Crystallographic analysis of nano-tendril bundle vs fuzz growth on tungsten exposed to helicon wave-coupled helium plasma

Woller, K. B.; Whyte, D. G.; Wright, G. M.

doi:10.1063/5.0027438

Title: Crystallographic analysis of nano-tendril bundle vs fuzz growth on tungsten exposed to helicon wave-coupled helium plasma

Abstract

The propensity for nano-tendril bundle (NTB) vs widespread nano-tendril growth (i.e., fuzz) on polycrystalline W under varying ion energy modulation conditions, from DC to peak-to-peak energy modulation of 42 eV at 13.56 MHz, is correlated with the crystal orientation of the underlying grains. Grains that are vicinal to crystal orientations with high surface diffusivity (e.g., {101} for a body centered cubic crystal structure) exhibit NTB growth at lower ion energy modulation amplitude than grains that are vicinal to low surface diffusivity orientations, such as {100}. Adatom mobility considerations are presented to describe the experimental observations. These results support that surface diffusion or W adatom mobility enhanced by ion bombardment plays a key role in the surface morphology evolution of W under He irradiation.

Authors:

^[1]; Whyte, D. G. ^[1]; Wright, G. M. ^[1]

Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Plasma Science and Fusion Center

Publication Date:: Sun Mar 21 00:00:00 EDT 2021

Research Org.:: Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1849068

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1819803

Grant/Contract Number:: FC02-99ER54512; SC0002060; SC00-02060

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Applied Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 129; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 0021-8979

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; Physics; Surface science; Nanofiber; Electron backscatter diffraction; Optical imaging; Crystal orientation; Diffusion; Surface energy; Tungsten; Scanning electron microscopy; Surface morphology

Citation Formats


                    Woller, K. B., Whyte, D. G., and Wright, G. M. Crystallographic analysis of nano-tendril bundle vs fuzz growth on tungsten exposed to helicon wave-coupled helium plasma.  United States: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/5.0027438.

Copy to clipboard


                    Woller, K. B., Whyte, D. G., & Wright, G. M. Crystallographic analysis of nano-tendril bundle vs fuzz growth on tungsten exposed to helicon wave-coupled helium plasma.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0027438

Copy to clipboard


                    Woller, K. B., Whyte, D. G., and Wright, G. M. Sun .  
"Crystallographic analysis of nano-tendril bundle vs fuzz growth on tungsten exposed to helicon wave-coupled helium plasma".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0027438.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1849068.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1849068,

  title        = {Crystallographic analysis of nano-tendril bundle vs fuzz growth on tungsten exposed to helicon wave-coupled helium plasma},

  author       = {Woller, K. B. and Whyte, D. G. and Wright, G. M.},

  abstractNote = {The propensity for nano-tendril bundle (NTB) vs widespread nano-tendril growth (i.e., fuzz) on polycrystalline W under varying ion energy modulation conditions, from DC to peak-to-peak energy modulation of 42 eV at 13.56 MHz, is correlated with the crystal orientation of the underlying grains. Grains that are vicinal to crystal orientations with high surface diffusivity (e.g., {101} for a body centered cubic crystal structure) exhibit NTB growth at lower ion energy modulation amplitude than grains that are vicinal to low surface diffusivity orientations, such as {100}. Adatom mobility considerations are presented to describe the experimental observations. These results support that surface diffusion or W adatom mobility enhanced by ion bombardment plays a key role in the surface morphology evolution of W under He irradiation.},

  doi          = {10.1063/5.0027438},

  journal      = {Journal of Applied Physics},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 129,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sun Mar 21 00:00:00 EDT 2021},

  month        = {Sun Mar 21 00:00:00 EDT 2021}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0027438

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Growth of multifractal tungsten nanostructure by He bubble induced directional swelling
journal, April 2015

Kajita, Shin; Yoshida, Naoaki; Ohno, Noriyasu
New Journal of Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/17/4/043038

A calculation of migration energies and binding energies for tungsten adatoms on tungsten surfaces
journal, August 1970

Wynblatt, P.; Gjostein, N. A.
Surface Science, Vol. 22, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0039-6028(70)90028-2

Characterizing the recovery of a solid surface after tungsten nano-tendril formation
journal, August 2015

Wright, G. M.; van Eden, G. G.; Kesler, L. A.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 463
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.11.083

Modeling of helium effects in metals: High temperature embrittlement
journal, August 1985

Trinkaus, H.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 133-134
DOI: 10.1016/0022-3115(85)90119-9

Direct time-resolved observation of tungsten nanostructured growth due to helium plasma exposure
journal, March 2015

Fiflis, P.; Curreli, D.; Ruzic, D. N.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/55/3/033020

Model of fuzz formation on a tungsten surface
journal, December 2012

Martynenko, Yu. V.; Nagel’, M. Yu.
Plasma Physics Reports, Vol. 38, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1134/S1063780X12110074

Growth of nano-tendril bundles on tungsten with impurity-rich He plasmas
journal, July 2018

Hwangbo, Dogyun; Kajita, Shin; Ohno, Noriyasu
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aacd1f

Efficient Plasma Route to Nanostructure Materials: Case Study on the Use of m-WO ₃ for Solar Water Splitting
journal, July 2013

de Respinis, Moreno; De Temmerman, Gregory; Tanyeli, Irem
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 15
DOI: 10.1021/am401936q

Helium plasma irradiation on single crystal tungsten and undersized atom doped tungsten alloys
journal, January 2014

Kajita, Shin; Yoshida, Naoaki; Ohno, Noriyasu
Physica Scripta, Vol. 89, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/89/02/025602

Surface morphology and deuterium retention of tungsten after low- and high-flux deuterium plasma exposure
journal, June 2014

't Hoen, M. H. J.; Balden, M.; Manhard, A.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 54, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/54/8/083014

Helium concentration in tungsten nano-tendril surface morphology using Elastic Recoil Detection
journal, July 2013

Woller, K. B.; Whyte, D. G.; Wright, G. M.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 438
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.198

Isolated nano-tendril bundles on tungsten surfaces exposed to radiofrequency helium plasma
journal, August 2017

Woller, Kevin B.; Whyte, Dennis G.; Wright, Graham M.
Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 12
DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2017.04.016

Impact of helium ion energy modulation on tungsten surface morphology and nano-tendril growth
journal, April 2017

Woller, K. B.; Whyte, D. G.; Wright, G. M.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aa67ac

Atomistic modeling of growth and coalescence of helium nano-bubbles in tungsten
journal, August 2015

Smirnov, R. D.; Krasheninnikov, S. I.; Guterl, J.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 463
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.10.033

Sub-ms laser pulse irradiation on tungsten target damaged by exposure to helium plasma
journal, September 2007

Kajita, Shin; Takamura, Shuichi; Ohno, Noriyasu
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 47, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/47/9/038

Viscoelastic model of tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth
journal, December 2011

Krasheninnikov, S. I.
Physica Scripta, Vol. T145
DOI: 10.1088/0031-8949/2011/T145/014040

Scanning retarding field analyzer for plasma profile measurements in the boundary of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak
journal, March 2013

Brunner, D.; LaBombard, B.; Ochoukov, R.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 84, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1063/1.4793785

Experimental identification for physical mechanism of fiber-form nanostructure growth on metal surfaces with helium plasma irradiation
journal, November 2015

Takamura, S.; Uesugi, Y.
Applied Surface Science, Vol. 356
DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.08.112

Surface Modifications Induced by High Fluxes of Low Energy Helium Ions
journal, April 2015

Tanyeli, İrem; Marot, Laurent; Mathys, Daniel
Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/srep09779

Tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth re-examined: the dependence on ion fluence in non-erosive and erosive helium plasma
journal, August 2015

Petty, T. J.; Baldwin, M. J.; Hasan, M. I.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/55/9/093033

The Role of the Adatom Diffusion in the Tungsten Fuzz Growth
journal, January 2015

Trufanov, D.; Marenkov, E.; Krasheninnikov, S.
Physics Procedia, Vol. 71
DOI: 10.1016/j.phpro.2015.08.377

Morphologies of co-depositing W layer formed during He plasma irradiation
journal, July 2018

Kajita, Shin; Kawaguchi, Shota; Yoshida, Naoaki
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aad24e

Broad ion energy distributions in helicon wave-coupled helium plasma
journal, May 2017

Woller, K. B.; Whyte, D. G.; Wright, G. M.
Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 24, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.4983315

Microstructure evolution in tungsten during low-energy helium ion irradiation
journal, December 2000

Iwakiri, H.; Yasunaga, K.; Morishita, K.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 283-287
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00289-0

Helium plasma implantation on metals: Nanostructure formation and visible-light photocatalytic response
journal, April 2013

Kajita, Shin; Yoshida, Tomoko; Kitaoka, Daiki
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1063/1.4798597

Erosion of nanostructured tungsten by laser ablation, sputtering and arcing
journal, August 2017

Hwangbo, Dogyun; Kawaguchi, Shota; Kajita, Shin
Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 12
DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2017.03.004

Microwrinkle structures on refractory metal surfaces irradiated with noble gas plasma species
journal, July 2017

Takamura, S.; Uesugi, Y.; Ito, A. M.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 57, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/aa75ee

Loop punching and bubble rupture causing surface roughening —A model for W fuzz growth
journal, January 2014

Lasa, A.; Tähtinen, S. K.; Nordlund, K.
EPL (Europhysics Letters), Vol. 105, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/105/25002

A full tungsten divertor for ITER: Physics issues and design status
journal, July 2013

Pitts, R. A.; Carpentier, S.; Escourbiac, F.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 438
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.008

Molecular-dynamics simulation of adatom formation under keV-ion bombardment of Pt(111)
journal, October 1994

Gades, Heinrich; Urbassek, Herbert M.
Physical Review B, Vol. 50, Issue 15
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.11167

Particle-induced erosion of materials at elevated temperature
journal, April 2004

Doerner, R. P.; Krasheninnikov, S. I.; Schmid, K.
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 95, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1063/1.1687038

The effects of high fluence mixed-species (deuterium, helium, beryllium) plasma interactions with tungsten
journal, June 2009

Baldwin, M. J.; Doerner, R. P.; Nishijima, D.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 390-391
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.01.247

Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo hybrid simulation for fuzzy tungsten nanostructure formation
journal, June 2015

Ito, A. M.; Takayama, A.; Oda, Y.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 55, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/55/7/073013

Experimental investigation on the effect of surface electric field in the growth of tungsten nano-tendril morphology due to low energy helium irradiation
journal, December 2016

Woller, K. B.; Whyte, D. G.; Wright, G. M.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 481
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.09.018

Surface self-diffusion of single atoms
journal, January 1975

Graham, William R.; Ehrlich, Gert
Thin Solid Films, Vol. 25, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0040-6090(75)90249-7

Near Infrared Radiation from Heated Nanostructured Tungsten
journal, January 2012

Kajita, Shin; Yokochi, Takanori; Ohno, Noriyasu
Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 1S
DOI: 10.7567/JJAP.51.01AJ03

Effect of rhenium addition on tungsten fuzz formation in helium plasmas
journal, June 2016

Khan, Aneeqa; De Temmerman, Gregory; Morgan, Thomas W.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 474
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.03.016

Retarding Field Energy Analysis for Ion Temperature Measurement in the Tokamak Edge
journal, January 1996

Pitts, R. A.
Contributions to Plasma Physics, Vol. 36, Issue S1
DOI: 10.1002/ctpp.19960360114

An experiment on the dynamics of ion implantation and sputtering of surfaces
journal, February 2014

Wright, G. M.; Barnard, H. A.; Kesler, L. A.
Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 85, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1063/1.4861917

Tensile stress-driven cracking of W fuzz over W crystal under fusion-relevant He ion irradiations
journal, February 2020

Fan, Hongyu; Zhang, Yang; Liu, Dongping
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/ab71bb

Influence of crystal orientation on damages of tungsten exposed to helium plasma
journal, July 2013

Ohno, Noriyasu; Hirahata, Yuki; Yamagiwa, Masato
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 438
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.190

The influence of plasma-surface interaction on the performance of tungsten at the ITER divertor vertical targets
journal, March 2018

De Temmerman, G.; Hirai, T.; Pitts, R. A.
Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 60, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6587/aaaf62

Dynamic measurement of the helium concentration of evolving tungsten nanostructures using Elastic Recoil Detection during plasma exposure
journal, August 2015

Woller, K. B.; Whyte, D. G.; Wright, G. M.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 463
DOI: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.11.126

Effect of tungsten crystallographic orientation on He-ion-induced surface morphology changes
journal, January 2014

Parish, C. M.; Hijazi, H.; Meyer, H. M.
Acta Materialia, Vol. 62
DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.09.045

Competing Kinetics and He Bubble Morphology in W
journal, March 2015

Sandoval, Luis; Perez, Danny; Uberuaga, Blas P.
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.105502

Field ion microscope studies of single-atom surface diffusion and cluster nucleation on metal surfaces
journal, December 1994

Kellogg, G. L.
Surface Science Reports, Vol. 21, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/0167-5729(94)90007-8

Helium induced nanoscopic morphology on tungsten under fusion relevant plasma conditions
journal, January 2008

Baldwin, M. J.; Doerner, R. P.
Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 48, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1088/0029-5515/48/3/035001

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Impact of Helium Ion Energy Modulation on Tungsten Surface Morphology and Nano-Tendril Growth

Dataset Woller, Kevin ; Whyte, Dennis ; Wright, Graham

Time-modulated helium (He) ion energy (e.g. V_Bias = -50 + 25*sin(2*pi*f_RF*t), f_RF = 13.56 MHz) is demonstrated to strongly affect the development of tungsten (W) surface morphology that results from He plasma irradiation in the DIONISOS linear plasma experiment. Nano-tendril bundles (NTBs), which appear as isolated “islands” of nano-tendrils, can rapidly grow on an otherwise smooth W surface. This is in contrast to previously seen full-surface coverage of nano-tendril growth known as “fuzz”. When tall NTBs form, less than 15% of the surface contains nano-tendrils. The NTB surface coverage changes with growth conditions and the total volume of nano-tendrils inmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/E7WWGM

View Dataset
Impact of helium ion energy modulation on tungsten surface morphology and nano-tendril growth

Journal Article Woller, K. B. ; Whyte, D. G. ; Wright, G. M. - Nuclear Fusion

Here, time-modulated helium (He) ion energy (e.g. V_Bias= –50 + 25·sin(2πf_RF · t), f_RF =13.56 MHz) is demonstrated to strongly affect the development of tungsten (W) surface morphology that results from He plasma irradiation in the DIONISOS linear plasma experiment. Nano-tendril bundles (NTBs), which appear as isolated 'islands' of nano-tendrils, can rapidly grow on an otherwise smooth W surface. This is in contrast to previously seen full-surface coverage of nano-tendril growth known as 'fuzz'. When tall NTBs form, less than 15% of the surface contains nano-tendrils. The NTB surface coverage changes with growth conditions and the total volume ofmore »« less
Cited by 39
https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa67ac

Full Text Available
Isolated nano-tendril bundles on tungsten surfaces exposed to radiofrequency helium plasma

Journal Article Woller, Kevin B. ; Whyte, Dennis G. ; Wright, Graham M. - Nuclear Materials and Energy

The DIONISOS experiment is used to study the impact of RF helium (He) plasma on the surface morphology of tungsten (W) at a frequency of 13.56 MHz. Helium ion energy distributions with a span of 70–75 eV, while still below the sputtering threshold result in nano-tendril bundles (NTBs) and free-standing W whiskers on surfaces at 1020 K. The NTBs are distributed intragranularly with coverage of less than 10% while reaching up to 30 µm normal to the surface for He ion fluence of 7.6 × 10²⁵ m^-2 and flux density of 10²² m^-2 s^-1. Analysis of the NTB interior andmore »« less
Cited by 13
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2017.04.016
Experimental investigation on the effect of surface electric field in the growth of tungsten nano-tendril morphology due to low energy helium irradiation

Journal Article Woller, K. B. ; Whyte, D. G. ; Wright, G. M. ; ... - Journal of Nuclear Materials

The mechanisms responsible for and controlling the growth of tungsten nano-tendrils (or “fuzz”) under low-energy helium plasma exposure remain unclear. For the first time in nano-tendril experiments, the plasma sheath-produced electric field and the helium (He) ion energy have been decoupled, showing that the sheath electric field has little impact on nano-tendril growth, eliminating a possible cause for tendril growth. The well-established necessary growth conditions for W fuzz were maintained with He ion flux density Γ_He > 10²¹ He m^–2 s^–1, surface temperature T_s = 1273 K, He ion energy E_He = 64 eV, and He ion fluence Φ_He >more »« less
Cited by 10
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2016.09.018

Full Text Available
Isolated nano-tendril bundles on tungsten surfaces exposed to radiofrequency helium plasma

Dataset Woller, Kevin ; Whyte, Dennis ; Wright, Graham

The DIONISOS experiment is used to study the impact of RF helium (He) plasma on the surface morphology of tungsten (W). Modulation of incident He ion energy with a span on the order of 50 eV and below the sputtering threshold at a frequency of 13.56 MHz results in nano-tendril bundles (NTBs) and free-standing W whiskers on the surface at 1020 K. The NTBs are distributed intra-granularly with coverage of less than 10% while reaching up to 30 microns normal to the surface for He ion fluence of 5.8 x 10^25 m^-2 and a flux density of 1.0 x 10^22more »« less
https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TLXCDQ

View Dataset

Similar Records

Title: Crystallographic analysis of nano-tendril bundle vs fuzz growth on tungsten exposed to helicon wave-coupled helium plasma

Abstract

Citation Formats

Growth of multifractal tungsten nanostructure by He bubble induced directional swelling journal, April 2015

A calculation of migration energies and binding energies for tungsten adatoms on tungsten surfaces journal, August 1970

Characterizing the recovery of a solid surface after tungsten nano-tendril formation journal, August 2015

Modeling of helium effects in metals: High temperature embrittlement journal, August 1985

Direct time-resolved observation of tungsten nanostructured growth due to helium plasma exposure journal, March 2015

Model of fuzz formation on a tungsten surface journal, December 2012

Growth of nano-tendril bundles on tungsten with impurity-rich He plasmas journal, July 2018

Efficient Plasma Route to Nanostructure Materials: Case Study on the Use of m-WO 3 for Solar Water Splitting journal, July 2013

Helium plasma irradiation on single crystal tungsten and undersized atom doped tungsten alloys journal, January 2014

Surface morphology and deuterium retention of tungsten after low- and high-flux deuterium plasma exposure journal, June 2014

Helium concentration in tungsten nano-tendril surface morphology using Elastic Recoil Detection journal, July 2013

Isolated nano-tendril bundles on tungsten surfaces exposed to radiofrequency helium plasma journal, August 2017

Impact of helium ion energy modulation on tungsten surface morphology and nano-tendril growth journal, April 2017

Atomistic modeling of growth and coalescence of helium nano-bubbles in tungsten journal, August 2015

Sub-ms laser pulse irradiation on tungsten target damaged by exposure to helium plasma journal, September 2007

Viscoelastic model of tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth journal, December 2011

Scanning retarding field analyzer for plasma profile measurements in the boundary of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak journal, March 2013

Experimental identification for physical mechanism of fiber-form nanostructure growth on metal surfaces with helium plasma irradiation journal, November 2015

Surface Modifications Induced by High Fluxes of Low Energy Helium Ions journal, April 2015

Tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth re-examined: the dependence on ion fluence in non-erosive and erosive helium plasma journal, August 2015

The Role of the Adatom Diffusion in the Tungsten Fuzz Growth journal, January 2015

Morphologies of co-depositing W layer formed during He plasma irradiation journal, July 2018

Broad ion energy distributions in helicon wave-coupled helium plasma journal, May 2017

Microstructure evolution in tungsten during low-energy helium ion irradiation journal, December 2000

Helium plasma implantation on metals: Nanostructure formation and visible-light photocatalytic response journal, April 2013

Erosion of nanostructured tungsten by laser ablation, sputtering and arcing journal, August 2017

Microwrinkle structures on refractory metal surfaces irradiated with noble gas plasma species journal, July 2017

Loop punching and bubble rupture causing surface roughening —A model for W fuzz growth journal, January 2014

A full tungsten divertor for ITER: Physics issues and design status journal, July 2013

Molecular-dynamics simulation of adatom formation under keV-ion bombardment of Pt(111) journal, October 1994

Particle-induced erosion of materials at elevated temperature journal, April 2004

The effects of high fluence mixed-species (deuterium, helium, beryllium) plasma interactions with tungsten journal, June 2009

Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo hybrid simulation for fuzzy tungsten nanostructure formation journal, June 2015

Experimental investigation on the effect of surface electric field in the growth of tungsten nano-tendril morphology due to low energy helium irradiation journal, December 2016

Surface self-diffusion of single atoms journal, January 1975

Near Infrared Radiation from Heated Nanostructured Tungsten journal, January 2012

Effect of rhenium addition on tungsten fuzz formation in helium plasmas journal, June 2016

Retarding Field Energy Analysis for Ion Temperature Measurement in the Tokamak Edge journal, January 1996

An experiment on the dynamics of ion implantation and sputtering of surfaces journal, February 2014

Tensile stress-driven cracking of W fuzz over W crystal under fusion-relevant He ion irradiations journal, February 2020

Influence of crystal orientation on damages of tungsten exposed to helium plasma journal, July 2013

The influence of plasma-surface interaction on the performance of tungsten at the ITER divertor vertical targets journal, March 2018

Dynamic measurement of the helium concentration of evolving tungsten nanostructures using Elastic Recoil Detection during plasma exposure journal, August 2015

Effect of tungsten crystallographic orientation on He-ion-induced surface morphology changes journal, January 2014

Competing Kinetics and He Bubble Morphology in W journal, March 2015

Field ion microscope studies of single-atom surface diffusion and cluster nucleation on metal surfaces journal, December 1994

Helium induced nanoscopic morphology on tungsten under fusion relevant plasma conditions journal, January 2008

Growth of multifractal tungsten nanostructure by He bubble induced directional swelling
journal, April 2015

A calculation of migration energies and binding energies for tungsten adatoms on tungsten surfaces
journal, August 1970

Characterizing the recovery of a solid surface after tungsten nano-tendril formation
journal, August 2015

Modeling of helium effects in metals: High temperature embrittlement
journal, August 1985

Direct time-resolved observation of tungsten nanostructured growth due to helium plasma exposure
journal, March 2015

Model of fuzz formation on a tungsten surface
journal, December 2012

Growth of nano-tendril bundles on tungsten with impurity-rich He plasmas
journal, July 2018

Efficient Plasma Route to Nanostructure Materials: Case Study on the Use of m-WO ₃ for Solar Water Splitting
journal, July 2013

Helium plasma irradiation on single crystal tungsten and undersized atom doped tungsten alloys
journal, January 2014

Surface morphology and deuterium retention of tungsten after low- and high-flux deuterium plasma exposure
journal, June 2014

Helium concentration in tungsten nano-tendril surface morphology using Elastic Recoil Detection
journal, July 2013

Isolated nano-tendril bundles on tungsten surfaces exposed to radiofrequency helium plasma
journal, August 2017

Impact of helium ion energy modulation on tungsten surface morphology and nano-tendril growth
journal, April 2017

Atomistic modeling of growth and coalescence of helium nano-bubbles in tungsten
journal, August 2015

Sub-ms laser pulse irradiation on tungsten target damaged by exposure to helium plasma
journal, September 2007

Viscoelastic model of tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth
journal, December 2011

Scanning retarding field analyzer for plasma profile measurements in the boundary of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak
journal, March 2013

Experimental identification for physical mechanism of fiber-form nanostructure growth on metal surfaces with helium plasma irradiation
journal, November 2015

Surface Modifications Induced by High Fluxes of Low Energy Helium Ions
journal, April 2015

Tungsten ‘fuzz’ growth re-examined: the dependence on ion fluence in non-erosive and erosive helium plasma
journal, August 2015

The Role of the Adatom Diffusion in the Tungsten Fuzz Growth
journal, January 2015

Morphologies of co-depositing W layer formed during He plasma irradiation
journal, July 2018

Broad ion energy distributions in helicon wave-coupled helium plasma
journal, May 2017

Microstructure evolution in tungsten during low-energy helium ion irradiation
journal, December 2000

Helium plasma implantation on metals: Nanostructure formation and visible-light photocatalytic response
journal, April 2013

Erosion of nanostructured tungsten by laser ablation, sputtering and arcing
journal, August 2017

Microwrinkle structures on refractory metal surfaces irradiated with noble gas plasma species
journal, July 2017

Loop punching and bubble rupture causing surface roughening —A model for W fuzz growth
journal, January 2014

A full tungsten divertor for ITER: Physics issues and design status
journal, July 2013

Molecular-dynamics simulation of adatom formation under keV-ion bombardment of Pt(111)
journal, October 1994

Particle-induced erosion of materials at elevated temperature
journal, April 2004

The effects of high fluence mixed-species (deuterium, helium, beryllium) plasma interactions with tungsten
journal, June 2009

Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo hybrid simulation for fuzzy tungsten nanostructure formation
journal, June 2015

Experimental investigation on the effect of surface electric field in the growth of tungsten nano-tendril morphology due to low energy helium irradiation
journal, December 2016

Surface self-diffusion of single atoms
journal, January 1975

Near Infrared Radiation from Heated Nanostructured Tungsten
journal, January 2012

Effect of rhenium addition on tungsten fuzz formation in helium plasmas
journal, June 2016

Retarding Field Energy Analysis for Ion Temperature Measurement in the Tokamak Edge
journal, January 1996

An experiment on the dynamics of ion implantation and sputtering of surfaces
journal, February 2014

Tensile stress-driven cracking of W fuzz over W crystal under fusion-relevant He ion irradiations
journal, February 2020

Influence of crystal orientation on damages of tungsten exposed to helium plasma
journal, July 2013

The influence of plasma-surface interaction on the performance of tungsten at the ITER divertor vertical targets
journal, March 2018

Dynamic measurement of the helium concentration of evolving tungsten nanostructures using Elastic Recoil Detection during plasma exposure
journal, August 2015

Effect of tungsten crystallographic orientation on He-ion-induced surface morphology changes
journal, January 2014

Competing Kinetics and He Bubble Morphology in W
journal, March 2015

Field ion microscope studies of single-atom surface diffusion and cluster nucleation on metal surfaces
journal, December 1994

Helium induced nanoscopic morphology on tungsten under fusion relevant plasma conditions
journal, January 2008