An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Jacobs, C.; Collett, T.; Glazebrook, K.; Buckley-Geer, E.; Diehl, H. T.; Lin, H.; McCarthy, C.; Qin, A. K.; Odden, C.; Escudero, M. Caso; Dial, P.; Yung, V. J.; Gaitsch, S.; Pellico, A.; Lindgren, K. A.; Abbott, T. M.  C.; Annis, J.; Avila, S.; Brooks, D.; Burke, D. L.; Rosell, A. Carnero; Kind, M. Carrasco; Carretero, J.; Costa, L. N.  da; Vicente, J. De; Fosalba, P.; Frieman, J.; García-Bellido, J.; Gaztanaga, E.; Goldstein, D. A.; Gruen, D.; Gruendl, R. A.; Gschwend, J.; Hollowood, D. L.; Honscheid, K.; Hoyle, B.; James, D. J.; Krause, E.; Kuropatkin, N.; Lahav, O.; Lima, M.; Maia, M. A.  G.; Marshall, J. L.; Miquel, R.; Plazas, A. A.; Roodman, A.; Sanchez, E.; Scarpine, V.; Serrano, S.; Sevilla-Noarbe, I.; Smith, M.; Sobreira, F.; Suchyta, E.; Swanson, M. E.  C.; Tarle, G.; Vikram, V.; Walker, A. R.; Zhang, Y.

doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab26b6

Title: An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Abstract

We search Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 imaging for galaxy–galaxy strong gravitational lenses using convolutional neural networks, extending previous work with new training sets and covering a wider range of redshifts and colors. We train two neural networks using images of simulated lenses, then use them to score postage-stamp images of 7.9 million sources from DES chosen to have plausible lens colors based on simulations. We examine 1175 of the highest-scored candidates and identify 152 probable or definite lenses. Examining an additional 20,000 images with lower scores, we identify a further 247 probable or definite candidates. After including 86 candidates discovered in earlier searches using neural networks and 26 candidates discovered through visual inspection of blue-near-red objects in the DES catalog, we present a catalog of 511 lens candidates.

Authors:

;

; Buckley-Geer, E.; Diehl, H. T.; Lin, H.; McCarthy, C.; Qin, A. K.; Odden, C.; Escudero, M. Caso; Dial, P.; Yung, V. J.; Gaitsch, S.; Pellico, A.; Lindgren, K. A.; Abbott, T. M. C.;

; Avila, S.; Brooks, D.;

Publication Date:: Fri Jul 19 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Contributing Org.:: DES Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1556970

Report Number(s):: arXiv:1905.10522; FERMILAB-PUB-19-133-AE; DES-2018-0435
Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4365; 1744717

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online); Journal Volume: 243; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4365

Publisher:: American Astronomical Society/IOP

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats


                    Jacobs, C., Collett, T., Glazebrook, K., Buckley-Geer, E., Diehl, H. T., Lin, H., McCarthy, C., Qin, A. K., Odden, C., Escudero, M. Caso, Dial, P., Yung, V. J., Gaitsch, S., Pellico, A., Lindgren, K. A., Abbott, T. M.  C., Annis, J., Avila, S., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Costa, L. N.  da, Vicente, J. De, Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Hollowood, D. L., Honscheid, K., Hoyle, B., James, D. J., Krause, E., Kuropatkin, N., Lahav, O., Lima, M., Maia, M. A.  G., Marshall, J. L., Miquel, R., Plazas, A. A., Roodman, A., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Serrano, S., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E.  C., Tarle, G., Vikram, V., Walker, A. R., and Zhang, Y. An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab26b6.

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                    Jacobs, C., Collett, T., Glazebrook, K., Buckley-Geer, E., Diehl, H. T., Lin, H., McCarthy, C., Qin, A. K., Odden, C., Escudero, M. Caso, Dial, P., Yung, V. J., Gaitsch, S., Pellico, A., Lindgren, K. A., Abbott, T. M.  C., Annis, J., Avila, S., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Costa, L. N.  da, Vicente, J. De, Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Hollowood, D. L., Honscheid, K., Hoyle, B., James, D. J., Krause, E., Kuropatkin, N., Lahav, O., Lima, M., Maia, M. A.  G., Marshall, J. L., Miquel, R., Plazas, A. A., Roodman, A., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Serrano, S., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E.  C., Tarle, G., Vikram, V., Walker, A. R., & Zhang, Y. An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab26b6

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                    Jacobs, C., Collett, T., Glazebrook, K., Buckley-Geer, E., Diehl, H. T., Lin, H., McCarthy, C., Qin, A. K., Odden, C., Escudero, M. Caso, Dial, P., Yung, V. J., Gaitsch, S., Pellico, A., Lindgren, K. A., Abbott, T. M.  C., Annis, J., Avila, S., Brooks, D., Burke, D. L., Rosell, A. Carnero, Kind, M. Carrasco, Carretero, J., Costa, L. N.  da, Vicente, J. De, Fosalba, P., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gaztanaga, E., Goldstein, D. A., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gschwend, J., Hollowood, D. L., Honscheid, K., Hoyle, B., James, D. J., Krause, E., Kuropatkin, N., Lahav, O., Lima, M., Maia, M. A.  G., Marshall, J. L., Miquel, R., Plazas, A. A., Roodman, A., Sanchez, E., Scarpine, V., Serrano, S., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, M., Sobreira, F., Suchyta, E., Swanson, M. E.  C., Tarle, G., Vikram, V., Walker, A. R., and Zhang, Y. Fri .  
"An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab26b6.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1556970.

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@article{osti_1556970,

  title        = {An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks},

  author       = {Jacobs, C. and Collett, T. and Glazebrook, K. and Buckley-Geer, E. and Diehl, H. T. and Lin, H. and McCarthy, C. and Qin, A. K. and Odden, C. and Escudero, M. Caso and Dial, P. and Yung, V. J. and Gaitsch, S. and Pellico, A. and Lindgren, K. A. and Abbott, T. M.  C. and Annis, J. and Avila, S. and Brooks, D. and Burke, D. L. and Rosell, A. Carnero and Kind, M. Carrasco and Carretero, J. and Costa, L. N.  da and Vicente, J. De and Fosalba, P. and Frieman, J. and García-Bellido, J. and Gaztanaga, E. and Goldstein, D. A. and Gruen, D. and Gruendl, R. A. and Gschwend, J. and Hollowood, D. L. and Honscheid, K. and Hoyle, B. and James, D. J. and Krause, E. and Kuropatkin, N. and Lahav, O. and Lima, M. and Maia, M. A.  G. and Marshall, J. L. and Miquel, R. and Plazas, A. A. and Roodman, A. and Sanchez, E. and Scarpine, V. and Serrano, S. and Sevilla-Noarbe, I. and Smith, M. and Sobreira, F. and Suchyta, E. and Swanson, M. E.  C. and Tarle, G. and Vikram, V. and Walker, A. R. and Zhang, Y.},

  abstractNote = {We search Dark Energy Survey (DES) Year 3 imaging for galaxy–galaxy strong gravitational lenses using convolutional neural networks, extending previous work with new training sets and covering a wider range of redshifts and colors. We train two neural networks using images of simulated lenses, then use them to score postage-stamp images of 7.9 million sources from DES chosen to have plausible lens colors based on simulations. We examine 1175 of the highest-scored candidates and identify 152 probable or definite lenses. Examining an additional 20,000 images with lower scores, we identify a further 247 probable or definite candidates. After including 86 candidates discovered in earlier searches using neural networks and 26 candidates discovered through visual inspection of blue-near-red objects in the DES catalog, we present a catalog of 511 lens candidates.},

  doi          = {10.3847/1538-4365/ab26b6},

  journal      = {The Astrophysical Journal. Supplement Series (Online)},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 243,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Jul 19 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Fri Jul 19 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

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https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab26b6

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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1: Images used in training the neural networks. Left column: Simulated lenses and lensed sources. Second from left: Simulated ETGs without a lensed source. Third from left: redMaGiC galaxies and simulated lensed sources. Right column: Field galaxies, used as negative examples.

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text, January 2018

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text, January 2018

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text, January 2018

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arXiv
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The CFHTLS Strong Lensing Legacy Survey: I. Survey overview and T0002 release sample
text, January 2006

Cabanac, R. A.; Alard, C.; Dantel-Fort, M.
arXiv
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SPACE WARPS - I. Crowdsourcing the discovery of gravitational lenses
text, January 2016

Marshall, P. J.; Verma, A.; More, A.
Oxford University Press
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Works referencing / citing this record:

Surveying the reach and maturity of machine learning and artificial intelligence in astronomy
journal, September 2019

Fluke, Christopher J.; Jacobs, Colin
WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Vol. 10, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1002/widm.1349

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Table 3 : Part 1 (p. 11)

Table 3 : Part 2 (p. 12)

Table 3 : Part 3 (p. 13)

Table 3 : Part 4 (p. 14)

Table 3 : Part 5 (p. 15)

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Table 3 : Part 10 (p. 20)

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Table 5 : Part 2 (p. 42)

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Table 5 : Part 10 (p. 50)

Table 5 : Part 11 (p. 51)

Part 5 : Part 12 (p. 52)

Table 5 : Part 13 (p. 53)

Table 5 : Part 14 (p. 54)

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Title: An Extended Catalog of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Gravitational Lenses Discovered in DES Using Convolutional Neural Networks

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Figures / Tables:

The Dark Energy Survey: Data Release 1 journal, November 2018

A catalog of rich clusters of galaxies journal, May 1989

Broadband Photometry of 105 Giant Arcs: Redshift Constraints and Implications for Giant arc Statistics journal, December 2011

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The Dark Energy Survey: more than dark energy – an overview journal, March 2016

The first and second data releases of the Kilo-Degree Survey journal, October 2015

Modelling the line-of-sight contribution in substructure lensing journal, January 2018

The DES Bright Arcs Survey: Hundreds of Candidate Strongly Lensed Galaxy Systems from the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification and Year 1 Observations journal, September 2017

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Lens-Like Action of a star by the Deviation of Light in the Gravitational Field journal, December 1936

The SOAR Gravitational Arc Survey – I. Survey overview and photometric catalogues★ journal, April 2013

Ringfinder: Automated Detection of Galaxy-Scale Gravitational Lenses in Ground-Based Multi-Filter Imaging data journal, April 2014

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The Cfhtls-Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (Sl2s): Investigating the Group-Scale Lenses with the Sarcs Sample journal, March 2012

Space Warps– II. New gravitational lens candidates from the CFHTLS discovered through citizen science journal, November 2015

The Dark Energy Survey Image Processing Pipeline journal, May 2018

Observation and Confirmation of six Strong-Lensing Systems in the dark Energy Survey Science Verification data journal, August 2016

Finding strong gravitational lenses in the Kilo Degree Survey with Convolutional Neural Networks journal, August 2017

LinKS: discovering galaxy-scale strong lenses in the Kilo-Degree Survey using convolutional neural networks journal, January 2019

The Cluster Lensing and Supernova Survey with Hubble: an Overview journal, March 2012

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The CASSOWARY spectroscopy survey: a new sample of gravitationally lensed galaxies in SDSS journal, October 2013

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Statistics of mass substructure from strong gravitational lensing: quantifying the mass fraction and mass function journal, December 2009

Inference of the cold dark matter substructure mass function at z = 0.2 using strong gravitational lenses journal, June 2014

Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) conference, July 1996

The formation of massive, compact galaxies at z = 2 in the Illustris simulation journal, March 2015

Survey of Gravitationally Lensed Objects in HSC Imaging (SuGOHI). II. Environments and Line-of-Sight Structure of Strong Gravitational Lens Galaxies to z ∼ 0.8 journal, November 2018

Nebulae as Gravitational Lenses journal, February 1937

Future possibilities for artificial intelligence in the practical management of hypertension journal, July 2020

The CFHTLS-Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S): Investigating the group-scale lenses with the SARCS sample journal, March 2014

The Dark Energy Survey: Data Release 1 text, January 2018

SPACE WARPS- II. New gravitational lens candidates from the CFHTLS discovered through citizen science text, January 2016

The formation of massive, compact galaxies at z = 2 in the illustris simulation text, January 2015

Automated detection of galaxy-scale gravitational lenses in high resolution imaging data text, January 2008

COSMOS Photometric Redshifts with 30-bands for 2-deg2 text, January 2008

Statistics of mass substructure from strong gravitational lensing: quantifying the mass fraction and mass function text, January 2009

Strong Lensing by Galaxies text, January 2010

Broadband Photometry of 105 Giant Arcs: Redshift Constraints and Implications for Giant Arc Statistics text, January 2011

The CFHTLS-Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S): Investigating the group-scale lenses with the SARCS sample text, January 2011

The Dark Energy Survey: Data Release 1
journal, November 2018

A catalog of rich clusters of galaxies
journal, May 1989

Broadband Photometry of 105 Giant Arcs: Redshift Constraints and Implications for Giant arc Statistics
journal, December 2011

Spt-Gmos: a Gemini/Gmos-South Spectroscopic Survey of Galaxy Clusters in the Spt-Sz Survey
journal, November 2016

The SLUGGS survey: a comparison of total-mass profiles of early-type galaxies from observations and cosmological simulations, to ∼4 effective radii
journal, February 2018

The Canarias Einstein ring: a newly discovered optical Einstein ring
journal, May 2016

A new Reduction of the Blanco Cosmology Survey: an Optically Selected Galaxy Cluster Catalog and a Public Release of Optical data Products
journal, January 2015

Galaxy Clusters Discovered via the Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich Effect in the 2500-Square-Degree Spt-Sz Survey
journal, January 2015

THE SERENDIPITOUS OBSERVATION OF A GRAVITATIONALLY LENSED GALAXY AT z = 0.9057 FROM THE BLANCO COSMOLOGY SURVEY: THE ELLIOT ARC
journal, November 2011

The CFHTLS strong lensing legacy survey: I. Survey overview and T0002 release sample
journal, October 2006

The PAU survey: star–galaxy classification with multi narrow-band data
journal, November 2018

Chitah: STRONG-GRAVITATIONAL-LENS HUNTER IN IMAGING SURVEYS
journal, July 2015

The Population of Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Lenses in Forthcoming Optical Imaging Surveys
journal, September 2015

Cosmological constraints from the double source plane lens SDSSJ0946+1006
journal, July 2014

The Dark Energy Survey: more than dark energy – an overview
journal, March 2016

The first and second data releases of the Kilo-Degree Survey
journal, October 2015

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journal, January 2018

The DES Bright Arcs Survey: Hundreds of Candidate Strongly Lensed Galaxy Systems from the Dark Energy Survey Science Verification and Year 1 Observations
journal, September 2017

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journal, April 2015

Lens-Like Action of a star by the Deviation of Light in the Gravitational Field
journal, December 1936

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journal, April 2013

Ringfinder: Automated Detection of Galaxy-Scale Gravitational Lenses in Ground-Based Multi-Filter Imaging data
journal, April 2014

The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. VI. Discovery and Analysis of a Double Einstein Ring1
journal, April 2008

Thin and giant luminous arcs - A strong test of the lensing cluster mass distribution
journal, December 1991

Fast automated analysis of strong gravitational lenses with convolutional neural networks
journal, August 2017

The luminosity and stellar mass Fundamental Plane of early-type galaxies
journal, June 2009

COSMOS PHOTOMETRIC REDSHIFTS WITH 30-BANDS FOR 2-deg ²
journal, December 2008

Finding high-redshift strong lenses in DES using convolutional neural networks
journal, January 2019

Finding strong lenses in CFHTLS using convolutional neural networks
journal, June 2017

Star–galaxy classification using deep convolutional neural networks
journal, October 2016

Gravitational imaging of cold dark matter substructures: Gravitational imaging of CDM substructures
journal, October 2005

The evolution of late-type galaxies from CASSOWARY lensing systems
journal, May 2014

CMU DeepLens: deep learning for automatic image-based galaxy–galaxy strong lens finding
journal, July 2017

Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition
journal, December 1989

Constraints on the identity of the dark matter from strong gravitational lenses
journal, April 2016

Discovery of the Lensed Quasar System DES J0408-5354
journal, March 2017

Automated Detection of Galaxy-Scale Gravitational Lenses in High-Resolution Imaging data
journal, March 2009

Space Warps – I. Crowdsourcing the discovery of gravitational lenses
journal, November 2015

Southern Cosmology Survey. ii. Massive Optically Selected Clusters from 70 Square Degrees of the Sunyaev–Zel'Dovich Effect Common Survey area
journal, November 2010

A large sample of shear-selected clusters from the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program S16A Wide field mass maps
journal, December 2017

The Cfhtls-Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (Sl2s): Investigating the Group-Scale Lenses with the Sarcs Sample
journal, March 2012

Space Warps– II. New gravitational lens candidates from the CFHTLS discovered through citizen science
journal, November 2015

The Dark Energy Survey Image Processing Pipeline
journal, May 2018

Observation and Confirmation of six Strong-Lensing Systems in the dark Energy Survey Science Verification data
journal, August 2016

Finding strong gravitational lenses in the Kilo Degree Survey with Convolutional Neural Networks
journal, August 2017

LinKS: discovering galaxy-scale strong lenses in the Kilo-Degree Survey using convolutional neural networks
journal, January 2019

The Cluster Lensing and Supernova Survey with Hubble: an Overview
journal, March 2012

The co-evolution of total density profiles and central dark matter fractions in simulated early-type galaxies
journal, October 2016

Stellar Population Diagnostics of Elliptical Galaxy Formation
journal, September 2006

redMaGiC: selecting luminous red galaxies from the DES Science Verification data
journal, May 2016

redMaPPer. I. ALGORITHM AND SDSS DR8 CATALOG
journal, April 2014

The SAMI galaxy survey: exploring the gas-phase mass–metallicity relation
journal, January 2019

Deep learning in neural networks: An overview
journal, January 2015

The sl2s Galaxy-Scale lens Sample. iv. the Dependence of the Total mass Density Profile of Early-Type Galaxies on Redshift, Stellar Mass, and size
journal, October 2013

Survey of Gravitationally-lensed Objects in HSC Imaging (SuGOHI). I. Automatic search for galaxy-scale strong lenses
journal, September 2017

The CASSOWARY spectroscopy survey: a new sample of gravitationally lensed galaxies in SDSS
journal, October 2013

A Spectroscopically Confirmed Double Source Plane lens System in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
journal, July 2016

Strong Lensing by Galaxies
journal, August 2010

Quantifying dwarf satellites through gravitational imaging: the case of SDSS J120602.09+514229.5: SDSS J120602.09+514229.5
journal, July 2010

Statistics of mass substructure from strong gravitational lensing: quantifying the mass fraction and mass function
journal, December 2009

Inference of the cold dark matter substructure mass function at z = 0.2 using strong gravitational lenses
journal, June 2014

Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)
conference, July 1996

The formation of massive, compact galaxies at z = 2 in the Illustris simulation
journal, March 2015

Survey of Gravitationally Lensed Objects in HSC Imaging (SuGOHI). II. Environments and Line-of-Sight Structure of Strong Gravitational Lens Galaxies to z ∼ 0.8
journal, November 2018

Nebulae as Gravitational Lenses
journal, February 1937

Future possibilities for artificial intelligence in the practical management of hypertension
journal, July 2020

The CFHTLS-Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S): Investigating the group-scale lenses with the SARCS sample
journal, March 2014

The Dark Energy Survey: Data Release 1
text, January 2018

SPACE WARPS- II. New gravitational lens candidates from the CFHTLS discovered through citizen science
text, January 2016

The formation of massive, compact galaxies at z = 2 in the illustris simulation
text, January 2015

Automated detection of galaxy-scale gravitational lenses in high resolution imaging data
text, January 2008

COSMOS Photometric Redshifts with 30-bands for 2-deg2
text, January 2008

Statistics of mass substructure from strong gravitational lensing: quantifying the mass fraction and mass function
text, January 2009

Strong Lensing by Galaxies
text, January 2010

Broadband Photometry of 105 Giant Arcs: Redshift Constraints and Implications for Giant Arc Statistics
text, January 2011

The CFHTLS-Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S): Investigating the group-scale lenses with the SARCS sample
text, January 2011

redMaPPer I: Algorithm and SDSS DR8 Catalog
text, January 2013

RingFinder: automated detection of galaxy-scale gravitational lenses in ground-based multi-filter imaging data
text, January 2014

Cosmological Constraints from the double source plane lens SDSSJ0946+1006
text, January 2014

Deep Learning in Neural Networks: An Overview
text, January 2014