Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurement and Soft Decoding of a Silicon Spin Qubit

Xue, Xiao; D’Anjou, Benjamin; Watson, Thomas F.; Ward, Daniel R.; Savage, Donald E.; Lagally, Max G.; Friesen, Mark; Coppersmith, Susan N.; Eriksson, Mark A.; Coish, William A.; Vandersypen, Lieven M. K.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.10.021006

Title: Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurement and Soft Decoding of a Silicon Spin Qubit

Abstract

Quantum error correction is of crucial importance for fault-tolerant quantum computers. As an essential step toward the implementation of quantum error-correcting codes, quantum nondemolition measurements are needed to efficiently detect the state of a logical qubit without destroying it. Here we implement quantum nondemolition measurements in a Si/SiGe two-qubit system, with one qubit serving as the logical qubit and the other serving as the ancilla. Making use of a two-qubit controlled-rotation gate, the state of the logical qubit is mapped onto the ancilla, followed by a destructive readout of the ancilla. Repeating this procedure enhances the logical readout fidelity from 75.5 ± 0.3% to 94.5 ± 0.2% after 15 ancilla readouts. In addition, we compare the conventional thresholding method with an improved signal processing method called soft decoding that makes use of analog information in the readout signal to better estimate the state of the logical qubit. We demonstrate that soft decoding leads to a significant reduction in the required number of repetitions when the readout errors become limited by Gaussian noise, for instance, in the case of readouts with a low signal-to-noise ratio. These results pave the way for the implementation of quantum error correction with spin qubits inmore » silicon.« less

Authors:

;

; Watson, Thomas F.; Ward, Daniel R.; Savage, Donald E.; Lagally, Max G.;

; Coppersmith, Susan N.; Eriksson, Mark A.;

;

Publication Date:: Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 EDT 2020

Research Org.:: Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1632919

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1800110

Grant/Contract Number:: FG02-03ER46028

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Physical Review. X

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Physical Review. X Journal Volume: 10 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2160-3308

Publisher:: American Physical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSICS; Physics

Citation Formats


                    Xue, Xiao, D’Anjou, Benjamin, Watson, Thomas F., Ward, Daniel R., Savage, Donald E., Lagally, Max G., Friesen, Mark, Coppersmith, Susan N., Eriksson, Mark A., Coish, William A., and Vandersypen, Lieven M. K. Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurement and Soft Decoding of a Silicon Spin Qubit.  United States: N. p., 2020. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.10.021006.

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                    Xue, Xiao, D’Anjou, Benjamin, Watson, Thomas F., Ward, Daniel R., Savage, Donald E., Lagally, Max G., Friesen, Mark, Coppersmith, Susan N., Eriksson, Mark A., Coish, William A., & Vandersypen, Lieven M. K. Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurement and Soft Decoding of a Silicon Spin Qubit.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.10.021006

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                    Xue, Xiao, D’Anjou, Benjamin, Watson, Thomas F., Ward, Daniel R., Savage, Donald E., Lagally, Max G., Friesen, Mark, Coppersmith, Susan N., Eriksson, Mark A., Coish, William A., and Vandersypen, Lieven M. K. Wed .  
"Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurement and Soft Decoding of a Silicon Spin Qubit".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.10.021006.

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@article{osti_1632919,

  title        = {Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurement and Soft Decoding of a Silicon Spin Qubit},

  author       = {Xue, Xiao and D’Anjou, Benjamin and Watson, Thomas F. and Ward, Daniel R. and Savage, Donald E. and Lagally, Max G. and Friesen, Mark and Coppersmith, Susan N. and Eriksson, Mark A. and Coish, William A. and Vandersypen, Lieven M. K.},

  abstractNote = {Quantum error correction is of crucial importance for fault-tolerant quantum computers. As an essential step toward the implementation of quantum error-correcting codes, quantum nondemolition measurements are needed to efficiently detect the state of a logical qubit without destroying it. Here we implement quantum nondemolition measurements in a Si/SiGe two-qubit system, with one qubit serving as the logical qubit and the other serving as the ancilla. Making use of a two-qubit controlled-rotation gate, the state of the logical qubit is mapped onto the ancilla, followed by a destructive readout of the ancilla. Repeating this procedure enhances the logical readout fidelity from 75.5 ± 0.3% to 94.5 ± 0.2% after 15 ancilla readouts. In addition, we compare the conventional thresholding method with an improved signal processing method called soft decoding that makes use of analog information in the readout signal to better estimate the state of the logical qubit. We demonstrate that soft decoding leads to a significant reduction in the required number of repetitions when the readout errors become limited by Gaussian noise, for instance, in the case of readouts with a low signal-to-noise ratio. These results pave the way for the implementation of quantum error correction with spin qubits in silicon.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevX.10.021006},

  journal      = {Physical Review. X},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 10,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 EDT 2020},

  month        = {Wed Apr 08 00:00:00 EDT 2020}

}

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Title: Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurement and Soft Decoding of a Silicon Spin Qubit

Abstract

Citation Formats

Hidden Markov model of atomic quantum jump dynamics in an optically probed cavity journal, April 2014

Single-Shot Single-Gate rf Spin Readout in Silicon journal, November 2018

Room-Temperature Quantum Bit Memory Exceeding One Second journal, June 2012

High-Fidelity Readout of Trapped-Ion Qubits journal, May 2008

Repeated multi-qubit readout and feedback with a mixed-species trapped-ion register journal, November 2018

Rapid gate-based spin read-out in silicon using an on-chip resonator journal, July 2019

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Measurement Efficiency and n -Shot Readout of Spin Qubits journal, September 2004

High-Fidelity Preparation, Gates, Memory, and Readout of a Trapped-Ion Quantum Bit journal, November 2014

Electrically driven single-electron spin resonance in a slanting Zeeman field journal, August 2008

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Extending the lifetime of a quantum bit with error correction in superconducting circuits journal, July 2016

High-Fidelity Adaptive Qubit Detection through Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurements journal, September 2007

State preservation by repetitive error detection in a superconducting quantum circuit journal, March 2015

Entanglement stabilization using ancilla-based parity detection and real-time feedback in superconducting circuits journal, August 2019

High-Fidelity Measurement of Qubits Encoded in Multilevel Superconducting Circuits journal, January 2020

Robust readout of bosonic qubits in the dispersive coupling regime journal, August 2018

Electrical control of a long-lived spin qubit in a Si/SiGe quantum dot journal, August 2014

Single-shot read-out of an individual electron spin in a quantum dot journal, July 2004

Quantum sensing with arbitrary frequency resolution journal, May 2017

Fault-tolerant detection of a quantum error journal, July 2018

Optimal post-processing for a generic single-shot qubit readout journal, January 2014

Soft Decoding of a Qubit Readout Apparatus journal, December 2014

Quantum error correction with the toric Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill code journal, March 2019

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Fault-tolerant bosonic quantum error correction with the surface–Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill code journal, January 2020

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Simultaneous Spin-Charge Relaxation in Double Quantum Dots journal, May 2013

Repeated quantum error correction on a continuously encoded qubit by real-time feedback journal, May 2016

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Analog Quantum Error Correction with Encoding a Qubit into an Oscillator journal, November 2017

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Data processing over single-port homodyne detection to realize superresolution and supersensitivity journal, December 2019

Optimal signal processing for continuous qubit readout journal, August 2014

Class of algorithms for decoding block codes with channel measurement information journal, January 1972

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Tracking photon jumps with repeated quantum non-demolition parity measurements journal, July 2014

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Dark States of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond Unraveled by Single Shot NMR journal, April 2011

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High-Fidelity Readout of Trapped-Ion Qubits
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Repeated multi-qubit readout and feedback with a mixed-species trapped-ion register
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Electrically driven single-electron spin resonance in a slanting Zeeman field
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Electrical control of a long-lived spin qubit in a Si/SiGe quantum dot
journal, August 2014

Single-shot read-out of an individual electron spin in a quantum dot
journal, July 2004

Quantum sensing with arbitrary frequency resolution
journal, May 2017

Fault-tolerant detection of a quantum error
journal, July 2018

Optimal post-processing for a generic single-shot qubit readout
journal, January 2014

Soft Decoding of a Qubit Readout Apparatus
journal, December 2014

Quantum error correction with the toric Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill code
journal, March 2019

Repetitive Readout of a Single Electronic Spin via Quantum Logic with Nuclear Spin Ancillae
journal, September 2009

Fault-tolerant bosonic quantum error correction with the surface–Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill code
journal, January 2020

Nuclear magnetic resonance detection and spectroscopy of single proteins using quantum logic
journal, February 2016

Simultaneous Spin-Charge Relaxation in Double Quantum Dots
journal, May 2013

Repeated quantum error correction on a continuously encoded qubit by real-time feedback
journal, May 2016

Quantum error correction and universal gate set operation on a binomial bosonic logical qubit
journal, February 2019

Analog Quantum Error Correction with Encoding a Qubit into an Oscillator
journal, November 2017

Gate-based high fidelity spin readout in a CMOS device
journal, May 2019

A programmable two-qubit quantum processor in silicon
journal, February 2018

Protocols for optimal readout of qubits using a continuous quantum nondemolition measurement
journal, July 2007

Probe and control of the reservoir density of states in single-electron devices
journal, April 2010

Data processing over single-port homodyne detection to realize superresolution and supersensitivity
journal, December 2019

Optimal signal processing for continuous qubit readout
journal, August 2014

Class of algorithms for decoding block codes with channel measurement information
journal, January 1972

High-fidelity projective read-out of a solid-state spin quantum register
journal, September 2011

Tracking photon jumps with repeated quantum non-demolition parity measurements
journal, July 2014

Bayesian estimation for quantum sensing in the absence of single-shot detection
journal, March 2019

Dark States of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond Unraveled by Single Shot NMR
journal, April 2011

Maximal Adaptive-Decision Speedups in Quantum-State Readout
journal, February 2016