Hydrodynamic description of D meson production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions *

Ding, Chi; Ke, Wei-Yao; Pang, Long-Gang; Wang, Xin-Nian

doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abf645

Title: Hydrodynamic description of D meson production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions *

Abstract

The large values and constituent-quark-number scaling of the elliptic flow of low-p_T D mesons imply that charm quarks, initially produced through hard processes, might be partially thermalized through strong interactions with quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. To quantify the degree of thermalization of low-p_T charm quarks, we compare the D⁰ meson spectra and elliptic flow from a hydrodynamic model to experimental data as well as transport model simulations. We use an effective charm chemical potential at the freeze-out temperature to account for the initial charm quark production from hard processes and assume that they are thermalized in the local comoving frame of the medium before freeze-out. D⁰ mesons are sampled statistically from the freeze-out hyper-surface of the expanding QGP as described by the event-by-event (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamic model CLVisc. Both the hydrodynamic and transport models can describe the elliptic flow of D⁰ mesons at P_T < 3 GeV/c as measured in Au+Au collisions at $$sqrts_{NN} = 200$$ GeV. Though the experimental data on spectra are consistent with the hydrodynamic result at small p_T ~ 1 GeV/c, they deviate from the hydrodynamic model at high transverse momentum, GeV/c. The diffusion and parton energy loss mechanisms in the transport model can describe the measured spectra reasonably well within the theoretical uncertainty. Finally, our comparative study indicates that charm quarks only approach local thermal equilibrium at small p_T, even though they acquire sizable elliptic flow comparable to light-quark hadrons at both small and intermediate p_T.

Authors:

Ding, Chi ^[1]; Ke, Wei-Yao ^[2]; Pang, Long-Gang ^[1]; Wang, Xin-Nian ^[3]

Central China Normal University, Wuhan (China)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Central China Normal University, Wuhan (China); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Jan 05 00:00:00 EST 2021

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); National Key Research and Development Program of China; National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC); National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1836264

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; 2020YFE0202002; 11935007; 11221504; 11861131009; 12075098; 11890714; ACI-1550228; OAC-2004571

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 45; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1674-1137

Publisher:: IOP Publishing

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats


                    Ding, Chi, Ke, Wei-Yao, Pang, Long-Gang, and Wang, Xin-Nian. Hydrodynamic description of D meson production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions *.  United States: N. p., 2021. 
Web.  doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abf645.

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                    Ding, Chi, Ke, Wei-Yao, Pang, Long-Gang, & Wang, Xin-Nian. Hydrodynamic description of D meson production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions *.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/abf645

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                    Ding, Chi, Ke, Wei-Yao, Pang, Long-Gang, and Wang, Xin-Nian. Tue .  
"Hydrodynamic description of D meson production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions *".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/abf645.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1836264.

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@article{osti_1836264,

  title        = {Hydrodynamic description of D meson production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions *},

  author       = {Ding, Chi and Ke, Wei-Yao and Pang, Long-Gang and Wang, Xin-Nian},

  abstractNote = {The large values and constituent-quark-number scaling of the elliptic flow of low-pT D mesons imply that charm quarks, initially produced through hard processes, might be partially thermalized through strong interactions with quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in high-energy heavy-ion collisions. To quantify the degree of thermalization of low-pT charm quarks, we compare the D0 meson spectra and elliptic flow from a hydrodynamic model to experimental data as well as transport model simulations. We use an effective charm chemical potential at the freeze-out temperature to account for the initial charm quark production from hard processes and assume that they are thermalized in the local comoving frame of the medium before freeze-out. D0 mesons are sampled statistically from the freeze-out hyper-surface of the expanding QGP as described by the event-by-event (3+1)D viscous hydrodynamic model CLVisc. Both the hydrodynamic and transport models can describe the elliptic flow of D0 mesons at PT < 3 GeV/c as measured in Au+Au collisions at $sqrts_{NN} = 200$ GeV. Though the experimental data on spectra are consistent with the hydrodynamic result at small pT ~ 1 GeV/c, they deviate from the hydrodynamic model at high transverse momentum, GeV/c. The diffusion and parton energy loss mechanisms in the transport model can describe the measured spectra reasonably well within the theoretical uncertainty. Finally, our comparative study indicates that charm quarks only approach local thermal equilibrium at small pT, even though they acquire sizable elliptic flow comparable to light-quark hadrons at both small and intermediate pT.},

  doi          = {10.1088/1674-1137/abf645},

  journal      = {Chinese Physics C, High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics},

  number       = 7,

  volume       = 45,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Jan 05 00:00:00 EST 2021},

  month        = {Tue Jan 05 00:00:00 EST 2021}

}

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Title: Hydrodynamic description of D meson production in high-energy heavy-ion collisions *

Abstract

Citation Formats

The strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma created at RHIC journal, May 2009

Particle-Type Dependence of Azimuthal Anisotropy and Nuclear Modification of Particle Production in A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, February 2004

Charmed hadron production via equal-velocity quark combination in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions journal, May 2020

D Meson Elliptic Flow in Noncentral Pb-Pb Collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV journal, September 2013

The p T spectrum in heavy-flavour hadroproduction journal, May 1998

Study of high-p T charged particle suppression in PbPb compared to pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76~\mathrm{TeV}$ journal, March 2012

QCD equation of state and hadron resonance gas journal, June 2010

Heavy-quark dynamics and hadronization in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions: Collisional versus radiative energy loss journal, October 2013

Review of Particle Physics journal, October 2016

Microscopic models for ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions journal, January 1998

Theoretical predictions for charm and bottom production at the LHC journal, October 2012

Λ c + production in Pb–Pb collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV journal, June 2019

Charm cross sections for the Tevatron Run II journal, September 2003

Charm meson scattering cross sections by pion and rho meson journal, July 2001

Measurements of Λ c + and D s + productions in Au+Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV from STAR journal, November 2017

Charmonium properties in hot quenched lattice QCD journal, July 2012

Significance of the Fragmentation Region in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions journal, August 2003

Disappearance of Back-To-Back High- p T Hadron Correlations in Central A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, February 2003

Measurement of D0, D+, D*+ and D s + production in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 5.02 $$ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02 $$ TeV journal, October 2018

Suppression of Hadrons with Large Transverse Momentum in Central A u + A u Collisions at s NN = 130 GeV journal, December 2001

Nonperturbative estimate of the heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient journal, December 2015

Evidence of Early Multistrange Hadron Freeze-Out in High Energy Nuclear Collisions journal, December 1998

Applying Bayesian parameter estimation to relativistic heavy-ion collisions: Simultaneous characterization of the initial state and quark-gluon plasma medium journal, August 2016

Identified charged particle spectra and yields in Au + Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, March 2004

Measurement of D 0 Azimuthal Anisotropy at Midrapidity in Au + Au Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, May 2017

D -meson production from recombination in hadronic collisions journal, April 2003

Perturbative QCD fragmentation functions as a model for heavy-quark fragmentation journal, May 1995

How much do heavy quarks thermalize in a heavy ion collision? journal, June 2005

EPPS16: nuclear parton distributions with LHC data journal, March 2017

Toward the determination of heavy-quark transport coefficients in quark-gluon plasma journal, May 2019

Linearized Boltzmann transport model for jet propagation in the quark-gluon plasma: Heavy quark evolution journal, July 2016

Extraction of heavy-flavor transport coefficients in QCD matter journal, November 2018

Relativistic hadron-hadron collisions in the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model journal, September 1999

The p T spectrum in heavy-flavour photoproduction journal, March 2001

Nuclear modification factor of D 0 mesons in PbPb collisions at s NN = 5.02 TeV journal, July 2018

Pseudorapidity distribution and decorrelation of anisotropic flow within the open-computing-language implementation CLVisc hydrodynamics journal, June 2018

Toward a consistent evolution of the quark-gluon plasma and heavy quarks journal, April 2016

Centrality Dependence of High- p T Hadron Suppression in A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 130 G e V journal, October 2002

Measurements of D 0 and D * production in p + p collisions at s = 200 GeV journal, October 2012

Charmed hadron chemistry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal, August 2020

Centrality dependence of charged hadron and strange hadron elliptic flow from s NN = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions journal, May 2008

Alternative ansatz to wounded nucleon and binary collision scaling in high-energy nuclear collisions journal, July 2015

Single-particle distribution in the hydrodynamic and statistical thermodynamic models of multiparticle production journal, July 1974

Classical strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma. I. Model and molecular dynamics simulations journal, October 2006

Elliptic Flow of Identified Hadrons in A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, October 2003

Centrality and transverse momentum dependence of D 0 -meson production at mid-rapidity in Au + Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV journal, March 2019

Suppression of high transverse momentum D mesons in central Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{{{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=2.76\;\mathrm{TeV} $ journal, September 2012

Elliptic Flow of Charm and Strange Hadrons in High-Multiplicity p + Pb Collisions at s NN = 8.16 TeV journal, August 2018

Heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient from lattice QCD journal, January 2012

First Measurement of Λ c Baryon Production in Au + Au Collisions at s N N = 200 GeV journal, May 2020

Hadronization and Charm-Hadron Ratios in Heavy-Ion Collisions journal, January 2020

Heavy particle production in high-energy hadron collisions journal, January 1986

Partonic coalescence in relativistic heavy ion collisions journal, September 2003

On the Theory of the Brownian Motion II journal, April 1945

Suppressed π 0 Production at Large Transverse Momentum in Central A u + A u Collisions at s N N = 200 G e V journal, August 2003

Linearized Boltzmann-Langevin model for heavy quark transport in hot and dense QCD matter journal, December 2018

Measurement of Prompt D 0 Meson Azimuthal Anisotropy in Pb-Pb Collisions at s N N = 5.02 TeV journal, May 2018

Data-driven analysis for the temperature and momentum dependence of the heavy-quark diffusion coefficient in relativistic heavy-ion collisions journal, January 2018

The strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma created at RHIC
journal, May 2009

Particle-Type Dependence of Azimuthal Anisotropy and Nuclear Modification of Particle Production in $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, February 2004

Charmed hadron production via equal-velocity quark combination in ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, May 2020

$D$ Meson Elliptic Flow in Noncentral Pb-Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 2.76 TeV$
journal, September 2013

The p _T spectrum in heavy-flavour hadroproduction
journal, May 1998

Study of high-p T charged particle suppression in PbPb compared to pp collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=2.76~\mathrm{TeV}$
journal, March 2012

QCD equation of state and hadron resonance gas
journal, June 2010

Heavy-quark dynamics and hadronization in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions: Collisional versus radiative energy loss
journal, October 2013

Review of Particle Physics
journal, October 2016

Microscopic models for ultrarelativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, January 1998

Theoretical predictions for charm and bottom production at the LHC
journal, October 2012

$Λ_{c}^{+}$ production in Pb–Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV
journal, June 2019

Charm cross sections for the Tevatron Run II
journal, September 2003

Charm meson scattering cross sections by pion and rho meson
journal, July 2001

Measurements of $Λ_{c}^{+}$ and $D_{s}^{+}$ productions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV$ from STAR
journal, November 2017

Charmonium properties in hot quenched lattice QCD
journal, July 2012

Significance of the Fragmentation Region in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, August 2003

Disappearance of Back-To-Back High- $p_{T}$ Hadron Correlations in Central $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, February 2003

Measurement of D0, D+, D*+ and D s + production in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 5.02 $$ \sqrt{{\mathrm{s}}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02 $$ TeV
journal, October 2018

Suppression of Hadrons with Large Transverse Momentum in Central $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 130 GeV$
journal, December 2001

Nonperturbative estimate of the heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient
journal, December 2015

Evidence of Early Multistrange Hadron Freeze-Out in High Energy Nuclear Collisions
journal, December 1998

Applying Bayesian parameter estimation to relativistic heavy-ion collisions: Simultaneous characterization of the initial state and quark-gluon plasma medium
journal, August 2016

Identified charged particle spectra and yields in $Au + Au$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, March 2004

Measurement of $D^{0}$ Azimuthal Anisotropy at Midrapidity in $Au + Au$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, May 2017

$D$ -meson production from recombination in hadronic collisions
journal, April 2003

Perturbative QCD fragmentation functions as a model for heavy-quark fragmentation
journal, May 1995

How much do heavy quarks thermalize in a heavy ion collision?
journal, June 2005

EPPS16: nuclear parton distributions with LHC data
journal, March 2017

Toward the determination of heavy-quark transport coefficients in quark-gluon plasma
journal, May 2019

Linearized Boltzmann transport model for jet propagation in the quark-gluon plasma: Heavy quark evolution
journal, July 2016

Extraction of heavy-flavor transport coefficients in QCD matter
journal, November 2018

Relativistic hadron-hadron collisions in the ultra-relativistic quantum molecular dynamics model
journal, September 1999

The p _T spectrum in heavy-flavour photoproduction
journal, March 2001

Nuclear modification factor of D 0 mesons in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02 TeV$
journal, July 2018

Pseudorapidity distribution and decorrelation of anisotropic flow within the open-computing-language implementation CLVisc hydrodynamics
journal, June 2018

Toward a consistent evolution of the quark-gluon plasma and heavy quarks
journal, April 2016

Centrality Dependence of High- $p_{T}$ Hadron Suppression in $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 130 G e V$
journal, October 2002

Measurements of $D^{0}$ and $D^{*}$ production in $p + p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 200 GeV$
journal, October 2012

Charmed hadron chemistry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, August 2020

Centrality dependence of charged hadron and strange hadron elliptic flow from $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV Au+Au collisions
journal, May 2008

Alternative ansatz to wounded nucleon and binary collision scaling in high-energy nuclear collisions
journal, July 2015

Single-particle distribution in the hydrodynamic and statistical thermodynamic models of multiparticle production
journal, July 1974

Classical strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma. I. Model and molecular dynamics simulations
journal, October 2006

Elliptic Flow of Identified Hadrons in $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, October 2003

Centrality and transverse momentum dependence of D 0 -meson production at mid-rapidity in Au + Au collisions at s NN = 200 GeV
journal, March 2019

Suppression of high transverse momentum D mesons in central Pb-Pb collisions at $ \sqrt{{{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}}}=2.76\;\mathrm{TeV} $
journal, September 2012

Elliptic Flow of Charm and Strange Hadrons in High-Multiplicity $p + Pb$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16 TeV$
journal, August 2018

Heavy quark momentum diffusion coefficient from lattice QCD
journal, January 2012

First Measurement of $Λ_{c}$ Baryon Production in $Au + Au$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 GeV$
journal, May 2020

Hadronization and Charm-Hadron Ratios in Heavy-Ion Collisions
journal, January 2020

Heavy particle production in high-energy hadron collisions
journal, January 1986

Partonic coalescence in relativistic heavy ion collisions
journal, September 2003

On the Theory of the Brownian Motion II
journal, April 1945

Suppressed $π^{0}$ Production at Large Transverse Momentum in Central $A u + A u$ Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 200 G e V$
journal, August 2003

Linearized Boltzmann-Langevin model for heavy quark transport in hot and dense QCD matter
journal, December 2018

Measurement of Prompt $D^{0}$ Meson Azimuthal Anisotropy in Pb-Pb Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}} = 5.02 TeV$
journal, May 2018

Data-driven analysis for the temperature and momentum dependence of the heavy-quark diffusion coefficient in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
journal, January 2018