Glass/glass photovoltaic module reliability and degradation: a review

Sinha, Archana; Sulas-Kern, Dana B.; Owen-Bellini, Michael; Spinella, Laura; Ulicna, Sona; Ayala Pelaez, Silvana; Johnston, Steve; Schelhas, Laura T.

doi:10.1088/1361-6463/ac1462

Title: Glass/glass photovoltaic module reliability and degradation: a review

Journal Article · Tue Aug 03 00:00:00 UTC 2021 · Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac1462 · OSTI ID:1810721

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SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Glass/glass (G/G) photovoltaic (PV) module construction is quickly rising in popularity due to increased demand for bifacial PV modules, with additional applications for thin-film and building-integrated PV technologies. G/G modules are expected to withstand harsh environmental conditions and extend the installed module lifespan to greater than 30 years compared to conventional glass/backsheet (G/B) modules. With the rapid growth of G/G deployment, understanding the outdoor performance, degradation, and reliability of this PV module construction becomes highly valuable. In this review, we present the history of G/G modules that have existed in the field for the past 20 years, their subsequent reliability issues under different climates, and methods for accelerated testing and characterization of both cells and packaging materials. We highlight some general trends of G/G modules, such as greater degradation when using poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) encapsulants, causing the industry to move toward polyolefin-based encapsulants. Transparent backsheets have also been introduced as an alternative to the rear glass for decreasing the module weight and aiding the effusion of trapped gaseous degradation products in the laminate. New amendments to IEC 61215 standard protocols for G/G bifacial modules have also been proposed so that the rear side power generation and UV exposure will be standardized. We further summarize a suite of destructive and non-destructive characterization techniques, such as current-voltage scans, module electro-optical imaging, adhesion tests, nanoscale structural/chemical investigation, and forensic analysis, to provide deeper insights into the fundamental properties of the module materials degradation and how it can be monitored in the G/G construction. This will set the groundwork for future research and product development.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1810721

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA--5K00-78927; MainId:32844; UUID:961147d5-96a3-4ffb-aee4-ea4619c0b6e9; MainAdminID:25843

Journal Information:: Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics, Journal Name: Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics Journal Issue: 41 Vol. 54; ISSN 0022-3727

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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