Export of Ice Sheet Meltwater from Upernavik Fjord, West Greenland
Abstract
Meltwater from Greenland is an important freshwater source for the North Atlantic Ocean, released into the ocean at the head of fjords in the form of runoff, submarine melt, and icebergs. The meltwater release gives rise to complex in-fjord transformations that result in its dilution through mixing with other water masses. The transformed waters, which contain the meltwater, are exported from the fjords as a new water mass Glacially Modified Water (GMW). Here we use summer hydrographic data collected from 2013 to 2019 in Upernavik, a major glacial fjord in northwest Greenland, to describe the water masses that flow into the fjord from the shelf and the exported GMWs. Using an optimum multi-parameter technique across multiple years we then show that GMW is composed of 57.8% ± 8.1% Atlantic Water (AW), 41.0% ± 8.3% Polar Water (PW), 1.0% ± 0.1% subglacial discharge, and 0.2% ± 0.2% submarine meltwater. We show that the GMW fractional composition cannot be described by buoyant plume theory alone since it includes lateral mixing within the upper layers of the fjord not accounted for by buoyant plume dynamics. Consistent with its composition, we find that changes in GMW properties reflect changes in the AW and PWmore »
- Authors:
-
- Univ. of Bergen (Norway); Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen (Norway)
- Univ. of Bergen (Norway); Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
- Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States); Univ. of St. Andrews (United Kingdom); Univ. of Edinburgh (United Kingdom)
- Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
- California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, København (Denmark)
- Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER). Earth and Environmental Systems Science Division
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1854351
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0020073
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Journal of Physical Oceanography
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 52; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-3670
- Publisher:
- American Meteorological Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 58 GEOSCIENCES; Ocean; Arctic; Atlantic Ocean; Glaciers; Ice sheets; Buoyancy; Entrainment; In situ oceanic observations; Annual variations
Citation Formats
Muilwijk, Morven, Straneo, Fiamma, Slater, Donald A., Smedsrud, Lars H., Holte, James, Wood, Michael, Andresen, Camilla S., and Harden, Ben. Export of Ice Sheet Meltwater from Upernavik Fjord, West Greenland. United States: N. p., 2022.
Web. doi:10.1175/jpo-d-21-0084.1.
Muilwijk, Morven, Straneo, Fiamma, Slater, Donald A., Smedsrud, Lars H., Holte, James, Wood, Michael, Andresen, Camilla S., & Harden, Ben. Export of Ice Sheet Meltwater from Upernavik Fjord, West Greenland. United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0084.1
Muilwijk, Morven, Straneo, Fiamma, Slater, Donald A., Smedsrud, Lars H., Holte, James, Wood, Michael, Andresen, Camilla S., and Harden, Ben. Tue .
"Export of Ice Sheet Meltwater from Upernavik Fjord, West Greenland". United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-21-0084.1. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1854351.
@article{osti_1854351,
title = {Export of Ice Sheet Meltwater from Upernavik Fjord, West Greenland},
author = {Muilwijk, Morven and Straneo, Fiamma and Slater, Donald A. and Smedsrud, Lars H. and Holte, James and Wood, Michael and Andresen, Camilla S. and Harden, Ben},
abstractNote = {Meltwater from Greenland is an important freshwater source for the North Atlantic Ocean, released into the ocean at the head of fjords in the form of runoff, submarine melt, and icebergs. The meltwater release gives rise to complex in-fjord transformations that result in its dilution through mixing with other water masses. The transformed waters, which contain the meltwater, are exported from the fjords as a new water mass Glacially Modified Water (GMW). Here we use summer hydrographic data collected from 2013 to 2019 in Upernavik, a major glacial fjord in northwest Greenland, to describe the water masses that flow into the fjord from the shelf and the exported GMWs. Using an optimum multi-parameter technique across multiple years we then show that GMW is composed of 57.8% ± 8.1% Atlantic Water (AW), 41.0% ± 8.3% Polar Water (PW), 1.0% ± 0.1% subglacial discharge, and 0.2% ± 0.2% submarine meltwater. We show that the GMW fractional composition cannot be described by buoyant plume theory alone since it includes lateral mixing within the upper layers of the fjord not accounted for by buoyant plume dynamics. Consistent with its composition, we find that changes in GMW properties reflect changes in the AW and PW source waters. Using the obtained dilution ratios, this study suggests that the exchange across the fjord mouth during summer is on the order of 50 mSv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s–1) (compared to a freshwater input of 0.5 mSv). This study provides a first-order parameterization for the exchange at the mouth of glacial fjords for large-scale ocean models.},
doi = {10.1175/jpo-d-21-0084.1},
journal = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
number = 3,
volume = 52,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2022},
month = {Tue Mar 01 00:00:00 EST 2022}
}
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