Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed x-ray imaging
Abstract
We utilized ultrahigh-speed synchrotron x-ray imaging to quantify the phenomenon of vapor depressions (also known as keyholes) during laser melting of metals as practiced in additive manufacturing. Although expected from welding and implied from postmortem cross sections of fusion zones, the direct visualization of the keyhole morphology and dynamics with high-energy x-rays shows that (i) keyholes are present across the range of power and scanning velocity used in laser powder bed fusion; (ii) there is a well-defined threshold from conduction mode to keyhole based on laser power density; and (iii) the transition follows the sequence of vaporization, depression of the liquid surface, instability, and then deep keyhole formation. These and other aspects provide a physical basis for three-dimensional printing in laser powder bed machines.
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1547721
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1526253
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357; ST1605-17-02
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Science
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Science Journal Volume: 363 Journal Issue: 6429; Journal ID: ISSN 0036-8075
- Publisher:
- American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION
Citation Formats
Cunningham, Ross, Zhao, Cang, Parab, Niranjan, Kantzos, Christopher, Pauza, Joseph, Fezzaa, Kamel, Sun, Tao, and Rollett, Anthony D. Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed x-ray imaging. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1126/science.aav4687.
Cunningham, Ross, Zhao, Cang, Parab, Niranjan, Kantzos, Christopher, Pauza, Joseph, Fezzaa, Kamel, Sun, Tao, & Rollett, Anthony D. Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed x-ray imaging. United States. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4687
Cunningham, Ross, Zhao, Cang, Parab, Niranjan, Kantzos, Christopher, Pauza, Joseph, Fezzaa, Kamel, Sun, Tao, and Rollett, Anthony D. Thu .
"Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed x-ray imaging". United States. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4687.
@article{osti_1547721,
title = {Keyhole threshold and morphology in laser melting revealed by ultrahigh-speed x-ray imaging},
author = {Cunningham, Ross and Zhao, Cang and Parab, Niranjan and Kantzos, Christopher and Pauza, Joseph and Fezzaa, Kamel and Sun, Tao and Rollett, Anthony D.},
abstractNote = {We utilized ultrahigh-speed synchrotron x-ray imaging to quantify the phenomenon of vapor depressions (also known as keyholes) during laser melting of metals as practiced in additive manufacturing. Although expected from welding and implied from postmortem cross sections of fusion zones, the direct visualization of the keyhole morphology and dynamics with high-energy x-rays shows that (i) keyholes are present across the range of power and scanning velocity used in laser powder bed fusion; (ii) there is a well-defined threshold from conduction mode to keyhole based on laser power density; and (iii) the transition follows the sequence of vaporization, depression of the liquid surface, instability, and then deep keyhole formation. These and other aspects provide a physical basis for three-dimensional printing in laser powder bed machines.},
doi = {10.1126/science.aav4687},
journal = {Science},
number = 6429,
volume = 363,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Feb 21 00:00:00 EST 2019},
month = {Thu Feb 21 00:00:00 EST 2019}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav4687
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