 2617
journal, May 2014
- Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Grupe, D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 788, Issue 1
Halo Streams in the Seventh Sloan Digital sky Survey data Release
journal, May 2009
- Klement, R.; Rix, H. -W.; Flynn, C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 698, Issue 1
The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST)
journal, August 2012
- Cui, Xiang-Qun; Zhao, Yong-Heng; Chu, Yao-Quan
- Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 12, Issue 9
The Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS)
journal, February 2006
- Skrutskie, M. F.; Cutri, R. M.; Stiening, R.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 131, Issue 2
LAMOST Experiment for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (LEGUE) — The survey's science plan
journal, June 2012
- Deng, Li-Cai; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Liu, Chao
- Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 12, Issue 7
The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way’s inner stellar halo and thick disk
journal, October 2018
- Helmi, Amina; Babusiaux, Carine; Koppelman, Helmer H.
- Nature, Vol. 563, Issue 7729
Compositions of halo clusters and the formation of the galactic halo
journal, October 1978
- Searle, L.; Zinn, R.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 225
LAMOST spectral survey — An overview
journal, June 2012
- Zhao, Gang; Zhao, Yong-Heng; Chu, Yao-Quan
- Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 12, Issue 7
Tracing Kinematic and Chemical Properties of Sagittarius Stream by K-Giants, M-Giants, and BHB stars
journal, December 2019
- Yang, Chengqun; Xue, Xiang-Xiang; Li, Jing
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 2
galpy: A python LIBRARY FOR GALACTIC DYNAMICS
journal, February 2015
- Bovy, Jo
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 216, Issue 2
General catalogue of variable stars: Version GCVS 5.1
journal, January 2017
- Samus’, N. N.; Kazarovets, E. V.; Durlevich, O. V.
- Astronomy Reports, Vol. 61, Issue 1
Revealing Substructure in the Galactic Halo: The SEKBO RR Lyrae Survey
journal, May 2008
- Keller, Stefan C.; Murphy, Simon; Prior, Sayuri
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 678, Issue 2
Tracing Galaxy Formation with Stellar Halos. I. Methods
journal, December 2005
- Bullock, James S.; Johnston, Kathryn V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 635, Issue 2
The Gaia mission
journal, November 2016
- Prusti, T.; de Bruijne, J. H. J.; Brown, A. G. A.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 595
An analytical model for spherical galaxies and bulges
journal, June 1990
- Hernquist, Lars
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 356
Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties
journal, April 2021
- Brown, A. G. A.; Vallenari, A.; Prusti, T.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 649
Characterization and history of the Helmi streams with Gaia DR2
journal, April 2019
- Koppelman, Helmer H.; Helmi, Amina; Massari, Davide
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 625
Probing the Galactic Halo with RR Lyrae Stars. I. The Catalog
journal, April 2020
- Liu, G. -C.; Huang, Y.; Zhang, H. -W.
- The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 247, Issue 2
The Gravitational-Instability Picture and the Nature of the Distribution of Galaxies
journal, April 1974
- Peebles, P. J. E.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 189
Kinematics of SDSS subdwarfs: structure and substructure of the Milky Way halo
journal, November 2009
- Smith, M. C.; Evans, N. W.; Belokurov, V.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 399, Issue 3
The ASAS-SN catalogue of variable stars III: variables in the southern TESS continuous viewing zone
journal, February 2019
- Jayasinghe, T.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kochanek, C. S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 1
Substructure revealed by RR Lyraes in SDSS Stripe 82
journal, October 2009
- Watkins, L. L.; Evans, N. W.; Belokurov, V.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 398, Issue 4
The Catalina Surveys Southern periodic variable star catalogue
journal, May 2017
- Drake, A. J.; Djorgovski, S. G.; Catelan, M.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 469, Issue 3
The Overdensity in Virgo, Sagittarius Debris, and the Asymmetric Spheroid
journal, October 2007
- Newberg, Heidi Jo; Yanny, Brian; Cole, Nate
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 668, Issue 1
LSS-GAC – A LAMOST Spectroscopic Survey of the Galactic Anti-center
journal, May 2013
- Liu, X. -W.; Yuan, H. -B.; Huo, Z. -Y.
- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, Vol. 9, Issue S298
The Geometry of the Sagittarius Stream from Pan-STARRS1 3 π RR Lyrae
journal, November 2017
- Hernitschek, Nina; Sesar, Branimir; Rix, Hans-Walter
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 1
Linking nearby stellar streams to more distant halo overdensities
journal, October 2021
- Balbinot, E.; Helmi, A.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 654
Update on the Nature of Virgo Overdensity
journal, March 2012
- Bonaca, Ana; Jurić, Mario; Ivezić, Željko
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 143, Issue 5
Local stellar kinematics and Oort constants from the LAMOST A-type stars
journal, March 2021
- Wang, F.; Zhang, H-W; Huang, Y.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 504, Issue 1
Relationship between the Elemental Abundances and the Kinematics of Galactic-Field RR Lyrae Stars
journal, January 2018
- Marsakov, V. A.; Gozha, M. L.; Koval, V. V.
- Astronomy Reports, Vol. 62, Issue 1
Predicted Extension of the Sagittarius Stream to the Milky Way Virial Radius
journal, February 2017
- Dierickx, Marion I. P.; Loeb, Abraham
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 836, Issue 1
A Catalog of Parameters for Globular Clusters in the Milky Way
journal, October 1996
- Harris, William E.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 112
EVIDENCE FOR A MILKY WAY TIDAL STREAM REACHING BEYOND 100 kpc
journal, February 2013
- Drake, A. J.; Catelan, M.; Djorgovski, S. G.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 765, Issue 2
EXPLORING THE VARIABLE SKY WITH LINEAR. II. HALO STRUCTURE AND SUBSTRUCTURE TRACED BY RR LYRAE STARS TO 30 kpc
journal, June 2013
- Sesar, Branimir; Ivezić, Željko; Stuart, J. Scott
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 146, Issue 2
Sagittarius: the nearest dwarf galaxy
journal, December 1995
- Ibata, R. A.; Gilmore, G.; Irwin, M. J.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 277, Issue 3
Great Circle Tidal Streams: Evidence for a Nearly Spherical Massive Dark Halo around the Milky Way
journal, April 2001
- Ibata, Rodrigo; Lewis, Geraint F.; Irwin, Michael
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 551, Issue 1
Fashionably Late? Building up the Milky Way'S Inner halo
journal, March 2009
- Morrison, Heather L.; Helmi, Amina; Sun, Jiayang
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 694, Issue 1
Proper motions and dynamics of the Milky Way globular cluster system from Gaia DR2
journal, January 2019
- Vasiliev, Eugene
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 2
Galactic stellar haloes in the CDM model: Galactic stellar haloes in the CDM model
journal, May 2010
- Cooper, A. P.; Cole, S.; Frenk, C. S.
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 406, Issue 2
The >100 kpc Distant Spur of the Sagittarius Stream and the Outer Virgo Overdensity, as Seen in PS1 RR Lyrae Stars
journal, July 2017
- Sesar, Branimir; Hernitschek, Nina; Dierickx, Marion I. P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 844, Issue 1