Design and proof of concept for targeted phage-based COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a streamlined cold-free supply chain

Staquicini, Daniela I.; Tang, Fenny H. F.; Markosian, Christopher; Yao, Virginia J.; Staquicini, Fernanda I.; Dodero-Rojas, Esteban; Contessoto, Vinícius G.; Davis, Deodate; O’Brien, Paul; Habib, Nazia; Smith, Tracey L.; Bruiners, Natalie; Sidman, Richard L.; Gennaro, Maria L.; Lattime, Edmund C.; Libutti, Steven K.; Whitford, Paul C.; Burley, Stephen K.; Onuchic, José N.; Arap, Wadih; Pasqualini, Renata

doi:10.1073/pnas.2105739118

Title: Design and proof of concept for targeted phage-based COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a streamlined cold-free supply chain

Journal Article · 07 July 2021 · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105739118 · OSTI ID:1806253

Staquicini, Daniela I. ^[1]; Tang, Fenny H. F. ^[1]; Markosian, Christopher ^[1];

^[1]; Staquicini, Fernanda I. ^[1];

^[2]; Contessoto, Vinícius G. ^[3]; Davis, Deodate ^[1]; O’Brien, Paul ^[1]; Habib, Nazia ^[1]; Smith, Tracey L. ^[1];

^[4]; Sidman, Richard L. ^[5];

^[4];

^[6]; Libutti, Steven K. ^[6];

^[7];

^[8];

^[9]; Arap, Wadih ^[10] more »

Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101,, Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103,
Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005,
Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005,, Department of Physics, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP 15054, Brazil,
Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103,
Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,
Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,, Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,
Department of Physics and Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115,
Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901,, RCSB Protein Data Bank and Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854,, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854,, RCSB Protein Data Bank, San Diego Supercomputer Center and Skaggs School of Pharmacy &, Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92067,
Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005,, Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005,, Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005,, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005,
Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101,, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103

Significance The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact. Although several vaccines have received emergency use authorization, demand has created enormous logistical challenges—including supply, access, and distribution—that justify research for alternative strategies. Phage are viruses that only infect bacteria and can be safely administered to humans. Here, as a proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate that aerosol vaccination with lung-targeted phage particles displaying short SARS-CoV-2 S protein epitopes and subcutaneous vaccination with targeted AAVP particles carrying the entire S protein gene both elicit systemic and specific immune responses in immunocompetent mice. Given their unique attributes, including sturdiness, simple-to-engineer platform, cost-effectiveness for rapid large-scale production, and stability at room temperature, these phage-based approaches may become attractive tools for COVID-19 vaccine development.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, NJ (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0019749

OSTI ID:: 1806253

Journal Information:: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Journal Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Journal Issue: 30 Vol. 118; ISSN 0027-8424

Publisher:: Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (68)

UCSF Chimera?A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis Pettersen, Eric F.; Goddard, Thomas D.; Huang, Conrad C. Journal of Computational Chemistry, Vol. 25, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20084	journal	January 2004
Characterization of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes and immune responses to SARS coronavirus spike DNA vaccine expressing the RGD-integrin-binding motif Poh, W. P.; Narasaraju, T.; Pereira, N. A. Journal of Medical Virology, Vol. 81, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.21571	journal	July 2009
Improved side-chain torsion potentials for the Amber ff99SB protein force field Lindorff-Larsen, Kresten; Piana, Stefano; Palmo, Kim Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.22711	journal	January 2010
GROMACS 3.0: a package for molecular simulation and trajectory analysis Lindahl, Erik; Hess, Berk; van der Spoel, David Journal of Molecular Modeling, Vol. 7, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s008940100045	journal	August 2001
Structural, glycosylation and antigenic variation between 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) and SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Kumar, Swatantra; Maurya, Vimal K.; Prasad, Anil K. VirusDisease, Vol. 31, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13337-020-00571-5	journal	March 2020
RGD motif enhances immunogenicity and adjuvanicity of peptide antigens following intranasal immunization Yano, Akira; Onozuka, Atsuko; Matin, Khairul Vaccine, Vol. 22, Issue 2, p. 237-243 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(03)00561-9	journal	December 2003
A Hybrid Vector for Ligand-Directed Tumor Targeting and Molecular Imaging Hajitou, Amin; Trepel, Martin; Lilley, Caroline E. Cell, Vol. 125, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.042	journal	April 2006
Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Walls, Alexandra C.; Park, Young-Jun; Tortorici, M. Alejandra Cell, Vol. 181, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058	journal	April 2020
Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus Korber, Bette; Fischer, Will M.; Gnanakaran, Sandrasegaram Cell, Vol. 182, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043	journal	August 2020
The Impact of Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike on Viral Infectivity and Antigenicity Li, Qianqian; Wu, Jiajing; Nie, Jianhui Cell, Vol. 182, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.012	journal	September 2020
A Single-Dose Intranasal ChAd Vaccine Protects Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts against SARS-CoV-2 Hassan, Ahmed O.; Kafai, Natasha M.; Dmitriev, Igor P. Cell, Vol. 183, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.026	journal	October 2020
Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity Thomson, Emma C.; Rosen, Laura E.; Shepherd, James G. Cell, Vol. 184, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.037	journal	March 2021
Linear B-cell epitopes in the spike and nucleocapsid proteins as markers of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease severity Amrun, Siti Naqiah; Lee, Cheryl Yi-Pin; Lee, Bernett EBioMedicine, Vol. 58 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102911	journal	August 2020
COVID-19 spike-host cell receptor GRP78 binding site prediction Ibrahim, Ibrahim M.; Abdelmalek, Doaa H.; Elshahat, Mohammed E. Journal of Infection, Vol. 80, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.026	journal	May 2020
Targeted phage display-based pulmonary vaccination in mice and non-human primates Staquicini, Daniela I.; Barbu, E. Magda; Zemans, Rachel L. Med, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.10.005	journal	March 2021
Bacteriophages, a multi-tool to fight infectious disease Pecetta, Simone; Rappuoli, Rino Med, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2020.12.007	journal	March 2021
GROMACS 4: Algorithms for Highly Efficient, Load-Balanced, and Scalable Molecular Simulation Hess, Berk; Kutzner, Carsten; van der Spoel, David Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ct700301q	journal	February 2008
Organ targeting In vivo using phage display peptide libraries Pasqualini, Renata; Ruoslahti, Erkki Nature, Vol. 380, Issue 6572 https://doi.org/10.1038/380364a0	journal	March 1996
αv Integrins as receptors for tumor targeting by circulating ligands Pasqualini, Renata; Koivunen, Erkki; Ruoslahti, Erkki Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0697-542	journal	June 1997
Combinatorial targeting and discovery of ligand-receptors in organelles of mammalian cells Rangel, Roberto; Guzman-Rojas, Liliana; le Roux, Lucia G. Nature Communications, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1773	journal	January 2012
Inflammation-induced interstitial migration of effector CD4+ T cells is dependent on integrin αV Overstreet, Michael G.; Gaylo, Alison; Angermann, Bastian R. Nature Immunology, Vol. 14, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2682	journal	August 2013
Steps toward mapping the human vasculature by phage display Arap, Wadih; Kolonin, Mikhail G.; Trepel, Martin Nature Medicine, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nm0202-121	journal	February 2002
Targeting mammalian organelles with internalizing phage (iPhage) libraries Rangel, Roberto; Dobroff, Andrey S.; Guzman-Rojas, Liliana Nature Protocols, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2013.119	journal	September 2013
Structural and functional properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: potential antivirus drug development for COVID-19 Huang, Yuan; Yang, Chan; Xu, Xin-feng Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, Vol. 41, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-0485-4	journal	August 2020
Targeted AAVP-based therapy in a mouse model of human glioblastoma: a comparison of cytotoxic versus suicide gene delivery strategies Staquicini, Fernanda I.; Smith, Tracey L.; Tang, Fenny H. F. Cancer Gene Therapy, Vol. 27, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41417-019-0101-2	journal	May 2019
Mining of epitopes on spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 from COVID-19 patients Zhang, Bao-zhong; Hu, Ye-fan; Chen, Lin-lei Cell Research, Vol. 30, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0366-x	journal	July 2020
Linear epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicit neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients Li, Yang; Lai, Dan-yun; Zhang, Hai-nan Cellular & Molecular Immunology, Vol. 17, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-00523-5	journal	September 2020
Two linear epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that elicit neutralising antibodies in COVID-19 patients Poh, Chek Meng; Carissimo, Guillaume; Wang, Bei Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16638-2	journal	June 2020
An adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine confers protection from SARS-COV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques Feng, Liqiang; Wang, Qian; Shan, Chao Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18077-5	journal	August 2020
A panel of human neutralizing mAbs targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike at multiple epitopes Noy-Porat, Tal; Makdasi, Efi; Alcalay, Ron Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18159-4	journal	August 2020
A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China Wu, Fan; Zhao, Su; Yu, Bin Nature, Vol. 579, Issue 7798 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3	journal	February 2020
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang Nature, Vol. 579, Issue 7798 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7	journal	February 2020
Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 Munster, Vincent J.; Feldmann, Friederike; Williamson, Brandi N. Nature, Vol. 585, Issue 7824 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2324-7	journal	May 2020
Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques Mercado, Noe B.; Zahn, Roland; Wegmann, Frank Nature, Vol. 586, Issue 7830 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z	journal	July 2020
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques van Doremalen, Neeltje; Lambe, Teresa; Spencer, Alexandra Nature, Vol. 586, Issue 7830 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2608-y	journal	July 2020
A protective Zika virus E-dimer-based subunit vaccine engineered to abrogate antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue infection Slon-Campos, Jose Luis; Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa; Jagger, Brett W. Nature Immunology, Vol. 20, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-019-0477-z	journal	September 2019
Broad and strong memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19 Peng, Yanchun; Mentzer, Alexander J.; Liu, Guihai Nature Immunology, Vol. 21, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0782-6	journal	September 2020
Prevention of tuberculosis infection and disease by local BCG in repeatedly exposed rhesus macaques Dijkman, Karin; Sombroek, Claudia C.; Vervenne, Richard A. W. Nature Medicine, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0319-9	journal	January 2019
SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 spike glycoprotein structures inform on virus evolution and furin-cleavage effects Wrobel, Antoni G.; Benton, Donald J.; Xu, Pengqi Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Vol. 27, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0468-7	journal	July 2020
A thermostable, closed SARS-CoV-2 spike protein trimer Xiong, Xiaoli; Qu, Kun; Ciazynska, Katarzyna A. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, Vol. 27, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-020-0478-5	journal	July 2020
Dendritic cells transduced with gp100 gene by RGD fiber-mutant adenovirus vectors are highly efficacious in generating anti-B16BL6 melanoma immunity in mice Okada, N.; Masunaga, Y.; Okada, Y. Gene Therapy, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gt.3302090	journal	September 2003
Polymorphic transitions in single crystals: A new molecular dynamics method Parrinello, M.; Rahman, A. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.328693	journal	December 1981
Comparison of simple potential functions for simulating liquid water Jorgensen, William L.; Chandrasekhar, Jayaraman; Madura, Jeffry D. The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 79, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.445869	journal	July 1983
A unified formulation of the constant temperature molecular dynamics methods Nosé, Shuichi The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.447334	journal	July 1984
Vascular ligand-receptor mapping by direct combinatorial selection in cancer patients Staquicini, F. I.; Cardo-Vila, M.; Kolonin, M. G. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1114503108	journal	November 2011
Ligand-directed targeting of lymphatic vessels uncovers mechanistic insights in melanoma metastasis Christianson, Dawn R.; Dobroff, Andrey S.; Proneth, Bettina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424994112	journal	February 2015
AAVP displaying octreotide for ligand-directed therapeutic transgene delivery in neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas Smith, Tracey L.; Yuan, Ziqiang; Cardó-Vila, Marina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525709113	journal	February 2016
Towards a transcriptome-based theranostic platform for unfavorable breast cancer phenotypes Dobroff, Andrey S.; D’Angelo, Sara; Eckhardt, Bedrich L. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615288113	journal	October 2016
Targeted molecular-genetic imaging and ligand-directed therapy in aggressive variant prostate cancer Ferrara, Fortunato; Staquicini, Daniela I.; Driessen, Wouter H. P. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1615400113	journal	October 2016
Next-generation of targeted AAVP vectors for systemic transgene delivery against cancer Suwan, Keittisak; Yata, Teerapong; Waramit, Sajee Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906653116	journal	August 2019
Biodistribution and Toxicological Safety of Adenovirus Type 5 and Type 35 Vectored Vaccines Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1), Ebola, or Marburg Are Similar Despite Differing Adenovirus Serotype Vector, Manufacturer's Construct, or Gene Inserts Sheets, Rebecca L.; Stein, Judith; Bailer, Robert T. Journal of Immunotoxicology, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1080/15376510802312464	journal	January 2008
Toxicological Safety Evaluation of DNA Plasmid Vaccines against HIV-1, Ebola, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or West Nile Virus Is Similar Despite Differing Plasmid Backbones or Gene-Inserts Sheets, Rebecca L.; Stein, Judith; Manetz, T. Scott Toxicological Sciences, Vol. 91, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfj170	journal	March 2006
Emergence and rapid spread of a new severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) lineage with multiple spike mutations in South Africa Tegally, Houriiyah; Wilkinson, Eduan; Giovanetti, Marta Nature https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.21.20248640	posted_content	January 2020
Phage Therapy in the Era of Synthetic Biology Barbu, E. Magda; Cady, Kyle C.; Hubby, Bolyn Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a023879	journal	August 2016
Canonical dynamics: Equilibrium phase-space distributions Hoover, William G. Physical Review A, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.31.1695	journal	March 1985
Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation Wrapp, Daniel; Wang, Nianshuang; Corbett, Kizzmekia S. Science, Vol. 367, Issue 6483 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507	journal	February 2020
Viral epitope profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals cross-reactivity and correlates of severity Shrock, Ellen; Fujimura, Eric; Kula, Tomasz Science, Vol. 370, Issue 6520 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd4250	journal	September 2020
REGN-COV2 antibodies prevent and treat SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters Baum, Alina; Ajithdoss, Dharani; Copin, Richard Science, Vol. 370, Issue 6520 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe2402	journal	October 2020
Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil Faria, Nuno R.; Mellan, Thomas A.; Whittaker, Charles Science, Vol. 372, Issue 6544 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abh2644	journal	April 2021
Systemic combinatorial peptide selection yields a non-canonical iron-mimicry mechanism for targeting tumors in a mouse model of human glioblastoma Staquicini, Fernanda I.; Ozawa, Michael G.; Moya, Catherine A. Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 121, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI44798	journal	January 2011
Aerosolized Ebola vaccine protects primates and elicits lung-resident T cell responses Meyer, Michelle; Garron, Tania; Lubaki, Ndongala M. Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 125, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI81532	journal	July 2015
Launching a Novel Preclinical Infrastructure: Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium Directed Therapeutic Targeting of TNFα to Cancer Vasculature Paoloni, Melissa C.; Tandle, Anita; Mazcko, Christina PLoS ONE, Vol. 4, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004972	journal	March 2009
Identification of immunodominant linear epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 patient plasma Farrera-Soler, Lluc; Daguer, Jean-Pierre; Barluenga, Sofia PLOS ONE, Vol. 15, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238089	journal	September 2020
Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jamie K. Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 6 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00755	journal	August 2015
Preliminary Identification of Potential Vaccine Targets for the COVID-19 Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) Based on SARS-CoV Immunological Studies Ahmed, Syed Faraz; Quadeer, Ahmed A.; McKay, Matthew R. Viruses, Vol. 12, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/v12030254	journal	February 2020
Biological and Clinical Consequences of Integrin Binding via a Rogue RGD Motif in the SARS CoV-2 Spike Protein Makowski, Lee; Olson-Sidford, William; W. Weisel, John Viruses, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020146	journal	January 2021
Bacteriophage-Based Vaccines: A Potent Approach for Antigen Delivery González-Mora, Alejandro; Hernández-Pérez, Jesús; Iqbal, Hafiz M. N. Vaccines, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030504	journal	September 2020
Phage treatment of human infections Abedon, Stephen T.; Kuhl, Sarah J.; Blasdel, Bob G. Bacteriophage, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.4161/bact.1.2.15845	journal	March 2011

Similar Records

Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a rhesus adenoviral vaccine targeting conserved COVID-19 replication transcription complex

Journal Article · 2022 · npj Vaccines · OSTI ID:1960188

Dagotto, Gabriel; Ventura, John D.; Martinez, David R.; +12 more

Isolation and characterization of cross-neutralizing coronavirus antibodies from COVID-19+ subjects

Journal Article · 2021 · Cell Reports · OSTI ID:1815023

Jennewein, Madeleine F.; MacCamy, Anna J.; Akins, Nicholas R.; +26 more

Protein data bank: From two epidemics to the global pandemic to mRNA vaccines and Paxlovid

Journal Article · 2024 · Current Opinion in Structural Biology · OSTI ID:2478573

Burley, Stephen K.

Related Subjects

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
AAVP
COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2
gene delivery
phage display

Title: Design and proof of concept for targeted phage-based COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a streamlined cold-free supply chain

Citation Formats

References (68)

Similar Records

Related Subjects