Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution
Abstract
3C 279 is an archetypal blazar with a prominent radio jet that show broadband flux density variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We use an ultra-high angular resolution technique – global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at 1.3 mm (230 GHz) – to resolve the innermost jet of 3C 279 in order to study its fine-scale morphology close to the jet base where highly variable γ-ray emission is thought to originate, according to various models. The source was observed during four days in April 2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope at 230 GHz, including the phased Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), at an angular resolution of ~20 μas (at a redshift of z = 0.536 this corresponds to ~0.13 pc ~ 1700 Schwarzschild radii with a black hole mass MBH = 8 × 108 M⊙). Imaging and model-fitting techniques were applied to the data to parameterize the fine-scale source structure and its variation. We find a multicomponent inner jet morphology with the northernmost component elongated perpendicular to the direction of the jet, as imaged at longer wavelengths. The elongated nuclear structure is consistent on all four observing days and across different imaging methods and model-fitting techniques, and therefore appears robust.more »
- Authors:
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- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Fermi National Accelerator Lab. (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); National Science Foundation (NSF); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
- Contributing Org.:
- Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1674988
- Report Number(s):
- FERMILAB-PUB-20-537-V
Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361; oai:inspirehep.net:1816650; TRN: US2203983
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-07CH11359; 89233218CNA000001; 80NSSC17K0649; HST-HF2-51431.001-A; NAS5-26555; AST-0096454; AST-0352953; AST-0521233; AST-0705062; AST-0905844; AST-0922984; AST-1126433; AST-1140030; DGE-1144085; AST-1207704; AST-1207730; AST-1207752; MRI-1228509; OPP-1248097; AST-1310896; AST-1312651; AST-1337663; AST-1440254; AST-1555365; AST-1715061; AST-1615796; AST-1716327; OISE-1743747; AST-1816420; ACI-1548562; DBI-0735191; DBI-1265383; DBI- 1743442
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 640; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361
- Publisher:
- EDP Sciences
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; galaxies: active; galaxies: jets; galaxies: individual: 3C 279; techniques: interferometric
Citation Formats
Kim, Jae-Young, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Broderick, Avery E., Wielgus, Maciek, Blackburn, Lindy, Gómez, José L., Johnson, Michael D., Bouman, Katherine L., Chael, Andrew, Akiyama, Kazunori, Jorstad, Svetlana, Marscher, Alan P., Issaoun, Sara, Janssen, Michael, Chan, Chi-kwan, Savolainen, Tuomas, Pesce, Dominic W., Özel, Feryal, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bintley, Dan, Boland, Wilfred, Bower, Geoffrey C., Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Junhan, Kim, Jongsoo, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Lico, Rocco, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Musoke, Gibwa, Müller, Cornelia, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Palumbo, Daniel M., Park, Jongho, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Ryan, Benjamin R., Rygl, Kazi J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Tazaki, Fumie, Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Traianou, Efthalia, Trippe, Sascha, Tsuda, Shuichiro, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Wardle, John, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guangyao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Zhu, Ziyan, Algaba, Juan-Carlos, Allardi, Alexander, Amestica, Rodrigo, Anczarski, Jadyn, Bach, Uwe, Baganoff, Frederick K., Beaudoin, Christopher, Benson, Bradford A., Berthold, Ryan, Blanchard, Jay M., Blundell, Ray, Bustamente, Sandra, Cappallo, Roger, Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar, Chang, Chih-Cheng, Chang, Shu-Hao, Chang, Song-Chu, Chen, Chung-Chen, Chilson, Ryan, Chuter, Tim C., Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova, Coulson, Iain M., Crowley, Joseph, Derome, Mark, Dexter, Matthew, Dornbusch, Sven, Dudevoir, Kevin A., Dzib, Sergio A., Eckart, Andreas, Eckert, Chris, Erickson, Neal R., Everett, Wendeline B., Faber, Aaron, Farah, Joseph R., Fath, Vernon, Folkers, Thomas W., Forbes, David C., Freund, Robert, Gale, David M., Gao, Feng, Geertsema, Gertie, Graham, David A., Greer, Christopher H., Grosslein, Ronald, Gueth, Frédéric, Haggard, Daryl, Halverson, Nils W., Han, Chih-Chiang, Han, Kuo-Chang, Hao, Jinchi, Hasegawa, Yutaka, Henning, Jason W., Hernández-Gómez, Antonio, Herrero-Illana, Rubén, Heyminck, Stefan, Hirota, Akihiko, Hoge, James, Huang, Yau-De, Violette Impellizzeri, C. M., Jiang, Homin, John, David, Kamble, Atish, Keisler, Ryan, Kimura, Kimihiro, Kono, Yusuke, Kubo, Derek, Kuroda, John, Lacasse, Richard, Laing, Robert A., Leitch, Erik M., Li, Chao-Te, Lin, Lupin C.-C., Liu, Ching-Tang, Liu, Kuan-Yu, Lu, Li-Ming, Marson, Ralph G., Martin-Cocher, Pierre L., Massingill, Kyle D., Matulonis, Callie, McColl, Martin P., McWhirter, Stephen R., Messias, Hugo, Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Michalik, Daniel, Montaña, Alfredo, Montgomerie, William, Mora-Klein, Matias, Muders, Dirk, Nadolski, Andrew, Navarro, Santiago, Neilsen, Joseph, Nguyen, Chi H., Nishioka, Hiroaki, Norton, Timothy, Nowak, Michael A., Nystrom, George, Ogawa, Hideo, Oshiro, Peter, Oyama, Tomoaki, Parsons, Harriet, Peñalver, Juan, Phillips, Neil M., Poirier, Michael, Pradel, Nicolas, Primiani, Rurik A., Raffin, Philippe A., Rahlin, Alexandra S., Reiland, George, Risacher, Christopher, Ruiz, Ignacio, Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F., Sassella, Remi, Schellart, Pim, Shaw, Paul, Silva, Kevin M., Shiokawa, Hotaka, Smith, David R., Snow, William, Souccar, Kamal, Sousa, Don, Sridharan, Tirupati K., Srinivasan, Ranjani, Stahm, William, Stark, Antony A., Story, Kyle, Timmer, Sjoerd T., Vertatschitsch, Laura, Walther, Craig, Wei, Ta-Shun, Whitehorn, Nathan, Whitney, Alan R., Woody, David P., Wouterloot, Jan A., Wright, Melvin, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yu, Chen-Yu, Zeballos, Milagros, Zhang, Shuo, and Ziurys, Lucy. Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution. United States: N. p., 2020.
Web. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037493.
Kim, Jae-Young, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Broderick, Avery E., Wielgus, Maciek, Blackburn, Lindy, Gómez, José L., Johnson, Michael D., Bouman, Katherine L., Chael, Andrew, Akiyama, Kazunori, Jorstad, Svetlana, Marscher, Alan P., Issaoun, Sara, Janssen, Michael, Chan, Chi-kwan, Savolainen, Tuomas, Pesce, Dominic W., Özel, Feryal, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bintley, Dan, Boland, Wilfred, Bower, Geoffrey C., Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Junhan, Kim, Jongsoo, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Lico, Rocco, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Musoke, Gibwa, Müller, Cornelia, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Palumbo, Daniel M., Park, Jongho, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Ryan, Benjamin R., Rygl, Kazi J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Tazaki, Fumie, Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Traianou, Efthalia, Trippe, Sascha, Tsuda, Shuichiro, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Wardle, John, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guangyao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Zhu, Ziyan, Algaba, Juan-Carlos, Allardi, Alexander, Amestica, Rodrigo, Anczarski, Jadyn, Bach, Uwe, Baganoff, Frederick K., Beaudoin, Christopher, Benson, Bradford A., Berthold, Ryan, Blanchard, Jay M., Blundell, Ray, Bustamente, Sandra, Cappallo, Roger, Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar, Chang, Chih-Cheng, Chang, Shu-Hao, Chang, Song-Chu, Chen, Chung-Chen, Chilson, Ryan, Chuter, Tim C., Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova, Coulson, Iain M., Crowley, Joseph, Derome, Mark, Dexter, Matthew, Dornbusch, Sven, Dudevoir, Kevin A., Dzib, Sergio A., Eckart, Andreas, Eckert, Chris, Erickson, Neal R., Everett, Wendeline B., Faber, Aaron, Farah, Joseph R., Fath, Vernon, Folkers, Thomas W., Forbes, David C., Freund, Robert, Gale, David M., Gao, Feng, Geertsema, Gertie, Graham, David A., Greer, Christopher H., Grosslein, Ronald, Gueth, Frédéric, Haggard, Daryl, Halverson, Nils W., Han, Chih-Chiang, Han, Kuo-Chang, Hao, Jinchi, Hasegawa, Yutaka, Henning, Jason W., Hernández-Gómez, Antonio, Herrero-Illana, Rubén, Heyminck, Stefan, Hirota, Akihiko, Hoge, James, Huang, Yau-De, Violette Impellizzeri, C. M., Jiang, Homin, John, David, Kamble, Atish, Keisler, Ryan, Kimura, Kimihiro, Kono, Yusuke, Kubo, Derek, Kuroda, John, Lacasse, Richard, Laing, Robert A., Leitch, Erik M., Li, Chao-Te, Lin, Lupin C.-C., Liu, Ching-Tang, Liu, Kuan-Yu, Lu, Li-Ming, Marson, Ralph G., Martin-Cocher, Pierre L., Massingill, Kyle D., Matulonis, Callie, McColl, Martin P., McWhirter, Stephen R., Messias, Hugo, Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Michalik, Daniel, Montaña, Alfredo, Montgomerie, William, Mora-Klein, Matias, Muders, Dirk, Nadolski, Andrew, Navarro, Santiago, Neilsen, Joseph, Nguyen, Chi H., Nishioka, Hiroaki, Norton, Timothy, Nowak, Michael A., Nystrom, George, Ogawa, Hideo, Oshiro, Peter, Oyama, Tomoaki, Parsons, Harriet, Peñalver, Juan, Phillips, Neil M., Poirier, Michael, Pradel, Nicolas, Primiani, Rurik A., Raffin, Philippe A., Rahlin, Alexandra S., Reiland, George, Risacher, Christopher, Ruiz, Ignacio, Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F., Sassella, Remi, Schellart, Pim, Shaw, Paul, Silva, Kevin M., Shiokawa, Hotaka, Smith, David R., Snow, William, Souccar, Kamal, Sousa, Don, Sridharan, Tirupati K., Srinivasan, Ranjani, Stahm, William, Stark, Antony A., Story, Kyle, Timmer, Sjoerd T., Vertatschitsch, Laura, Walther, Craig, Wei, Ta-Shun, Whitehorn, Nathan, Whitney, Alan R., Woody, David P., Wouterloot, Jan A., Wright, Melvin, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yu, Chen-Yu, Zeballos, Milagros, Zhang, Shuo, & Ziurys, Lucy. Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution. United States. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037493
Kim, Jae-Young, Krichbaum, Thomas P., Broderick, Avery E., Wielgus, Maciek, Blackburn, Lindy, Gómez, José L., Johnson, Michael D., Bouman, Katherine L., Chael, Andrew, Akiyama, Kazunori, Jorstad, Svetlana, Marscher, Alan P., Issaoun, Sara, Janssen, Michael, Chan, Chi-kwan, Savolainen, Tuomas, Pesce, Dominic W., Özel, Feryal, Alberdi, Antxon, Alef, Walter, Asada, Keiichi, Azulay, Rebecca, Baczko, Anne-Kathrin, Ball, David, Baloković, Mislav, Barrett, John, Bintley, Dan, Boland, Wilfred, Bower, Geoffrey C., Bremer, Michael, Brinkerink, Christiaan D., Brissenden, Roger, Britzen, Silke, Broguiere, Dominique, Bronzwaer, Thomas, Byun, Do-Young, Carlstrom, John E., Chatterjee, Shami, Chatterjee, Koushik, Chen, Ming-Tang, Chen, Yongjun, Cho, Ilje, Christian, Pierre, Conway, John E., Cordes, James M., Crew, Geoffrey B., Cui, Yuzhu, Davelaar, Jordy, De Laurentis, Mariafelicia, Deane, Roger, Dempsey, Jessica, Desvignes, Gregory, Dexter, Jason, Doeleman, Sheperd S., Eatough, Ralph P., Falcke, Heino, Fish, Vincent L., Fomalont, Ed, Fraga-Encinas, Raquel, Friberg, Per, Fromm, Christian M., Galison, Peter, Gammie, Charles F., García, Roberto, Gentaz, Olivier, Georgiev, Boris, Goddi, Ciriaco, Gold, Roman, Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I., Gu, Minfeng, Gurwell, Mark, Hada, Kazuhiro, Hecht, Michael H., Hesper, Ronald, Ho, Luis C., Ho, Paul, Honma, Mareki, Huang, Chih-Wei L., Huang, Lei, Hughes, David H., Ikeda, Shiro, Inoue, Makoto, James, David J., Jannuzi, Buell T., Jeter, Britton, Jiang, Wu, Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra, Jung, Taehyun, Karami, Mansour, Karuppusamy, Ramesh, Kawashima, Tomohisa, Keating, Garrett K., Kettenis, Mark, Kim, Junhan, Kim, Jongsoo, Kino, Motoki, Koay, Jun Yi, Koch, Patrick M., Koyama, Shoko, Kramer, Michael, Kramer, Carsten, Kuo, Cheng-Yu, Lauer, Tod R., Lee, Sang-Sung, Li, Yan-Rong, Li, Zhiyuan, Lindqvist, Michael, Lico, Rocco, Liu, Kuo, Liuzzo, Elisabetta, Lo, Wen-Ping, Lobanov, Andrei P., Loinard, Laurent, Lonsdale, Colin, Lu, Ru-Sen, MacDonald, Nicholas R., Mao, Jirong, Markoff, Sera, Marrone, Daniel P., Martí-Vidal, Iván, Matsushita, Satoki, Matthews, Lynn D., Medeiros, Lia, Menten, Karl M., Mizuno, Yosuke, Mizuno, Izumi, Moran, James M., Moriyama, Kotaro, Moscibrodzka, Monika, Musoke, Gibwa, Müller, Cornelia, Nagai, Hiroshi, Nagar, Neil M., Nakamura, Masanori, Narayan, Ramesh, Narayanan, Gopal, Natarajan, Iniyan, Neri, Roberto, Ni, Chunchong, Noutsos, Aristeidis, Okino, Hiroki, Olivares, Héctor, Ortiz-León, Gisela N., Oyama, Tomoaki, Palumbo, Daniel M., Park, Jongho, Patel, Nimesh, Pen, Ue-Li, Piétu, Vincent, Plambeck, Richard, PopStefanija, Aleksandar, Porth, Oliver, Prather, Ben, Preciado-López, Jorge A., Psaltis, Dimitrios, Pu, Hung-Yi, Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh, Rao, Ramprasad, Rawlings, Mark G., Raymond, Alexander W., Rezzolla, Luciano, Ripperda, Bart, Roelofs, Freek, Rogers, Alan, Ros, Eduardo, Rose, Mel, Roshanineshat, Arash, Rottmann, Helge, Roy, Alan L., Ruszczyk, Chet, Ryan, Benjamin R., Rygl, Kazi J., Sánchez, Salvador, Sánchez-Arguelles, David, Sasada, Mahito, Schloerb, F. Peter, Schuster, Karl-Friedrich, Shao, Lijing, Shen, Zhiqiang, Small, Des, Sohn, Bong Won, SooHoo, Jason, Tazaki, Fumie, Tiede, Paul, Tilanus, Remo J., Titus, Michael, Toma, Kenji, Torne, Pablo, Trent, Tyler, Traianou, Efthalia, Trippe, Sascha, Tsuda, Shuichiro, van Bemmel, Ilse, van Langevelde, Huib Jan, van Rossum, Daniel R., Wagner, Jan, Wardle, John, Ward-Thompson, Derek, Weintroub, Jonathan, Wex, Norbert, Wharton, Robert, Wong, George N., Wu, Qingwen, Yoon, Doosoo, Young, André, Young, Ken, Younsi, Ziri, Yuan, Feng, Yuan, Ye-Fei, Zensus, J. Anton, Zhao, Guangyao, Zhao, Shan-Shan, Zhu, Ziyan, Algaba, Juan-Carlos, Allardi, Alexander, Amestica, Rodrigo, Anczarski, Jadyn, Bach, Uwe, Baganoff, Frederick K., Beaudoin, Christopher, Benson, Bradford A., Berthold, Ryan, Blanchard, Jay M., Blundell, Ray, Bustamente, Sandra, Cappallo, Roger, Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar, Chang, Chih-Cheng, Chang, Shu-Hao, Chang, Song-Chu, Chen, Chung-Chen, Chilson, Ryan, Chuter, Tim C., Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova, Coulson, Iain M., Crowley, Joseph, Derome, Mark, Dexter, Matthew, Dornbusch, Sven, Dudevoir, Kevin A., Dzib, Sergio A., Eckart, Andreas, Eckert, Chris, Erickson, Neal R., Everett, Wendeline B., Faber, Aaron, Farah, Joseph R., Fath, Vernon, Folkers, Thomas W., Forbes, David C., Freund, Robert, Gale, David M., Gao, Feng, Geertsema, Gertie, Graham, David A., Greer, Christopher H., Grosslein, Ronald, Gueth, Frédéric, Haggard, Daryl, Halverson, Nils W., Han, Chih-Chiang, Han, Kuo-Chang, Hao, Jinchi, Hasegawa, Yutaka, Henning, Jason W., Hernández-Gómez, Antonio, Herrero-Illana, Rubén, Heyminck, Stefan, Hirota, Akihiko, Hoge, James, Huang, Yau-De, Violette Impellizzeri, C. M., Jiang, Homin, John, David, Kamble, Atish, Keisler, Ryan, Kimura, Kimihiro, Kono, Yusuke, Kubo, Derek, Kuroda, John, Lacasse, Richard, Laing, Robert A., Leitch, Erik M., Li, Chao-Te, Lin, Lupin C.-C., Liu, Ching-Tang, Liu, Kuan-Yu, Lu, Li-Ming, Marson, Ralph G., Martin-Cocher, Pierre L., Massingill, Kyle D., Matulonis, Callie, McColl, Martin P., McWhirter, Stephen R., Messias, Hugo, Meyer-Zhao, Zheng, Michalik, Daniel, Montaña, Alfredo, Montgomerie, William, Mora-Klein, Matias, Muders, Dirk, Nadolski, Andrew, Navarro, Santiago, Neilsen, Joseph, Nguyen, Chi H., Nishioka, Hiroaki, Norton, Timothy, Nowak, Michael A., Nystrom, George, Ogawa, Hideo, Oshiro, Peter, Oyama, Tomoaki, Parsons, Harriet, Peñalver, Juan, Phillips, Neil M., Poirier, Michael, Pradel, Nicolas, Primiani, Rurik A., Raffin, Philippe A., Rahlin, Alexandra S., Reiland, George, Risacher, Christopher, Ruiz, Ignacio, Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F., Sassella, Remi, Schellart, Pim, Shaw, Paul, Silva, Kevin M., Shiokawa, Hotaka, Smith, David R., Snow, William, Souccar, Kamal, Sousa, Don, Sridharan, Tirupati K., Srinivasan, Ranjani, Stahm, William, Stark, Antony A., Story, Kyle, Timmer, Sjoerd T., Vertatschitsch, Laura, Walther, Craig, Wei, Ta-Shun, Whitehorn, Nathan, Whitney, Alan R., Woody, David P., Wouterloot, Jan A., Wright, Melvin, Yamaguchi, Paul, Yu, Chen-Yu, Zeballos, Milagros, Zhang, Shuo, and Ziurys, Lucy. Wed .
"Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution". United States. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037493. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1674988.
@article{osti_1674988,
title = {Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution},
author = {Kim, Jae-Young and Krichbaum, Thomas P. and Broderick, Avery E. and Wielgus, Maciek and Blackburn, Lindy and Gómez, José L. and Johnson, Michael D. and Bouman, Katherine L. and Chael, Andrew and Akiyama, Kazunori and Jorstad, Svetlana and Marscher, Alan P. and Issaoun, Sara and Janssen, Michael and Chan, Chi-kwan and Savolainen, Tuomas and Pesce, Dominic W. and Özel, Feryal and Alberdi, Antxon and Alef, Walter and Asada, Keiichi and Azulay, Rebecca and Baczko, Anne-Kathrin and Ball, David and Baloković, Mislav and Barrett, John and Bintley, Dan and Boland, Wilfred and Bower, Geoffrey C. and Bremer, Michael and Brinkerink, Christiaan D. and Brissenden, Roger and Britzen, Silke and Broguiere, Dominique and Bronzwaer, Thomas and Byun, Do-Young and Carlstrom, John E. and Chatterjee, Shami and Chatterjee, Koushik and Chen, Ming-Tang and Chen, Yongjun and Cho, Ilje and Christian, Pierre and Conway, John E. and Cordes, James M. and Crew, Geoffrey B. and Cui, Yuzhu and Davelaar, Jordy and De Laurentis, Mariafelicia and Deane, Roger and Dempsey, Jessica and Desvignes, Gregory and Dexter, Jason and Doeleman, Sheperd S. and Eatough, Ralph P. and Falcke, Heino and Fish, Vincent L. and Fomalont, Ed and Fraga-Encinas, Raquel and Friberg, Per and Fromm, Christian M. and Galison, Peter and Gammie, Charles F. and García, Roberto and Gentaz, Olivier and Georgiev, Boris and Goddi, Ciriaco and Gold, Roman and Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. and Gu, Minfeng and Gurwell, Mark and Hada, Kazuhiro and Hecht, Michael H. and Hesper, Ronald and Ho, Luis C. and Ho, Paul and Honma, Mareki and Huang, Chih-Wei L. and Huang, Lei and Hughes, David H. and Ikeda, Shiro and Inoue, Makoto and James, David J. and Jannuzi, Buell T. and Jeter, Britton and Jiang, Wu and Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra and Jung, Taehyun and Karami, Mansour and Karuppusamy, Ramesh and Kawashima, Tomohisa and Keating, Garrett K. and Kettenis, Mark and Kim, Junhan and Kim, Jongsoo and Kino, Motoki and Koay, Jun Yi and Koch, Patrick M. and Koyama, Shoko and Kramer, Michael and Kramer, Carsten and Kuo, Cheng-Yu and Lauer, Tod R. and Lee, Sang-Sung and Li, Yan-Rong and Li, Zhiyuan and Lindqvist, Michael and Lico, Rocco and Liu, Kuo and Liuzzo, Elisabetta and Lo, Wen-Ping and Lobanov, Andrei P. and Loinard, Laurent and Lonsdale, Colin and Lu, Ru-Sen and MacDonald, Nicholas R. and Mao, Jirong and Markoff, Sera and Marrone, Daniel P. and Martí-Vidal, Iván and Matsushita, Satoki and Matthews, Lynn D. and Medeiros, Lia and Menten, Karl M. and Mizuno, Yosuke and Mizuno, Izumi and Moran, James M. and Moriyama, Kotaro and Moscibrodzka, Monika and Musoke, Gibwa and Müller, Cornelia and Nagai, Hiroshi and Nagar, Neil M. and Nakamura, Masanori and Narayan, Ramesh and Narayanan, Gopal and Natarajan, Iniyan and Neri, Roberto and Ni, Chunchong and Noutsos, Aristeidis and Okino, Hiroki and Olivares, Héctor and Ortiz-León, Gisela N. and Oyama, Tomoaki and Palumbo, Daniel M. and Park, Jongho and Patel, Nimesh and Pen, Ue-Li and Piétu, Vincent and Plambeck, Richard and PopStefanija, Aleksandar and Porth, Oliver and Prather, Ben and Preciado-López, Jorge A. and Psaltis, Dimitrios and Pu, Hung-Yi and Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh and Rao, Ramprasad and Rawlings, Mark G. and Raymond, Alexander W. and Rezzolla, Luciano and Ripperda, Bart and Roelofs, Freek and Rogers, Alan and Ros, Eduardo and Rose, Mel and Roshanineshat, Arash and Rottmann, Helge and Roy, Alan L. and Ruszczyk, Chet and Ryan, Benjamin R. and Rygl, Kazi J. and Sánchez, Salvador and Sánchez-Arguelles, David and Sasada, Mahito and Schloerb, F. Peter and Schuster, Karl-Friedrich and Shao, Lijing and Shen, Zhiqiang and Small, Des and Sohn, Bong Won and SooHoo, Jason and Tazaki, Fumie and Tiede, Paul and Tilanus, Remo J. and Titus, Michael and Toma, Kenji and Torne, Pablo and Trent, Tyler and Traianou, Efthalia and Trippe, Sascha and Tsuda, Shuichiro and van Bemmel, Ilse and van Langevelde, Huib Jan and van Rossum, Daniel R. and Wagner, Jan and Wardle, John and Ward-Thompson, Derek and Weintroub, Jonathan and Wex, Norbert and Wharton, Robert and Wong, George N. and Wu, Qingwen and Yoon, Doosoo and Young, André and Young, Ken and Younsi, Ziri and Yuan, Feng and Yuan, Ye-Fei and Zensus, J. Anton and Zhao, Guangyao and Zhao, Shan-Shan and Zhu, Ziyan and Algaba, Juan-Carlos and Allardi, Alexander and Amestica, Rodrigo and Anczarski, Jadyn and Bach, Uwe and Baganoff, Frederick K. and Beaudoin, Christopher and Benson, Bradford A. and Berthold, Ryan and Blanchard, Jay M. and Blundell, Ray and Bustamente, Sandra and Cappallo, Roger and Castillo-Domínguez, Edgar and Chang, Chih-Cheng and Chang, Shu-Hao and Chang, Song-Chu and Chen, Chung-Chen and Chilson, Ryan and Chuter, Tim C. and Rosado, Rodrigo Córdova and Coulson, Iain M. and Crowley, Joseph and Derome, Mark and Dexter, Matthew and Dornbusch, Sven and Dudevoir, Kevin A. and Dzib, Sergio A. and Eckart, Andreas and Eckert, Chris and Erickson, Neal R. and Everett, Wendeline B. and Faber, Aaron and Farah, Joseph R. and Fath, Vernon and Folkers, Thomas W. and Forbes, David C. and Freund, Robert and Gale, David M. and Gao, Feng and Geertsema, Gertie and Graham, David A. and Greer, Christopher H. and Grosslein, Ronald and Gueth, Frédéric and Haggard, Daryl and Halverson, Nils W. and Han, Chih-Chiang and Han, Kuo-Chang and Hao, Jinchi and Hasegawa, Yutaka and Henning, Jason W. and Hernández-Gómez, Antonio and Herrero-Illana, Rubén and Heyminck, Stefan and Hirota, Akihiko and Hoge, James and Huang, Yau-De and Violette Impellizzeri, C. M. and Jiang, Homin and John, David and Kamble, Atish and Keisler, Ryan and Kimura, Kimihiro and Kono, Yusuke and Kubo, Derek and Kuroda, John and Lacasse, Richard and Laing, Robert A. and Leitch, Erik M. and Li, Chao-Te and Lin, Lupin C.-C. and Liu, Ching-Tang and Liu, Kuan-Yu and Lu, Li-Ming and Marson, Ralph G. and Martin-Cocher, Pierre L. and Massingill, Kyle D. and Matulonis, Callie and McColl, Martin P. and McWhirter, Stephen R. and Messias, Hugo and Meyer-Zhao, Zheng and Michalik, Daniel and Montaña, Alfredo and Montgomerie, William and Mora-Klein, Matias and Muders, Dirk and Nadolski, Andrew and Navarro, Santiago and Neilsen, Joseph and Nguyen, Chi H. and Nishioka, Hiroaki and Norton, Timothy and Nowak, Michael A. and Nystrom, George and Ogawa, Hideo and Oshiro, Peter and Oyama, Tomoaki and Parsons, Harriet and Peñalver, Juan and Phillips, Neil M. and Poirier, Michael and Pradel, Nicolas and Primiani, Rurik A. and Raffin, Philippe A. and Rahlin, Alexandra S. and Reiland, George and Risacher, Christopher and Ruiz, Ignacio and Sáez-Madaín, Alejandro F. and Sassella, Remi and Schellart, Pim and Shaw, Paul and Silva, Kevin M. and Shiokawa, Hotaka and Smith, David R. and Snow, William and Souccar, Kamal and Sousa, Don and Sridharan, Tirupati K. and Srinivasan, Ranjani and Stahm, William and Stark, Antony A. and Story, Kyle and Timmer, Sjoerd T. and Vertatschitsch, Laura and Walther, Craig and Wei, Ta-Shun and Whitehorn, Nathan and Whitney, Alan R. and Woody, David P. and Wouterloot, Jan A. and Wright, Melvin and Yamaguchi, Paul and Yu, Chen-Yu and Zeballos, Milagros and Zhang, Shuo and Ziurys, Lucy},
abstractNote = {3C 279 is an archetypal blazar with a prominent radio jet that show broadband flux density variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. We use an ultra-high angular resolution technique – global Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at 1.3 mm (230 GHz) – to resolve the innermost jet of 3C 279 in order to study its fine-scale morphology close to the jet base where highly variable γ-ray emission is thought to originate, according to various models. The source was observed during four days in April 2017 with the Event Horizon Telescope at 230 GHz, including the phased Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), at an angular resolution of ~20 μas (at a redshift of z = 0.536 this corresponds to ~0.13 pc ~ 1700 Schwarzschild radii with a black hole mass MBH = 8 × 108 M⊙). Imaging and model-fitting techniques were applied to the data to parameterize the fine-scale source structure and its variation. We find a multicomponent inner jet morphology with the northernmost component elongated perpendicular to the direction of the jet, as imaged at longer wavelengths. The elongated nuclear structure is consistent on all four observing days and across different imaging methods and model-fitting techniques, and therefore appears robust. Owing to its compactness and brightness, we associate the northern nuclear structure as the VLBI “core”. This morphology can be interpreted as either a broad resolved jet base or a spatially bent jet. We also find significant day-to-day variations in the closure phases, which appear most pronounced on the triangles with the longest baselines. Our analysis shows that this variation is related to a systematic change of the source structure. Two inner jet components move non-radially at apparent speeds of ~15 c and ~20 c (~1.3 and ~1.7 μas day–1, respectively), which more strongly supports the scenario of traveling shocks or instabilities in a bent, possibly rotating jet. The observed apparent speeds are also coincident with the 3C 279 large-scale jet kinematics observed at longer (cm) wavelengths, suggesting no significant jet acceleration between the 1.3 mm core and the outer jet. The intrinsic brightness temperature of the jet components are ≲1010 K, a magnitude or more lower than typical values seen at ≥7 mm wavelengths. The low brightness temperature and morphological complexity suggest that the core region of 3C 279 becomes optically thin at short (mm) wavelengths.},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202037493},
journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
number = ,
volume = 640,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Aug 12 00:00:00 EDT 2020},
month = {Wed Aug 12 00:00:00 EDT 2020}
}
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Fig. 1: Event Horizon Telescope ($u$, $v$) coverage of 3C 279 on (from left to right) 2017 April 5, 6, 10, and 11. The color-coding for the corresponding baselines is shown in the legend. The JCMT and APEX baselines are omitted because they repeat the SMA and ALMA baselines, respectively.
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- Homan, D. C.; Lister, M. L.; Kovalev, Y. Y.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 798, Issue 2
Doppler factors, Lorentz factors and viewing angles for quasars, BL Lacertae objects and radio galaxies
journal, November 2008
- Hovatta, T.; Valtaoja, E.; Tornikoski, M.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 494, Issue 2
MOJAVE: Monitoring of Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei with VLBA Experiments. II. First-Epoch 15 GHz Circular Polarization Results
journal, March 2006
- Homan, D. C.; Lister, M. L.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 131, Issue 3
First 3 mm-VLBI imaging of the two-sided jet in Cygnus A: Zooming into the launching region
journal, March 2016
- Boccardi, B.; Krichbaum, T. P.; Bach, U.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 588
Calibration of mixed-polarization interferometric observations: Tools for the reduction of interferometric data from elements with linear and circular polarization receivers
journal, March 2016
- Martí-Vidal, I.; Roy, A.; Conway, J.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 587
Sub-Milliarcsecond Imaging of Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei. IV. Fine-Scale Structure
journal, December 2005
- Kovalev, Y. Y.; Kellermann, K. I.; Lister, M. L.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 130, Issue 6
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring
journal, April 2019
- Akiyama, Kazunori; Alberdi, Antxon; Alef, Walter
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 1
A Cosmic Double Helix in the Archetypical Quasar 3C273
journal, October 2001
- Lobanov, A. P.
- Science, Vol. 294, Issue 5540
Interferometric Imaging Directly with Closure Phases and Closure Amplitudes
journal, April 2018
- Chael, Andrew A.; Johnson, Michael D.; Bouman, Katherine L.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 1
Correlated Multi–Wave Band Variability in the Blazar 3C 279 from 1996 to 2007
journal, December 2008
- Chatterjee, Ritaban; Jorstad, Svetlana G.; Marscher, Alan P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 689, Issue 1
Jet Collimation in Action: Realignment on Kiloparsec Scales in 3C 279
journal, April 2003
- Homan, D. C.; Lister, M. L.; Kellermann, K. I.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 589, Issue 1
MOJAVE. XIII. PARSEC-SCALE AGN JET KINEMATICS ANALYSIS BASED ON 19 YEARS OF VLBA OBSERVATIONS AT 15 GHz
journal, June 2016
- Lister, M. L.; Aller, M. F.; Aller, H. D.
- The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 152, Issue 1
First 230 GHz VLBI fringes on 3C 279 using the APEX Telescope
journal, August 2015
- Wagner, J.; Roy, A. L.; Krichbaum, T. P.
- Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 581
Sub‐Milliarcsecond Imaging of Quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei. III. Kinematics of Parsec‐scale Radio Jets
journal, July 2004
- Kellermann, K. I.; Lister, M. L.; Homan, D. C.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 609, Issue 2
Hot Accretion Flows Around Black Holes
journal, August 2014
- Yuan, Feng; Narayan, Ramesh
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 52, Issue 1
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