Dose‐dependent study of effects of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin: A mechanistic insight

Bora, Kiran; Kumar, Bhuvnesh; Prakash, Satya; Rathi, Ajay

doi:10.1002/jbio.201800484

Title: Dose‐dependent study of effects of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin: A mechanistic insight

Abstract

Abstract Visible lasers emitting in the green spectral region are being routinely employed in various medical and defense fields namely treatment of pigmented lesions, tattoo inks, port wine stains, dazzling the target or mob dispersal. Despite their increasing applications, lasers also tend to pose occupational hazards to operators, ancillary personnel, individuals undergoing laser therapies. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of different doses of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin. The present study demonstrated that higher fluences of 532‐nm continuous wave (CW) laser induces significant tissue damage through induction of tumor necrosis factor‐α, cyclooxygenase‐2, tumor protein (p53), PARP 1, caspase3 which in turn leads to tissue damage and cell death. Furthermore, level of heat shock proteins, pAkt were found up‐regulated as a cope up response to laser‐induced stress. On the basis of the findings, irradiation with 532‐nm CW laser up to 2.5 J/cm ² was found within the safe exposure limits. Thus, it is probably the first attempt to demonstrate the tissue damage induced by 532‐nm CW laser on skin, which may help in choosing safe laser dose for certain skin‐based applications and evolving methods to ameliorate laser‐inflicted injuries.

Authors:

Bora, Kiran ^[1];

^[1]; Prakash, Satya ^[2]; Rathi, Ajay ^[2]

Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS) DRDO Delhi India
Laser Science and Technology Centre (LASTEC) DRDO Delhi India

Publication Date:: Thu Jun 20 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1559367

Resource Type:: Publisher's Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Biophotonics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Journal of Biophotonics Journal Volume: 12 Journal Issue: 10; Journal ID: ISSN 1864-063X

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

Citation Formats


                    Bora, Kiran, Kumar, Bhuvnesh, Prakash, Satya, and Rathi, Ajay. Dose‐dependent study of effects of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin: A mechanistic insight.  Germany: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/jbio.201800484.

Copy to clipboard


                    Bora, Kiran, Kumar, Bhuvnesh, Prakash, Satya, & Rathi, Ajay. Dose‐dependent study of effects of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin: A mechanistic insight.  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201800484

Copy to clipboard


                    Bora, Kiran, Kumar, Bhuvnesh, Prakash, Satya, and Rathi, Ajay. Thu .  
"Dose‐dependent study of effects of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin: A mechanistic insight".  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201800484.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1559367,

  title        = {Dose‐dependent study of effects of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin: A mechanistic insight},

  author       = {Bora, Kiran and Kumar, Bhuvnesh and Prakash, Satya and Rathi, Ajay},

  abstractNote = {Abstract Visible lasers emitting in the green spectral region are being routinely employed in various medical and defense fields namely treatment of pigmented lesions, tattoo inks, port wine stains, dazzling the target or mob dispersal. Despite their increasing applications, lasers also tend to pose occupational hazards to operators, ancillary personnel, individuals undergoing laser therapies. This study was aimed at investigating the effects of different doses of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin. The present study demonstrated that higher fluences of 532‐nm continuous wave (CW) laser induces significant tissue damage through induction of tumor necrosis factor‐α, cyclooxygenase‐2, tumor protein (p53), PARP 1, caspase3 which in turn leads to tissue damage and cell death. Furthermore, level of heat shock proteins, pAkt were found up‐regulated as a cope up response to laser‐induced stress. On the basis of the findings, irradiation with 532‐nm CW laser up to 2.5 J/cm 2 was found within the safe exposure limits. Thus, it is probably the first attempt to demonstrate the tissue damage induced by 532‐nm CW laser on skin, which may help in choosing safe laser dose for certain skin‐based applications and evolving methods to ameliorate laser‐inflicted injuries.},

  doi          = {10.1002/jbio.201800484},

  journal      = {Journal of Biophotonics},

  number       = 10,

  volume       = 12,

  place        = {Germany},

  year         = {Thu Jun 20 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Thu Jun 20 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.1002/jbio.201800484

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 1 work

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Detection of picomole levels of hydroperoxides using a fluorescent dichlorofluorescein assay
journal, October 1983

Cathcart, Richard; Schwiers, Elizabeth; Ames, Bruce N.
Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 134, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(83)90270-1

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a mediator of necrotic cell death by ATP depletion
journal, November 1999

Ha, H. C.; Snyder, S. H.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 96, Issue 24
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.24.13978

Are non‐lethal weapons a viable military option to strengthen the hearts and minds approach in Afghanistan?
journal, June 2012

Orbons, Sjef
Defense & Security Analysis, Vol. 28, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1080/14751798.2012.678163

Heat stress upregulates chaperone heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase through reactive oxygen species (ROS), p38MAPK, and Akt
journal, March 2009

Banerjee Mustafi, Soumyajit; Chakraborty, Prabir Kumar; Dey, Rakhi Sharma
Cell Stress and Chaperones, Vol. 14, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1007/s12192-009-0109-x

Thermal Injury Causes DNA Damage and Lethality in Unheated Surrounding Cells: Active Thermal Bystander Effect
journal, January 2010

Purschke, Martin; Laubach, Hans-Joachim; Rox Anderson, R.
Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 130, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.205

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent energy depletion occurs through inhibition of glycolysis
journal, July 2014

Andrabi, S. A.; Umanah, G. K. E.; Chang, C.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 28
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405158111

Sub-lethal effects of exposing the human melanoma cell line Skmel−23 to 532 nm laser light
journal, September 1997

Zhu, Ning Wen; Kenealy, John; Burd, Andrew
International Journal of Cancer, Vol. 72, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970917)72:6<1104::AID-IJC27>3.0.CO;2-2

Shaving area of unwanted hair before laser operation is useful in cosmetic procedure: A simulation study
journal, January 2015

Mustafa, Farhad H.; Jaafar, Mohamad S.
Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery, Vol. 19, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.jssdds.2013.10.001

Energy metabolism during cutaneous wound healing in immunocompromised and aged rats
journal, April 2004

Gupta, Asheesh; Manhas, Namratta; Raghubir, Ram
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Vol. 259, Issue 1/2
DOI: 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000021339.34784.81

Cellular response to oxidative stress: Signaling for suicide and survival
journal, June 2002

Martindale, Jennifer L.; Holbrook, Nikki J.
Journal of Cellular Physiology, Vol. 192, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10119

Vascular lasers and IPLS: Guidelines for care from the European Society for Laser Dermatology (ESLD)
journal, January 2007

Adamič, Metka; Troilius, Agneta; Adatto, Maurice
Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, Vol. 9, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1080/14764170701280693

Comparative Histological Studies of the Tunable Dye (at 577 nm) Laser and Argon Laser: The Specific Vascular Effects of the Dye Laser
journal, September 1981

Greenwald, Jeffrey; Rosen, Seymour; Anderson, R. Rox
Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 77, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12482476

Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy
journal, May 2016

de Freitas, Lucas Freitas; Hamblin, Michael R.
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol. 22, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1109/JSTQE.2016.2561201

Expression of heat shock proteins 70 and 47 in tissues following short-pulse laser irradiation: Assessment of thermal damage and healing
journal, October 2013

Sajjadi, Amir Yousef; Mitra, Kunal; Grace, Michael
Medical Engineering & Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.03.011

Clinical Use of the Q-Switched Ruby and the Q-Switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm and 532 nm) Lasers for Treatment of Tattoos
journal, April 1993

Kilmer, Suzanne Linsmeier; Anderson, R. Rox
The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, Vol. 19, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.1993.tb00354.x

Necrosis, a well-orchestrated form of cell demise: Signalling cascades, important mediators and concomitant immune response
journal, September 2006

Festjens, Nele; Vanden Berghe, Tom; Vandenabeele, Peter
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, Vol. 1757, Issue 9-10
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.06.014

Comparative Study of 1,064-nm Laser-Induced Skin Burn and Thermal Skin Burn
journal, April 2013

Zhang, Yi-Ming; Ruan, Jing; Xiao, Rong
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 67, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9596-6

Prostaglandins and Inflammation
journal, May 2011

Ricciotti, Emanuela; FitzGerald, Garret A.
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, Vol. 31, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.207449

The Two-Faced NF-κB in the Skin
journal, January 2008

Sur, Inderpreet; Ulvmar, Maria; Toftgård, Rune
International Reviews of Immunology, Vol. 27, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1080/08830180802130319

Military Laser Applications: Providing Focus to Nonlinear Optics r&d
journal, January 1998

Hopkins, F. Kenneth
Optics and Photonics News, Vol. 9, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1364/OPN.9.2.000032

Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction
journal, June 1979

Ohkawa, Hiroshi; Ohishi, Nobuko; Yagi, Kunio
Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 95, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3

Use of 532-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for smoker's gingival hyperpigmentation
journal, January 2010

Bin Cho, Sung; Hee Lee, Ju; Seo, Woonkyung
Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, Vol. 12, Issue 2
DOI: 10.3109/14764171003706174

Ultraviolet and laser radiation safety
journal, November 1994

Moseley, H.
Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 39, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/39/11/001

Rapid caspase-3 activation during apoptosis revealed using fluorescence-resonance energy transfer
journal, September 2000

Tyas, Lorraine; Brophy, Victoria A.; Pope, Andrew
EMBO reports, Vol. 1, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1093/embo-reports/kvd050

Mutagenic Activity of High-Energy 532 nm Ultra-Short Laser Pulses
journal, April 1997

Leavitt, John; Fatone, Michael; Hestdalen, Charles
Radiation Research, Vol. 147, Issue 4
DOI: 10.2307/3579507

A possible explanation of laser-induced stimulation and damage of cell cultures
journal, October 1991

Friedmann, H.; Lubart, R.; Laulicht, I.
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(91)80271-I

Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways
journal, January 2014

Berghe, Tom Vanden; Linkermann, Andreas; Jouan-Lanhouet, Sandrine
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1038/nrm3737

Signals from within: the DNA-damage-induced NF-κB response
journal, January 2006

Janssens, S.; Tschopp, J.
Cell Death & Differentiation, Vol. 13, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401843

Clinical Applications of the 532-nm Diode Laser for the Treatment of Facial Telangiectasia and Pigmented Lesions: Literature Review, History, and Discussion of Clinical Experience
journal, June 2001

Niamtu, Joseph
The American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery, Vol. 18, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1177/074880680101800203

An Assessment of the Occupational Hazards Related to Medical Lasers
journal, January 2011

Pierce, Jennifer S.; Lacey, Steven E.; Lippert, Julia F.
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 53, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0b013e318236399e

Role of COX-2 Inhibitors in the Evolution of Acute Pain Management
journal, July 2002

Sinatra, Raymond
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, Vol. 24, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00410-4

Cytosolic Irradiation of Femtosecond Laser Induces Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis-like Cell Death via Intrinsic Reactive Oxygen Cascades
journal, February 2015

Yoon, Jonghee; Ryu, Seung-wook; Lee, Seunghee
Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/srep08231

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Short-Course Treatment With Gefitinib Enhances Curative Potential of Radiation Therapy in a Mouse Model of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Journal Article Bokobza, Sivan M. ; Jiang, Yanyan ; Weber, Anika M. ; ... - International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics

Purpose: To evaluate the combination of radiation and an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in preclinical models of human non-small cell lung cancer. Methods and Materials: Sensitivity to an EGFR TKI (gefitinib) or radiation was assessed using proliferation assays and clonogenic survival assays. Effects on receptor signal transduction pathways (pEGFR, pAKT, pMAPK) and apoptosis (percentage of cleaved PARP Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)) were assessed by Western blotting. Radiation-induced DNA damage was assessed by γH2AX immunofluorescence. Established (≥100 mm{sup 3}) EGFR-mutated (HCC287) or EGFR wild-type (A549) subcutaneous xenografts were treated with radiation (10 Gy, day 1) or gefitinib (50 mg/kg,more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJROBP.2013.12.038
Image-guided adaptive radiation therapy (IGART): Radiobiological and dose escalation considerations for localized carcinoma of the prostate

Journal Article Song, William ; Schaly, Bryan ; Bauman, Glenn ; ... - Medical Physics

The goal of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of various image-guided adaptive radiation therapy (IGART) techniques to deliver and escalate dose to the prostate in the presence of geometric uncertainties. Five prostate patients with 15-16 treatment CT studies each were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were planned with an 18 MV, six-field conformal technique with a 10 mm margin size and an initial prescription of 70 Gy in 35 fractions. The adaptive strategy employed in this work for patient-specific dose escalation was to increase the prescription dose in 2 Gy-per-fraction increments until the rectum normal tissue complication probability (NTCP)more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1935775
Benzoporphyrin derivative and light-emitting diode for use in photodynamic therapy: Applications of space light-emitting diode technology

Journal Article Whelan, Harry T ; Houle, John M ; Bajic, Dawn M ; ... - AIP Conference Proceedings

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment modality that recently has been applied as adjuvant therapy for brain tumors. PDT consists of intravenously injecting a photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tumor cells, into a patient and then activating the photosensitizer with a light source. This results in free radical generation followed by cell death. The development of more effective light sources for PDT of brain tumors has been facilitated by applications of space light-emitting diode array technology; thus permitting deeper tumor penetration of light and use of better photosensitizers. Currently, the most commonly used photosensitizer for brain tumor PDT ismore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.54943
Selective photothermolysis of cutaneous pigmentation by Q-switched Nd: YAG laser pulses at 1064, 532, and 355 nm

Journal Article Anderson, R R ; Margolis, R J ; Watenabe, S ; ... - J. Invest. Dermatol.; (United States)

Exposure of skin to nanosecond-domain laser pulses affects the pigmentary system by a process called selective photothermolysis, in which melanosomes and pigmented cells are preferentially altered. Due to the broad absorption spectrum of melanin, this effect may occur with wavelengths that penetrate to vastly different depths within tissue, potentially producing different biologic responses. The effects of single near-ultraviolet (355 nm), visible (532 nm), and near infrared (1064 nm) pulses of 10-12 nsec duration were determined in guinea pig skin using gross, histologic, and electron microscopic observations. Threshold response in pigmented skin was a transient immediate ash-white discoloration, requiring 0.11, 0.20,more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277339
Effects of pergolide mesylate on transduction efficiency of PEP-1-catalase protein

Journal Article Sohn, Eun Jeong ; Kim, Dae Won ; Kim, Young Nam ; ... - Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications

Research highlights: {yields} We studied effects of pergolide mesylate (PM) on in vitro and in vivo transduction of PEP-1-catalase. {yields} PEP-1-catatase inhibited 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation. {yields} PM enhanced the transduction of PEP-1-catalase into HaCaT cells and skin tissue. {yields} PM increased anti-inflammatory activity of PEP-1-catalase. {yields} PM stimulated therapeutic action of anti-oxidant enzyme catalase in oxidative-related diseases. -- Abstract: The low transduction efficiency of various proteins is an obstacle to their therapeutic application. However, protein transduction domains (PTDs) are well-known for a highly effective tool for exogenous protein delivery to cells. We examined the effects of pergolide mesylate (PM) onmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BBRC.2011.02.038

Similar Records

Title: Dose‐dependent study of effects of 532‐nm continuous wave laser on rat skin: A mechanistic insight

Abstract

Citation Formats

Detection of picomole levels of hydroperoxides using a fluorescent dichlorofluorescein assay journal, October 1983

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a mediator of necrotic cell death by ATP depletion journal, November 1999

Are non‐lethal weapons a viable military option to strengthen the hearts and minds approach in Afghanistan? journal, June 2012

Heat stress upregulates chaperone heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase through reactive oxygen species (ROS), p38MAPK, and Akt journal, March 2009

Thermal Injury Causes DNA Damage and Lethality in Unheated Surrounding Cells: Active Thermal Bystander Effect journal, January 2010

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent energy depletion occurs through inhibition of glycolysis journal, July 2014

Sub-lethal effects of exposing the human melanoma cell line Skmel−23 to 532 nm laser light journal, September 1997

Shaving area of unwanted hair before laser operation is useful in cosmetic procedure: A simulation study journal, January 2015

Energy metabolism during cutaneous wound healing in immunocompromised and aged rats journal, April 2004

Cellular response to oxidative stress: Signaling for suicide and survival journal, June 2002

Vascular lasers and IPLS: Guidelines for care from the European Society for Laser Dermatology (ESLD) journal, January 2007

Comparative Histological Studies of the Tunable Dye (at 577 nm) Laser and Argon Laser: The Specific Vascular Effects of the Dye Laser journal, September 1981

Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy journal, May 2016

Expression of heat shock proteins 70 and 47 in tissues following short-pulse laser irradiation: Assessment of thermal damage and healing journal, October 2013

Clinical Use of the Q-Switched Ruby and the Q-Switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm and 532 nm) Lasers for Treatment of Tattoos journal, April 1993

Necrosis, a well-orchestrated form of cell demise: Signalling cascades, important mediators and concomitant immune response journal, September 2006

Comparative Study of 1,064-nm Laser-Induced Skin Burn and Thermal Skin Burn journal, April 2013

Prostaglandins and Inflammation journal, May 2011

The Two-Faced NF-κB in the Skin journal, January 2008

Military Laser Applications: Providing Focus to Nonlinear Optics r&d journal, January 1998

Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction journal, June 1979

Use of 532-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for smoker's gingival hyperpigmentation journal, January 2010

Ultraviolet and laser radiation safety journal, November 1994

Rapid caspase-3 activation during apoptosis revealed using fluorescence-resonance energy transfer journal, September 2000

Mutagenic Activity of High-Energy 532 nm Ultra-Short Laser Pulses journal, April 1997

A possible explanation of laser-induced stimulation and damage of cell cultures journal, October 1991

Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways journal, January 2014

Signals from within: the DNA-damage-induced NF-κB response journal, January 2006

Clinical Applications of the 532-nm Diode Laser for the Treatment of Facial Telangiectasia and Pigmented Lesions: Literature Review, History, and Discussion of Clinical Experience journal, June 2001

An Assessment of the Occupational Hazards Related to Medical Lasers journal, January 2011

Role of COX-2 Inhibitors in the Evolution of Acute Pain Management journal, July 2002

Cytosolic Irradiation of Femtosecond Laser Induces Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis-like Cell Death via Intrinsic Reactive Oxygen Cascades journal, February 2015

Detection of picomole levels of hydroperoxides using a fluorescent dichlorofluorescein assay
journal, October 1983

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a mediator of necrotic cell death by ATP depletion
journal, November 1999

Are non‐lethal weapons a viable military option to strengthen the hearts and minds approach in Afghanistan?
journal, June 2012

Heat stress upregulates chaperone heat shock protein 70 and antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase through reactive oxygen species (ROS), p38MAPK, and Akt
journal, March 2009

Thermal Injury Causes DNA Damage and Lethality in Unheated Surrounding Cells: Active Thermal Bystander Effect
journal, January 2010

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent energy depletion occurs through inhibition of glycolysis
journal, July 2014

Sub-lethal effects of exposing the human melanoma cell line Skmel−23 to 532 nm laser light
journal, September 1997

Shaving area of unwanted hair before laser operation is useful in cosmetic procedure: A simulation study
journal, January 2015

Energy metabolism during cutaneous wound healing in immunocompromised and aged rats
journal, April 2004

Cellular response to oxidative stress: Signaling for suicide and survival
journal, June 2002

Vascular lasers and IPLS: Guidelines for care from the European Society for Laser Dermatology (ESLD)
journal, January 2007

Comparative Histological Studies of the Tunable Dye (at 577 nm) Laser and Argon Laser: The Specific Vascular Effects of the Dye Laser
journal, September 1981

Proposed Mechanisms of Photobiomodulation or Low-Level Light Therapy
journal, May 2016

Expression of heat shock proteins 70 and 47 in tissues following short-pulse laser irradiation: Assessment of thermal damage and healing
journal, October 2013

Clinical Use of the Q-Switched Ruby and the Q-Switched Nd:YAG (1064 nm and 532 nm) Lasers for Treatment of Tattoos
journal, April 1993

Necrosis, a well-orchestrated form of cell demise: Signalling cascades, important mediators and concomitant immune response
journal, September 2006

Comparative Study of 1,064-nm Laser-Induced Skin Burn and Thermal Skin Burn
journal, April 2013

Prostaglandins and Inflammation
journal, May 2011

The Two-Faced NF-κB in the Skin
journal, January 2008

Military Laser Applications: Providing Focus to Nonlinear Optics r&d
journal, January 1998

Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction
journal, June 1979

Use of 532-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser for smoker's gingival hyperpigmentation
journal, January 2010

Ultraviolet and laser radiation safety
journal, November 1994

Rapid caspase-3 activation during apoptosis revealed using fluorescence-resonance energy transfer
journal, September 2000

Mutagenic Activity of High-Energy 532 nm Ultra-Short Laser Pulses
journal, April 1997

A possible explanation of laser-induced stimulation and damage of cell cultures
journal, October 1991

Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways
journal, January 2014

Signals from within: the DNA-damage-induced NF-κB response
journal, January 2006

Clinical Applications of the 532-nm Diode Laser for the Treatment of Facial Telangiectasia and Pigmented Lesions: Literature Review, History, and Discussion of Clinical Experience
journal, June 2001

An Assessment of the Occupational Hazards Related to Medical Lasers
journal, January 2011

Role of COX-2 Inhibitors in the Evolution of Acute Pain Management
journal, July 2002

Cytosolic Irradiation of Femtosecond Laser Induces Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis-like Cell Death via Intrinsic Reactive Oxygen Cascades
journal, February 2015