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Title: The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G

Abstract

SPT-3G is the third survey receiver operating on the South Pole Telescope dedicated to high-resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Sensitive measurements of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB provide a powerful data set for constraining cosmology. Additionally, CMB surveys with arcminute-scale resolution are capable of detecting galaxy clusters, millimeter-wave bright galaxies, and a variety of transient phenomena. The SPT-3G instrument provides a significant improvement in mapping speed over its predecessors, SPT-SZ and SPTpol. The broadband optics design of the instrument achieves a 430 mm diameter image plane across observing bands of 95, 150, and 220 GHz, with 1.2' FWHM beam response at 150 GHz. In the receiver, this image plane is populated with 2690 dual-polarization, trichroic pixels (~16,000 detectors) read out using a 68× digital frequency-domain multiplexing readout system. In 2018, SPT-3G began a multiyear survey of 1500 deg2 of the southern sky. Finally, we summarize the unique optical, cryogenic, detector, and readout technologies employed in SPT-3G, and we report on the integrated performance of the instrument.

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); National Science Foundation (NSF); University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications
OSTI Identifier:
1844266
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1824654; OSTI ID: 1854010; OSTI ID: 1855205; OSTI ID: 1881029
Report Number(s):
FERMILAB-PUB-21-291-AE; arXiv:2106.11202
Journal ID: ISSN 0067-0049
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-07CH11359; PLR-1248097; OPP-1852617; PHY-1125897; AC02-06CH11357; AST-0956135; SC0015640; AC02-76SF00515; AC02-05CH11231
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series Journal Volume: 258 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0067-0049
Publisher:
American Astronomical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; cosmic microwave background radiation; astronomical instrumentation; polarimeters

Citation Formats

Sobrin, J. A., Anderson, A. J., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Dutcher, D., Foster, A., Goeckner-Wald, N., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Rahlin, A., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Archipley, M., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Balkenhol, L., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., Haan, T. de, Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R. The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G. United States: N. p., 2022. Web. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac374f.
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Sobrin, J. A., Anderson, A. J., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Dutcher, D., Foster, A., Goeckner-Wald, N., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Rahlin, A., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Archipley, M., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Balkenhol, L., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., Haan, T. de, Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., & Young, M. R. The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac374f
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Sobrin, J. A., Anderson, A. J., Bender, A. N., Benson, B. A., Dutcher, D., Foster, A., Goeckner-Wald, N., Montgomery, J., Nadolski, A., Rahlin, A., Ade, P. A. R., Ahmed, Z., Anderes, E., Archipley, M., Austermann, J. E., Avva, J. S., Aylor, K., Balkenhol, L., Barry, P. S., Thakur, R. Basu, Benabed, K., Bianchini, F., Bleem, L. E., Bouchet, F. R., Bryant, L., Byrum, K., Carlstrom, J. E., Carter, F. W., Cecil, T. W., Chang, C. L., Chaubal, P., Chen, G., Cho, H. -M., Chou, T. -L., Cliche, J. -F., Crawford, T. M., Cukierman, A., Daley, C., Haan, T. de, Denison, E. V., Dibert, K., Ding, J., Dobbs, M. A., Everett, W., Feng, C., Ferguson, K. R., Fu, J., Galli, S., Gambrel, A. E., Gardner, R. W., Gualtieri, R., Guns, S., Gupta, N., Guyser, R., Halverson, N. W., Harke-Hosemann, A. H., Harrington, N. L., Henning, J. W., Hilton, G. C., Hivon, E., Holder, G. P., Holzapfel, W. L., Hood, J. C., Howe, D., Huang, N., Irwin, K. D., Jeong, O. B., Jonas, M., Jones, A., Khaire, T. S., Knox, L., Kofman, A. M., Korman, M., Kubik, D. L., Kuhlmann, S., Kuo, C. -L., Lee, A. T., Leitch, E. M., Lowitz, A. E., Lu, C., Meyer, S. S., Michalik, D., Millea, M., Natoli, T., Nguyen, H., Noble, G. I., Novosad, V., Omori, Y., Padin, S., Pan, Z., Paschos, P., Pearson, J., Posada, C. M., Prabhu, K., Quan, W., Reichardt, C. L., Riebel, D., Riedel, B., Rouble, M., Ruhl, J. E., Saliwanchik, B., Sayre, J. T., Schiappucci, E., Shirokoff, E., Smecher, G., Stark, A. A., Stephen, J., Story, K. T., Suzuki, A., Tandoi, C., Thompson, K. L., Thorne, B., Tucker, C., Umilta, C., Vale, L. R., Vanderlinde, K., Vieira, J. D., Wang, G., Whitehorn, N., Wu, W. L. K., Yefremenko, V., Yoon, K. W., and Young, M. R. Wed . "The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac374f.
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@article{osti_1844266,
title = {The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G},
author = {Sobrin, J. A. and Anderson, A. J. and Bender, A. N. and Benson, B. A. and Dutcher, D. and Foster, A. and Goeckner-Wald, N. and Montgomery, J. and Nadolski, A. and Rahlin, A. and Ade, P. A. R. and Ahmed, Z. and Anderes, E. and Archipley, M. and Austermann, J. E. and Avva, J. S. and Aylor, K. and Balkenhol, L. and Barry, P. S. and Thakur, R. Basu and Benabed, K. and Bianchini, F. and Bleem, L. E. and Bouchet, F. R. and Bryant, L. and Byrum, K. and Carlstrom, J. E. and Carter, F. W. and Cecil, T. W. and Chang, C. L. and Chaubal, P. and Chen, G. and Cho, H. -M. and Chou, T. -L. and Cliche, J. -F. and Crawford, T. M. and Cukierman, A. and Daley, C. and Haan, T. de and Denison, E. V. and Dibert, K. and Ding, J. and Dobbs, M. A. and Everett, W. and Feng, C. and Ferguson, K. R. and Fu, J. and Galli, S. and Gambrel, A. E. and Gardner, R. W. and Gualtieri, R. and Guns, S. and Gupta, N. and Guyser, R. and Halverson, N. W. and Harke-Hosemann, A. H. and Harrington, N. L. and Henning, J. W. and Hilton, G. C. and Hivon, E. and Holder, G. P. and Holzapfel, W. L. and Hood, J. C. and Howe, D. and Huang, N. and Irwin, K. D. and Jeong, O. B. and Jonas, M. and Jones, A. and Khaire, T. S. and Knox, L. and Kofman, A. M. and Korman, M. and Kubik, D. L. and Kuhlmann, S. and Kuo, C. -L. and Lee, A. T. and Leitch, E. M. and Lowitz, A. E. and Lu, C. and Meyer, S. S. and Michalik, D. and Millea, M. and Natoli, T. and Nguyen, H. and Noble, G. I. and Novosad, V. and Omori, Y. and Padin, S. and Pan, Z. and Paschos, P. and Pearson, J. and Posada, C. M. and Prabhu, K. and Quan, W. and Reichardt, C. L. and Riebel, D. and Riedel, B. and Rouble, M. and Ruhl, J. E. and Saliwanchik, B. and Sayre, J. T. and Schiappucci, E. and Shirokoff, E. and Smecher, G. and Stark, A. A. and Stephen, J. and Story, K. T. and Suzuki, A. and Tandoi, C. and Thompson, K. L. and Thorne, B. and Tucker, C. and Umilta, C. and Vale, L. R. and Vanderlinde, K. and Vieira, J. D. and Wang, G. and Whitehorn, N. and Wu, W. L. K. and Yefremenko, V. and Yoon, K. W. and Young, M. R.},
abstractNote = {SPT-3G is the third survey receiver operating on the South Pole Telescope dedicated to high-resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Sensitive measurements of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB provide a powerful data set for constraining cosmology. Additionally, CMB surveys with arcminute-scale resolution are capable of detecting galaxy clusters, millimeter-wave bright galaxies, and a variety of transient phenomena. The SPT-3G instrument provides a significant improvement in mapping speed over its predecessors, SPT-SZ and SPTpol. The broadband optics design of the instrument achieves a 430 mm diameter image plane across observing bands of 95, 150, and 220 GHz, with 1.2' FWHM beam response at 150 GHz. In the receiver, this image plane is populated with 2690 dual-polarization, trichroic pixels (~16,000 detectors) read out using a 68× digital frequency-domain multiplexing readout system. In 2018, SPT-3G began a multiyear survey of 1500 deg2 of the southern sky. Finally, we summarize the unique optical, cryogenic, detector, and readout technologies employed in SPT-3G, and we report on the integrated performance of the instrument.},
doi = {10.3847/1538-4365/ac374f},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series},
number = 2,
volume = 258,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Feb 09 00:00:00 EST 2022},
month = {Wed Feb 09 00:00:00 EST 2022}
}
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  • Anderson, A. J.; Ade, P. A. R.; Ahmed, Z.
  • Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Vol. 199, Issue 1-2
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10909-019-02259-7

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Sunyaev-Zel'dovich selected galaxy clusters at 148 GHz from three seasons of data
journal, July 2013

  • Hasselfield, Matthew; Hilton, Matt; Marriage, Tobias A.
  • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2013, Issue 07
  • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2013/07/008

Planck 2018 results: VI. Cosmological parameters
journal, September 2020

Improved performance of TES bolometers using digital feedback
conference, September 2012

  • de Haan, Tijmen; Smecher, Graeme; Dobbs, Matt
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.925658

Constraints on Λ CDM extensions from the SPT-3G 2018 E E and T E power spectra
journal, October 2021

A three-stage helium sorption refrigerator for cooling of infrared detectors to 280 mK
journal, January 2000

South Pole Telescope optics
journal, January 2008

  • Padin, S.; Staniszewski, Z.; Keisler, R.
  • Applied Optics, Vol. 47, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.1364/AO.47.004418

IPython: A System for Interactive Scientific Computing
journal, January 2007

  • Perez, Fernando; Granger, Brian E.
  • Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1109/MCSE.2007.53

Galaxy Clusters Selected via the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect in the SPTpol 100-square-degree Survey
journal, February 2020

Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Constraints on cosmic birefringence
journal, April 2020

Millimeter-wave Point Sources from the 2500 Square Degree SPT-SZ Survey: Catalog and Population Statistics
journal, August 2020

Digital frequency domain multiplexing readout electronics for the next generation of millimeter telescopes
conference, July 2014

  • Bender, Amy N.; Cliche, Jean-François; de Haan, Tijmen
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.2054949

Searching for anisotropic cosmic birefringence with polarization data from SPTpol
journal, October 2020

Detection of Galactic and Extragalactic Millimeter-wavelength Transient Sources with SPT-3G
journal, August 2021

Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment
journal, January 2007

The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: Detection of Millimeter-wave Transient Sources
journal, June 2021

  • Naess, Sigurd; Battaglia, Nick; Richard Bond, J.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 915, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/abfe6d

Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves Using P l a n c k , WMAP, and New BICEP2/ K e c k Observations through the 2015 Season
journal, November 2018

NINE-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL PARAMETER RESULTS
journal, September 2013

  • Hinshaw, G.; Larson, D.; Komatsu, E.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 208, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/19

The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation
journal, March 2011

  • van der Walt, Stéfan; Colbert, S. Chris; Varoquaux, Gaël
  • Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 13, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1109/MCSE.2011.37

Fabrication of large dual-polarized multichroic TES bolometer arrays for CMB measurements with the SPT-3G camera
journal, August 2015

Developments in Time-Division Multiplexing of X-ray Transition-Edge Sensors
journal, December 2015

  • Doriese, W. B.; Morgan, K. M.; Bennett, D. A.
  • Journal of Low Temperature Physics, Vol. 184, Issue 1-2
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10909-015-1373-z

BICEP3: a 95GHz refracting telescope for degree-scale CMB polarization
conference, August 2014

  • Ahmed, Z.; Amiri, M.; Benton, S. J.
  • SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, SPIE Proceedings
  • DOI: 10.1117/12.2057224

Measurements of the Temperature and E-mode Polarization of the CMB from 500 Square Degrees of SPTpol Data
journal, January 2018

  • Henning, J. W.; Sayre, J. T.; Reichardt, C. L.
  • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9ff4
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