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Title: High-Efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: Materials, Devices and Applications

Journal Article · · Materials Science and Engineering. R, Reports
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [3];  [3];  [3]; ORCiD logo [4];  [2];  [5];  [3];  [1];  [1]
  1. Soochow Univ. (China)
  2. Australian National Univ., Canberra, ACT (Australia)
  3. Delft Univ. of Technology (Netherlands)
  4. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
  5. Ecole Polytechnique Federale Lausanne (Switzlerland)

Photovoltaic (PV) technology offers an economic and sustainable solution to the challenge of increasing energy demand in times of global warming. The world PV market is currently dominated by the homo-junction crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV technology based on high temperature diffused p-n junctions, featuring a low power conversion efficiency (PCE). Recent years have seen the successful development of Si heterojunction technologies, boosting the PCE of c-Si solar cells over 26%. This article reviews the development status of high-efficiency c-Si heterojunction solar cells, from the materials to devices, mainly including hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) based silicon heterojunction technology, polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) based carrier selective passivating contact technology, metal compounds and organic materials based dopant-free passivating contact technology. The application of silicon heterojunction solar cells for ultra-high efficiency perovskite/c-Si and III-V/c-Si tandem devices is also reviewed. In the last, the perspective, challenge and potential solutions of silicon heterojunction solar cells, as well as the tandem solar cells are discussed.

Research Organization:
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)
Grant/Contract Number:
AC36-08GO28308
OSTI ID:
1660266
Report Number(s):
NREL/JA--5K00-77814; MainId:30729; UUID:523a0f06-a044-403b-92d6-9f308b0855e8; MainAdminID:17431
Journal Information:
Materials Science and Engineering. R, Reports, Journal Name: Materials Science and Engineering. R, Reports Vol. 142; ISSN 0927-796X
Publisher:
ElsevierCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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III–V-on-silicon solar cells reaching 33% photoconversion efficiency in two-terminal configuration journal April 2018
Opportunities and challenges for tandem solar cells using metal halide perovskite semiconductors journal July 2018
A passivating contact for silicon solar cells formed during a single firing thermal annealing journal September 2018
Passivating contacts for crystalline silicon solar cells journal September 2019
Fully textured monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells with 25.2% power conversion efficiency journal June 2018
Metal halide perovskite tandem and multiple-junction photovoltaics journal November 2017
Efficient, stable and scalable perovskite solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene) journal March 2019
Ror2 signaling regulates Golgi structure and transport through IFT20 for tumor invasiveness journal January 2017
Improved surface passivation and reduced parasitic absorption in PEDOT:PSS/c-Si heterojunction solar cells through the admixture of sorbitol journal July 2019
Separating the two polarities of the POLO contacts of an 26.1%-efficient IBC solar cell journal January 2020
13.2% efficiency Si nanowire/PEDOT:PSS hybrid solar cell using a transfer-imprinted Au mesh electrode journal July 2015
Junction formation and current transport mechanisms in hybrid n-Si/PEDOT:PSS solar cells journal August 2015
High Efficiency Organic/Silicon-Nanowire Hybrid Solar Cells: Significance of Strong Inversion Layer journal November 2015
Improved PEDOT:PSS/c-Si hybrid solar cell using inverted structure and effective passivation journal October 2016
A novel “energy fiber” by coaxially integrating dye-sensitized solar cell and electrochemical capacitor journal January 2014
Organic–inorganic halide perovskite/crystalline silicon four-terminal tandem solar cells journal January 2015
Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells for tandems with silicon and CIGS journal January 2015
High-performance semitransparent perovskite solar cells with solution-processed silver nanowires as top electrodes journal January 2015
Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics journal January 2015
Monolithic perovskite/silicon-heterojunction tandem solar cells processed at low temperature journal January 2016
High-performance n-MoS 2 /i-SiO 2 /p-Si heterojunction solar cells journal January 2015
Solution-processed carrier selective layers for high efficiency organic/nanostructured-silicon hybrid solar cells journal January 2016
Degradation observations of encapsulated planar CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskite solar cells at high temperatures and humidity journal January 2015
Self-generation of a quasi p–n junction for high efficiency chemical-doping-free graphene/silicon solar cells using a transition metal oxide interlayer journal January 2016
Mixed co-solvent engineering of PEDOT:PSS to enhance its conductivity and hybrid solar cell properties journal January 2016
Versatile biomimetic haze films for efficiency enhancement of photovoltaic devices journal January 2017
Predicting and optimising the energy yield of perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cells under real world conditions journal January 2017
Monolithic perovskite/silicon-homojunction tandem solar cell with over 22% efficiency journal January 2017
Towards enabling stable lead halide perovskite solar cells; interplay between structural, environmental, and thermal stability journal January 2017
Nickel oxide nanoparticles for efficient hole transport in p-i-n and n-i-p perovskite solar cells journal January 2017
V 2 O x -based hole-selective contacts for c-Si interdigitated back-contacted solar cells journal January 2017
Balancing electrical and optical losses for efficient 4-terminal Si–perovskite solar cells with solution processed percolation electrodes journal January 2018
Interdigitated back-contacted crystalline silicon solar cells with low-temperature dopant-free selective contacts journal January 2018
Large area efficient interface layer free monolithic perovskite/homo-junction-silicon tandem solar cell with over 20% efficiency journal January 2018
Maximizing tandem solar cell power extraction using a three-terminal design journal January 2018
Three-terminal III–V/Si tandem solar cells enabled by a transparent conductive adhesive journal January 2020
Integrated power fiber for energy conversion and storage journal January 2013
Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells journal January 2014
Hybrid organic–inorganic heterojunction solar cells with 12% efficiency by utilizing flexible film-silicon with a hierarchical surface journal January 2014
Enhanced efficiency of graphene/silicon heterojunction solar cells by molecular doping journal January 2013
High-efficiency graphene/Si nanoarray Schottky junction solar cells via surface modification and graphene doping journal January 2013
High-efficiency hybrid solar cells by nanostructural modification in PEDOT:PSS with co-solvent addition journal January 2014
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On the use of a bias-light correction for trapping effects in photoconductance-based lifetime measurements of silicon journal March 2001
A New Silicon p‐n Junction Photocell for Converting Solar Radiation into Electrical Power journal May 1954
Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p‐n Junction Solar Cells journal March 1961
The photocapacitor: An efficient self-charging capacitor for direct storage of solar energy journal October 2004
Exciton splitting and carrier transport across the amorphous-silicon/polymer solar cell interface journal December 2006
High efficiency n-type Si solar cells on Al2O3-passivated boron emitters journal June 2008
Nature of doped a-Si:H/c-Si interface recombination journal May 2009
Control and elimination of nucleation-related defects in GaP/Si(001) heteroepitaxy journal June 2009
Electrical transport mechanisms in a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells journal January 2010
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Damage at hydrogenated amorphous/crystalline silicon interfaces by indium tin oxide overlayer sputtering journal October 2012
Aluminum oxide–n-Si field effect inversion layer solar cells with organic top contact journal December 2012
Hole-blocking titanium-oxide/silicon heterojunction and its application to photovoltaics journal May 2013
Light induced changes in the amorphous—crystalline silicon heterointerface journal September 2013
Shock-induced plasticity and the Hugoniot elastic limit in copper nano films and rods journal February 2014
Silicon heterojunction solar cell with passivated hole selective MoO x contact journal March 2014
Is light-induced degradation of a-Si:H/c-Si interfaces reversible? journal June 2014
Light-induced Voc increase and decrease in high-efficiency amorphous silicon solar cells journal September 2014
Molybdenum oxide MoO x : A versatile hole contact for silicon solar cells journal December 2014
Grown-in defects limiting the bulk lifetime of p -type float-zone silicon wafers journal February 2015
A 2-terminal perovskite/silicon multijunction solar cell enabled by a silicon tunnel junction journal March 2015
Titanium dioxide/silicon hole-blocking selective contact to enable double-heterojunction crystalline silicon-based solar cell journal March 2015
Valence band alignment and hole transport in amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells journal July 2015
Amorphous silicon carbide passivating layers for crystalline-silicon-based heterojunction solar cells journal August 2015
22.5% efficient silicon heterojunction solar cell with molybdenum oxide hole collector journal August 2015
Growth of antiphase-domain-free GaP on Si substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using an in situ AsH 3 surface preparation journal August 2015
Impact of carrier recombination on fill factor for large area heterojunction crystalline silicon solar cell with 25.1% efficiency journal December 2015
Light-induced performance increase of silicon heterojunction solar cells journal October 2016
Zinc tin oxide as high-temperature stable recombination layer for mesoscopic perovskite/silicon monolithic tandem solar cells journal December 2016
Pinhole density and contact resistivity of carrier selective junctions with polycrystalline silicon on oxide journal June 2017
Influence of the transition region between p- and n-type polycrystalline silicon passivating contacts on the performance of interdigitated back contact silicon solar cells journal November 2017
Hydrogen passivation of poly-Si/SiO x contacts for Si solar cells using Al 2 O 3 studied with deuterium journal May 2018
Understanding the charge transport mechanisms through ultrathin SiO x layers in passivated contacts for high-efficiency silicon solar cells journal February 2019
Passivation, conductivity, and selectivity in solar cell contacts: Concepts and simulations based on a unified partial-resistances framework journal November 2019
Passivating contacts and tandem concepts: Approaches for the highest silicon-based solar cell efficiencies journal June 2020
Lateral transport in silicon solar cells journal March 2020
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Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization journal October 2006
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Relation of the Si  H stretching frequency to the nanostructural Si  H bulk environment journal August 2007
Very fast light-induced degradation of a -Si:H/ c -Si(100) interfaces journal June 2011
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History of some early developments in ion-implantation technology leading to silicon transistor manufacturing journal January 1998
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Heavily doped polysilicon-contact solar cells journal July 1985
A polysilicon emitter solar cell journal December 1985
Reassessment of the Limiting Efficiency for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells journal October 2013
Fabrication of GaInP/GaAs//Si Solar Cells by Surface Activated Direct Wafer Bonding journal October 2013
Effect of Boron Codoping and Phosphorus Concentration on Phosphorus Diffusion Gettering journal January 2014
24.7% Record Efficiency HIT Solar Cell on Thin Silicon Wafer journal January 2014
Tandem Solar Cells Based on High-Efficiency c-Si Bottom Cells: Top Cell Requirements for >30% Efficiency journal January 2014
Doped Layer Optimization for Silicon Heterojunctions by Injection-Level-Dependent Open-Circuit Voltage Measurements journal March 2014
Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells With Copper-Plated Grid Electrodes: Status and Comparison With Silver Thick-Film Techniques journal July 2014
Charge Carrier Separation in Solar Cells journal January 2015
Ion Implantation for Poly-Si Passivated Back-Junction Back-Contacted Solar Cells journal March 2015
Wafer-Bonded GaInP/GaAs//Si Solar Cells With 30% Efficiency Under Concentrated Sunlight journal May 2015
Numerical Simulation of Carrier-Selective Electron Contacts Featuring Tunnel Oxides journal September 2015
Proof-of-Concept p-Type Silicon Solar Cells With Molybdenum Oxide Local Rear Contacts journal November 2015
Transparent Electrodes in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: Influence on Contact Passivation journal January 2016
GaAs 0.75 P 0.25 /Si Dual-Junction Solar Cells Grown by MBE and MOCVD journal January 2016
Ion-Implanted Screen-Printed n-Type Solar Cell With Tunnel Oxide Passivated Back Contact journal January 2016
Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cell With Sputtered Front and Rear Electrodes for a Four-Terminal Tandem journal May 2016
Strategies for Doped Nanocrystalline Silicon Integration in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells journal September 2016
Contact Selectivity and Efficiency in Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics journal November 2016
Nanocrystalline Silicon Carrier Collectors for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells and Impact on Low-Temperature Device Characteristics journal November 2016
Metal Grid Contact Design for Four-Terminal Tandem Solar Cells journal May 2017
Hole-Selective Electron-Blocking Copper Oxide Contact for Silicon Solar Cells journal September 2017
Gallium-Doped Poly-Si:Ga/SiO2 Passivated Emitters to n-Cz Wafers With iV oc >730 mV journal November 2017
Nanocrystalline n-Type Silicon Oxide Front Contacts for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: Photocurrent Enhancement on Planar and Textured Substrates journal January 2018
Passivating Contacts for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: From Concepts and Materials to Prospects journal March 2018
Highly Conductive and Broadband Transparent Zr-Doped In 2 O 3 as Front Electrode for Solar Cells journal September 2018
String-Level Modeling of Two, Three, and Four Terminal Si-Based Tandem Modules journal September 2018
Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells With Coannealed Electron- and Hole-Selective SiC x Passivating Contacts journal November 2018
GaAs Solar Cells on Nanopatterned Si Substrates journal November 2018
ITO-Free Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells With ZnO:Al/SiO 2 Front Electrodes Reaching a Conversion Efficiency of 23% journal January 2019
Phosphorous-Doped Silicon Carbide as Front-Side Full-Area Passivating Contact for Double-Side Contacted c-Si Solar Cells journal March 2019
Optimization of Three-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells journal March 2019
Numerical Simulations of IBC Solar Cells Based on Poly-Si Carrier-Selective Passivating Contacts journal March 2019
An Expanded Cox and Strack Method for Precise Extraction of Specific Contact Resistance of Transition Metal Oxide/ n- Silicon Heterojunction journal July 2019
Low-Temperature $p$-Type Microcrystalline Silicon as Carrier Selective Contact for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells journal September 2019
Aluminium-Doped Zinc Oxide Rear Reflectors for High-Efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells journal September 2019
Influence of Room Temperature Sputtered Al-Doped Zinc Oxide on Passivation Quality in Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells journal November 2019
Detailed Analysis and Understanding of the Transport Mechanism of Poly-Si-Based Carrier Selective Junctions journal November 2019
Optimization of Transparent Passivating Contact for Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells journal January 2020
Efficiency Roadmap for Evolutionary Upgrades of PERC Solar Cells by TOPCon: Impact of Parasitic Absorption journal March 2020
Understanding Transport in Hole Contacts of Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells by Simulating TLM Structures journal March 2020
Three-Terminal Tandem Solar Cells With a Back-Contact-Type Bottom Cell Bonded Using Conductive Metal Nanoparticle Arrays journal March 2020
Low-Temperature Atomic Layer Deposited Magnesium Oxide as a Passivating Electron Contact for c-Si-Based Solar Cells journal March 2020
Design Rules to Fully Benefit From Bifaciality in Two-Terminal Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells journal May 2020
Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites journal October 2012
Thin Films of n-Si/Poly-(CH3)3Si-Cyclooctatetraene: Conducting-Polymer Solar Cells and Layered Structures journal September 1990
Photovoltaic materials: Present efficiencies and future challenges journal April 2016
A mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite absorber for tandem solar cells journal January 2016
Perovskite solar cells with CuSCN hole extraction layers yield stabilized efficiencies greater than 20% journal September 2017
Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide–based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells journal June 2017
Enhanced photovoltage for inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells journal June 2018
Thermal unequilibrium of strained black CsPbI 3 thin films journal July 2019
Efficient, stable solar cells by using inherent bandgap of α-phase formamidinium lead iodide journal November 2019
Efficient tandem solar cells with solution-processed perovskite on textured crystalline silicon journal March 2020
Triple-halide wide–band gap perovskites with suppressed phase segregation for efficient tandems journal March 2020
Photoelectric Effects of In 2 O 3 - p Si Diodes journal June 1975
High-Efficiency Monolithic Three-Terminal GaAs/Si Tandem Solar Cells Fabricated by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition journal February 1996
Multi Junction Solar Cells Stacked with Transparent and Conductive Adhesive journal May 2011
Amorphous-Silicon-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells Exhibiting Low Light-Induced Degradation journal October 2012
Electrical and Optical Properties of SnO 2 -Si Heterojunctions journal July 1967
Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition of Ta-N Thin Films journal January 2002
CH_3NH_3PbI_3 perovskite / silicon tandem solar cells: characterization based optical simulations journal January 2015
Design guidelines for perovskite/silicon 2-terminal tandem solar cells: an optical study journal January 2016
Infrared photocurrent management in monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells by using a nanocrystalline silicon oxide interlayer journal January 2018
Design of perovskite/crystalline-silicon monolithic tandem solar cells journal January 2018
Optical Analysis of Poly-Si and Poly-SiOx Carrier-Selective Passivating Contacts for c-Si Solar Cells conference January 2017
High-efficiency Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells: A Review journal January 2012
Polycrystalline silicon passivated tunneling contacts for high efficiency silicon solar cells journal March 2016
Metamorphic epitaxy for multijunction solar cells journal March 2016
The Outdoor Field Test and Energy Yield Model of the Four-Terminal on Si Tandem PV Module journal April 2020
Thermoelectric properties of Al–Mn–Si C40 phase containing small amount of W or Ta journal June 2015