Investigating the architecture and internal structure of the TOI-561 system planets with CHEOPS, HARPS-N, and TESS

Lacedelli, G.; Wilson, T. G.; Malavolta, L.; Hooton, M. J.; Collier Cameron, A.; Alibert, Y.; Mortier, A.; Bonfanti, A.; Haywood, R. D.; Hoyer, S.; Piotto, G.; Bekkelien, A.; Vanderburg, A. M.; Benz, W.; Dumusque, X.; Deline, A.; López-Morales, M.; Borsato, L.; Rice, K.; Fossati, L.; Latham, D. W.; Brandeker, A.; Poretti, E.; Sousa, S. G.; Sozzetti, A.; Salmon, S.; Burke, C. J.; Van Grootel, V.; Fausnaugh, M. M.; Adibekyan, V.; Huang, C. X.; Osborn, H. P.; Mustill, A. J.; Pallé, E.; Bourrier, V.; Nascimbeni, V.; Alonso, R.; Anglada, G.; Bárczy, T.; Barrado y Navascues, D.; Barros, S. C. C.; Baumjohann, W.; Beck, M.; Beck, T.; Billot, N.; Bonfils, X.; Broeg, C.; Buchhave, L. A.; Cabrera, J.; Charnoz, S.; Cosentino, R.; Csizmadia, Sz; Davies, M. B.; Deleuil, M.; Delrez, L.; Demangeon, O.; Demory, B. -O; Ehrenreich, D.; Erikson, A.; Esparza-Borges, E.; Florén, H. G.; Fortier, A.; Fridlund, M.; Futyan, D.; Gandolfi, D.; Ghedina, A.; Gillon, M.; Güdel, M.; Guterman, P.; Harutyunyan, A.; Heng, K.; Isaak, K. G.; Jenkins, J. M.; Kiss, L.; Laskar, J.; Lecavelier des Etangs, A.; Lendl, M.; Lovis, C.; Magrin, D.; Marafatto, L.; Martinez Fiorenzano, A. F.; Maxted, P. F. L.; Mayor, M.; Micela, G.; Molinari, E.; Murgas, F.; Narita, N.; Olofsson, G.; Ottensamer, R.; Pagano, I.; Pasetti, A.; Pedani, M.; Pepe, F. A.; Peter, G.; Phillips, D. F.; Pollacco, D.; Queloz, D.; Ragazzoni, R.; Rando, N.; Ratti, F.; Rauer, H.; Ribas, I.; Santos, N. C.; Sasselov, D.; Scandariato, G.; Seager, S.; Ségransan, D.; Serrano, L. M.; Simon, A. E.; Smith, A. M. S.; Steinberger, M.; Steller, M.; Szabó, Gy; Thomas, N.; Twicken, J. D.; Udry, S.; Walton, N.; Winn, J. N.

doi:10.1093/mnras/stac199

Title: Investigating the architecture and internal structure of the TOI-561 system planets with CHEOPS, HARPS-N, and TESS

Journal Article · Fri Jan 28 00:00:00 UTC 2022 · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac199 · OSTI ID:1846680

;

; Alibert, Y.;

; Bonfanti, A.; Haywood, R. D.;

; Piotto, G.; Bekkelien, A.; Vanderburg, A. M.; Benz, W.; Dumusque, X.; Deline, A.; López-Morales, M.;

;

; Fossati, L. more »

ABSTRACT We present a precise characterization of the TOI-561 planetary system obtained by combining previously published data with TESS and CHEOPS photometry, and a new set of 62 HARPS-N radial velocities (RVs). Our joint analysis confirms the presence of four transiting planets, namely TOI-561 b (P = 0.45 d, R = 1.42 R⊕, M = 2.0 M⊕), c (P = 10.78 d, R = 2.91 R⊕, M = 5.4 M⊕), d (P = 25.7 d, R = 2.82 R⊕, M = 13.2 M⊕), and e (P = 77 d, R = 2.55 R⊕, M = 12.6 R⊕). Moreover, we identify an additional, long-period signal (>450 d) in the RVs, which could be due to either an external planetary companion or to stellar magnetic activity. The precise masses and radii obtained for the four planets allowed us to conduct interior structure and atmospheric escape modelling. TOI-561 b is confirmed to be the lowest density (ρb = 3.8 ± 0.5 g cm−3) ultra-short period (USP) planet known to date, and the low metallicity of the host star makes it consistent with the general bulk density-stellar metallicity trend. According to our interior structure modelling, planet b has basically no gas envelope, and it could host a certain amount of water. In contrast, TOI-561 c, d, and e likely retained an H/He envelope, in addition to a possibly large water layer. The inferred planetary compositions suggest different atmospheric evolutionary paths, with planets b and c having experienced significant gas loss, and planets d and e showing an atmospheric content consistent with the original one. The uniqueness of the USP planet, the presence of the long-period planet TOI-561 e, and the complex architecture make this system an appealing target for follow-up studies.

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Nuclear Energy (NE), Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supply Chain

OSTI ID:: 1846680

Journal Information:: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Journal Name: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 511; ISSN 0035-8711

Publisher:: Oxford University PressCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United Kingdom

Language:: English

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An Ultra-short Period Rocky Super-Earth with a Secondary Eclipse and a Neptune-like Companion around K2-141 Malavolta, Luca; Mayo, Andrew W.; Louden, Tom The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 155, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaa5b5	journal	February 2018
The TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List Stassun, Keivan G.; Oelkers, Ryan J.; Pepper, Joshua The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aad050	journal	August 2018
The California-Kepler Survey. VI. Kepler Multis and Singles Have Similar Planet and Stellar Properties Indicating a Common Origin Weiss, Lauren M.; Isaacson, Howard T.; Marcy, Geoffrey W. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 156, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aae70a	journal	November 2018
The Orbital Eccentricity of Small Planet Systems Eylen, Vincent Van; Albrecht, Simon; Huang, Xu The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aaf22f	journal	January 2019
The California-Kepler Survey. VIII. Eccentricities of Kepler Planets and Tentative Evidence of a High-metallicity Preference for Small Eccentric Planets Mills, Sean M.; Howard, Andrew W.; Petigura, Erik A. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 157, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab1009	journal	April 2019
On the Orbital Spacing Pattern of Kepler Multiple-planet Systems Jiang, Chao-Feng; Xie, Ji-Wei; Zhou, Ji-Lin The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abb01b	journal	September 2020
The TESS-Keck Survey. II. An Ultra-short-period Rocky Planet and Its Siblings Transiting the Galactic Thick-disk Star TOI-561 Weiss, Lauren M.; Dai, Fei; Huber, Daniel The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 161, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abd409	journal	January 2021
Detection Limits of Low-mass, Long-period Exoplanets Using Gaussian Processes Applied to HARPS-N Solar Radial Velocities Langellier, N.; Milbourne, T. W.; Phillips, D. F. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 161, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abf1e0	journal	May 2021
TKS X: Confirmation of TOI-1444b and a Comparative Analysis of the Ultra-short-period Planets with Hot Neptunes Dai, Fei; Howard, Andrew W.; Batalha, Natalie M. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 162, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac02bd	journal	July 2021
A NEW GENERATION OF `PARSEC` - `COLIBRI` STELLAR ISOCHRONES INCLUDING THE TP-AGB PHASE Marigo, Paola; Girardi, Léo; Bressan, Alessandro The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 835, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/77	journal	January 2017
Interior Characterization in Multiplanetary Systems: TRAPPIST-1 Dorn, Caroline; Mosegaard, Klaus; Grimm, Simon L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad95d	journal	September 2018
Close-in Sub-Neptunes Reveal the Past Rotation History of Their Host Stars: Atmospheric Evolution of Planets in the HD 3167 and K2-32 Planetary Systems Kubyshkina, D.; Cubillos, P. E.; Fossati, L. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1e42	journal	July 2019
Kepler Multi-planet Systems Exhibit Unexpected Intra-system Uniformity in Mass and Radius Millholland, Sarah; Wang, Songhu; Laughlin, Gregory The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 849, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9714	journal	November 2017
Bridging the Planet Radius Valley: Stellar Clustering as a Key Driver for Turning Sub-Neptunes into Super-Earths Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Longmore, Steven N.; Chevance, Mélanie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 905, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abccc3	journal	December 2020
Hidden Water in Magma Ocean Exoplanets Dorn, Caroline; Lichtenberg, Tim The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 922, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac33af	journal	November 2021
Calibrated Full-frame Images for the TESS Quick Look Pipeline Fausnaugh, Michael M.; Burke, Christopher J.; Ricker, George R. Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 4, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abd63a	journal	December 2020
Limb and Gravity-darkening Coefficients for the Space Mission CHEOPS Claret, A. Research Notes of the AAS, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/abdcb3	journal	January 2021

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