Tungsten oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for photoelectrochemical water splitting

Zheng, Guangwei; Wang, Jinshu; Liu, Hu; Murugadoss, Vignesh; Zu, Guannan; Che, Haibing; Lai, Chen; Li, Hongyi; Ding, Tao; Gao, Qiang; Guo, Zhanhu

doi:10.1039/C9NR03474A

Title: Tungsten oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for photoelectrochemical water splitting

Abstract

Hydrogen production from photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts has attracted great attention to realize clean and renewable energy from solar energy. The visible light response of WO₃ with a long hole diffusion length (~150 nm) and good electron mobility (~12 cm² V^–1 s^–1) makes it suitable as the photoanode. Yet, WO₃ suffers from issues including rapid recombination of photoexcited electron–hole pairs, photo-corrosion during the photocatalytic process due to the formation of peroxo-species, sluggish kinetics of photogenerated holes, and slow charge transfer at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Our report highlights the approaches to overcome these drawbacks of WO₃ photoanodes, including: (i) the manipulation of nanostructured WO₃ photoanodes to decrease the nanoparticle size to promote hole migration to the WO₃/electrolyte interface which benefits the charge separation; (ii) doping or introducing oxygen vacancies to improve electrical conductivity; exposing high energy crystal surfaces to promote the consumption of photogenerated holes on the high-active crystal face, thereby suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes; (iii) decorating with co-catalysts to reduce the overpotential which inhibits the formation of peroxo-species; (iv) other methods such as coupling with narrow band semiconductors to accelerate the charge separation and controlling the crystal phase via annealing to reduce defects.more »« less

Authors:

Zheng, Guangwei ^[1];

^[2];

^[3]; Murugadoss, Vignesh ^[4]; Zu, Guannan ^[2]; Che, Haibing ^[2];

^[2];

^[2]; Ding, Tao ^[5];

^[6];

^[7]

Beijing Univ. of Technology (China); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Beijing Univ. of Technology (China)
Zhengzhou Univ. (China)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States); Pondicherry Univ. (India)
Henan Univ., Kaifeng (China)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)

Publication Date:: 2019-06-28

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); Beijing Natural Science Foundation; National Natural Science Foundation

OSTI Identifier:: 1546539

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1559057

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nanoscale

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 2019; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 2040-3364

Publisher:: Royal Society of Chemistry

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY; 08 HYDROGEN

Citation Formats


                    Zheng, Guangwei, Wang, Jinshu, Liu, Hu, Murugadoss, Vignesh, Zu, Guannan, Che, Haibing, Lai, Chen, Li, Hongyi, Ding, Tao, Gao, Qiang, and Guo, Zhanhu. Tungsten oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for photoelectrochemical water splitting.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1039/C9NR03474A.

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                    Zheng, Guangwei, Wang, Jinshu, Liu, Hu, Murugadoss, Vignesh, Zu, Guannan, Che, Haibing, Lai, Chen, Li, Hongyi, Ding, Tao, Gao, Qiang, & Guo, Zhanhu. Tungsten oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for photoelectrochemical water splitting.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR03474A

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                    Zheng, Guangwei, Wang, Jinshu, Liu, Hu, Murugadoss, Vignesh, Zu, Guannan, Che, Haibing, Lai, Chen, Li, Hongyi, Ding, Tao, Gao, Qiang, and Guo, Zhanhu. Fri .  
"Tungsten oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for photoelectrochemical water splitting".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C9NR03474A.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1546539.

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@article{osti_1546539,

  title        = {Tungsten oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for photoelectrochemical water splitting},

  author       = {Zheng, Guangwei and Wang, Jinshu and Liu, Hu and Murugadoss, Vignesh and Zu, Guannan and Che, Haibing and Lai, Chen and Li, Hongyi and Ding, Tao and Gao, Qiang and Guo, Zhanhu},

  abstractNote = {Hydrogen production from photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting using semiconductor photocatalysts has attracted great attention to realize clean and renewable energy from solar energy. The visible light response of WO3 with a long hole diffusion length (~150 nm) and good electron mobility (~12 cm2 V–1 s–1) makes it suitable as the photoanode. Yet, WO3 suffers from issues including rapid recombination of photoexcited electron–hole pairs, photo-corrosion during the photocatalytic process due to the formation of peroxo-species, sluggish kinetics of photogenerated holes, and slow charge transfer at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Our report highlights the approaches to overcome these drawbacks of WO3 photoanodes, including: (i) the manipulation of nanostructured WO3 photoanodes to decrease the nanoparticle size to promote hole migration to the WO3/electrolyte interface which benefits the charge separation; (ii) doping or introducing oxygen vacancies to improve electrical conductivity; exposing high energy crystal surfaces to promote the consumption of photogenerated holes on the high-active crystal face, thereby suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes; (iii) decorating with co-catalysts to reduce the overpotential which inhibits the formation of peroxo-species; (iv) other methods such as coupling with narrow band semiconductors to accelerate the charge separation and controlling the crystal phase via annealing to reduce defects. These methods are reviewed with detailed examples.},

  doi          = {10.1039/C9NR03474A},

  journal      = {Nanoscale},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 2019,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {6}

}

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Fig. 1: Schematic illustration of (a) photocatalytic water splitting for a one-step photoexcitation system, (b) The basic principles of water splitting for a PEC cell with an n-type semiconductor photoanode and Pt cathode. CB, conduction band; VB, valence band; E_g, band gap; Ef, fermi level.

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Table 1: Part 1 (p. 11)

Table 1: Part 2 (p. 12)

Table 1: Part 3 (p. 13)

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Table 2: Part 2 (p. 28)

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Semiconductor-based photoelectrochemical water splitting at the limit of very wide depletion region

Journal Article Liu, Mingzhao ; Lyons, John L. ; Yan, Danhua H. ; ... - Advanced Functional Materials

In semiconductor-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, carrier separation and delivery largely relies on the depletion region formed at the semiconductor/water interface. As a Schottky junction device, the trade-off between photon collection and minority carrier delivery remains a persistent obstacle for maximizing the performance of a water splitting photoelectrode. Here, it is demonstrated that the PEC water splitting efficiency for an n-SrTiO₃ (n-STO) photoanode is improved very significantly despite its weak indirect band gap optical absorption (α < 10⁴ cm⁻¹), by widening the depletion region through engineering its doping density and profile. Graded doped n-SrTiO₃ photoanodes are fabricated with their bulkmore »« less
Cited by 33
https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201503692

Full Text Available
Charge transfer in photoelectrochemical devices via interface states - unified model and comparison with experimental data

Journal Article Rajeshwar, K - J. Electrochem. Soc.; (United States)

A simple, unified model is presented for the mediation of charge transfer across the semiconductor/electrolyte interface by states localized in the bandgap of the semiconductor. These states are interpreted to arise from specific adsorption of anionic species from the electrolyte. The adsorbed ions could be either one of the components of a regenerative redox couple or comprise the constituent ions of the supporting electrolyte. The role of the interphasial layer in photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices is examined in the light of the above model. The key factor in determining the efficacy of energy conversion in the PEC system is identified asmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2123999
Photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activities of bilayered TiO{sub 2}/Ga:WO{sub 3} photoelectrode by spray pyrolysis technique

Journal Article Mohite, S. V. ; Ganbavle, V. V. ; Rajpure, K.Y., E-mail: rajpure@yahoo.com - Materials Research Bulletin

Graphical abstract: Photoelectrochemical performance of WO{sub 3}, Ga:WO{sub 3} and bilayered TiO{sub 2}/Ga:WO{sub 3} photoelectrodes and degradation of salicylic acid using immobilized bilayered TiO{sub 2}/Ga:WO{sub 3} photocatalyst. - Highlights: • Photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic activities of bilayered TiO{sub 2}/Ga:WO{sub 3} photoelectrode. • Structural analysis of WO{sub 3}, Ga:WO{sub 3} and bilayered TiO{sub 2}/Ga:WO{sub 3} thin films. • Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of salicylic acid. - Abstract: WO{sub 3}, Ga:WO{sub 3} and bilayered TiO{sub 2}/Ga:WO{sub 3} photocatalysts are synthesized by spray pyrolysis technique. Synthesized films are characterized by various characterization techniques such as structural, morphological and photoelectrochemical properties. Synthesized films are polycrystalline in nature.more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATERRESBULL.2017.06.043
Quantification of the loss mechanisms in emerging water splitting photoanodes through empirical extraction of the spatial charge collection efficiency

Journal Article Segev, Gideon ; Jiang, Chang-Ming ; Cooper, Jason K. ; ... - Energy & Environmental Science

We present that the operando quantification of surface and bulk losses is key to developing strategies for optimizing photoelectrodes and realizing high efficiency photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion systems. This is particularly true for emerging thin film semiconductors, in which photocarrier diffusion lengths, surface and bulk recombination processes, and charge separation and extraction limitations are poorly understood. Insights into mechanisms of efficiency loss can guide strategies for nanostructuring photoelectrodes, engineering interfaces, and incorporating catalysts. However, few experimental methods are available for direct characterization of dominant loss processes under photoelectrochemical operating conditions. In this work, we provide insight into the function andmore »« less
Cited by 20
https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ee03486e

Full Text Available

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Title: Tungsten oxide nanostructures and nanocomposites for photoelectrochemical water splitting

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Iridium‐Based Catalysts for Solid Polymer Electrolyte Electrocatalytic Water Splitting journal, April 2019

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Bio-template synthesized NiO/C hollow microspheres with enhanced Li-ion battery electrochemical performance journal, January 2018

Recent theoretical progress in the development of photoanode materials for solar water splitting photoelectrochemical cells journal, January 2015

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Crystal Structure Modification Enhanced FeNb 11 O 29 Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, September 2017

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A significant cathodic shift in the onset potential and enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting using Au nanoparticles decorated WO3 nanorod array journal, November 2015

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Oxygen vacancy derived local build-in electric field in mesoporous hollow Co 3 O 4 microspheres promotes high-performance Li-ion batteries journal, January 2018

Hydrothermal synthesis and photoelectrochemical properties of vertically aligned tungsten trioxide (hydrate) plate-like arrays fabricated directly on FTO substrates journal, January 2012

Direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/WO3 photocatalyst with atomically defined junction for H2 production journal, December 2017

Limiting factors for photochemical charge separation in BiVO 4 /Co 3 O 4 , a highly active photocatalyst for water oxidation in sunlight journal, January 2014

RuO 2 -Loaded β-Ge 3 N 4 as a Non-Oxide Photocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting journal, March 2005

Dual Oxygen and Tungsten Vacancies on a WO 3 Photoanode for Enhanced Water Oxidation journal, August 2016

Epitaxial growth of WO 3 nanoneedles achieved using a facile flame surface treatment process engineering of hole transport and water oxidation reactivity journal, January 2018

Improving Visible-light Responses and Electric Conductivities by Incorporating Sb2S3 and Reduced Graphene Oxide in a WO3 Nanoplate Array for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation journal, October 2017

Quasi-core-shell TiO2/WO3 and WO3/TiO2 nanorod arrays fabricated by glancing angle deposition for solar water splitting journal, January 2011

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In Situ Formation of an Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst in Neutral Water Containing Phosphate and Co2+ journal, August 2008

Electrochemical Doping Induced In Situ Homo-species for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance on WO3 Nanoparticles Film Photoelectrodes journal, August 2016

Nanosheet-based Nb 12 O 29 hierarchical microspheres for enhanced lithium storage journal, January 2019

Facile Preparation of 1T/2H‐Mo(S 1‐x Se x ) 2 Nanoparticles for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Reaction journal, March 2019

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Photocatalytic oxidation of water by polymeric carbon nitride nanohybrids made of sustainable elements journal, January 2012

NH4-doped anodic WO3 prepared through anodization and subsequent NH4OH treatment for water splitting journal, January 2015

Large Scaled Synthesis of Heterostructured Electrospun TiO 2 /SnO 2 Nanofibers with an Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity journal, January 2017

Conformally coated BiVO4 nanodots on porosity-controlled WO3 nanorods as highly efficient type II heterojunction photoanodes for water oxidation journal, October 2016

Growth of Oriented Single-Crystalline Rutile TiO 2 Nanorods on Transparent Conducting Substrates for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells journal, March 2009

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Enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of plate-like WO 3 induced by surface oxygen vacancies journal, July 2016

Enhancement of photoelectrochemical water splitting response of WO3 by Means of Bi doping journal, January 2018

Large-Scale Tunable 3D Self-Supporting WO 3 Micro-Nano Architectures as Direct Photoanodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting journal, May 2017

Electrochemical synthesis of CdS/ZnO nanotube arrays with excellent photoelectrochemical properties journal, January 2012

Facile synthesis of Ni-doped WO3 nanoplate arrays for effective photoelectrochemical water splitting journal, July 2017

Analysis of charge separation processes in WO 3 -BiVO 4 composite for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation journal, March 2017

Quantitative Analysis and Visualized Evidence for High Charge Separation Efficiency in a Solid-Liquid Bulk Heterojunction journal, March 2014

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Assembly of g-C 3 N 4 -based type II and Z-scheme heterojunction anodes with improved charge separation for photoelectrojunction water oxidation journal, January 2017

One-pot synthesized molybdenum dioxide–molybdenum carbide heterostructures coupled with 3D holey carbon nanosheets for highly efficient and ultrastable cycling lithium-ion storage journal, January 2019

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Efficient solid-state perovskite solar cells based on nanostructured zinc oxide designed by strategic low temperature water oxidation journal, January 2017

Zinc oxide/vanadium pentoxide heterostructures with enhanced day-night antibacterial activities journal, July 2019

Photoelectrochemical Property of Tungsten Oxide Films of Vertically Aligned Flakes for Visible-Light-Induced Water Oxidation journal, January 2011

Preparation and water-splitting photocatalytic behavior of S-doped WO3 journal, December 2012

A new method for the fabrication of a bilayer WO3/Fe2O3 photoelectrode for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance journal, February 2018

Direct growth and photoelectrochemical properties of tungsten oxide nanobelt arrays journal, January 2008

Ti(iv) doped WO3 nanocuboids: fabrication and enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance journal, January 2011

Enhancing photoelectrochemical water splitting by aluminum-doped plate-like WO3 electrodes journal, April 2015

WO 3 photoanodes with controllable bulk and surface oxygen vacancies for photoelectrochemical water oxidation journal, January 2018

Template-engineered epitaxial BiVO 4 photoanodes for efficient solar water splitting journal, January 2017

Photocatalytic Water Oxidation with Nonsensitized IrO 2 Nanocrystals under Visible and UV Light journal, May 2011

Fabrication of CoTiO 3 /g-C 3 N 4 Hybrid Photocatalysts with Enhanced H 2 Evolution: Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Mechanism Insight journal, May 2016

Facile structure design based on C 3 N 4 for mediator-free Z-scheme water splitting under visible light journal, January 2015

Solution-Processed Two-Dimensional Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Conversion journal, April 2016

Branched TiO 2 Nanorods for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production journal, November 2011

Facile synthesis of tungsten oxide – Bismuth vanadate nanoflakes as photoanode material for solar water splitting journal, February 2017

Hydrogen-treated WO3 nanoflakes show enhanced photostability journal, January 2012

Facile Green Synthesis of WO 3 ·H 2 O Nanoplates and WO 3 Nanowires with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance journal, August 2017

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Enhanced Visible Light Conversion Efficiency Using Nanocrystalline WO3 Films journal, April 2001

Facile Solvothermal Method for Fabricating Arrays of Vertically Oriented α-Fe 2 O 3 Nanowires and Their Application in Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation journal, November 2011

Layered double hydroxide modified WO3 nanorod arrays for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting journal, November 2016

Cobalt Phosphate–ZnO Composite Photocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution from Photocatalytic Water Oxidation journal, April 2012

Highly efficient direct Z-scheme WO3/CdS-diethylenetriamine photocatalyst and its enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation journal, June 2018

The graphene/lanthanum oxide nanocomposites as electrode materials of supercapacitors
journal, April 2019

Iridium‐Based Catalysts for Solid Polymer Electrolyte Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
journal, April 2019

Progress on the Photocatalytic Reduction Removal of Chromium Contamination
journal, November 2018

Bio-template synthesized NiO/C hollow microspheres with enhanced Li-ion battery electrochemical performance
journal, January 2018

Recent theoretical progress in the development of photoanode materials for solar water splitting photoelectrochemical cells
journal, January 2015

Insight into Charge Separation in WO ₃ /BiVO ₄ Heterojunction for Solar Water Splitting
journal, August 2016

Crystal Structure Modification Enhanced FeNb ₁₁ O ₂₉ Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, September 2017

All-Solid-State Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Systems
journal, May 2014

A significant cathodic shift in the onset potential and enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting using Au nanoparticles decorated WO3 nanorod array
journal, November 2015

Roles of Cocatalysts in Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis
journal, March 2013

Achieving carbon-rich silicon-containing ceramic anode for advanced lithium ion battery
journal, June 2019

Oxygen vacancy derived local build-in electric field in mesoporous hollow Co ₃ O ₄ microspheres promotes high-performance Li-ion batteries
journal, January 2018

Hydrothermal synthesis and photoelectrochemical properties of vertically aligned tungsten trioxide (hydrate) plate-like arrays fabricated directly on FTO substrates
journal, January 2012

Direct Z-scheme g-C3N4/WO3 photocatalyst with atomically defined junction for H2 production
journal, December 2017

Limiting factors for photochemical charge separation in BiVO ₄ /Co ₃ O ₄ , a highly active photocatalyst for water oxidation in sunlight
journal, January 2014

RuO ₂ -Loaded β-Ge ₃ N ₄ as a Non-Oxide Photocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
journal, March 2005

Dual Oxygen and Tungsten Vacancies on a WO ₃ Photoanode for Enhanced Water Oxidation
journal, August 2016

Epitaxial growth of WO ₃ nanoneedles achieved using a facile flame surface treatment process engineering of hole transport and water oxidation reactivity
journal, January 2018

Improving Visible-light Responses and Electric Conductivities by Incorporating Sb2S3 and Reduced Graphene Oxide in a WO3 Nanoplate Array for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
journal, October 2017

Quasi-core-shell TiO2/WO3 and WO3/TiO2 nanorod arrays fabricated by glancing angle deposition for solar water splitting
journal, January 2011

Exfoliated thin Bi2MoO6 nanosheets supported on WO3 electrode for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting
journal, December 2016

Nitrogen vacancy engineered graphitic C3N4-based polymers for photocatalytic oxidation of aromatic alcohols to aldehydes
journal, February 2018

Sandwich-like NiCo layered double hydroxide/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite cathodes for high energy density asymmetric supercapacitors
journal, January 2019

In Situ Formation of an Oxygen-Evolving Catalyst in Neutral Water Containing Phosphate and Co²⁺
journal, August 2008

Electrochemical Doping Induced In Situ Homo-species for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance on WO3 Nanoparticles Film Photoelectrodes
journal, August 2016

Nanosheet-based Nb ₁₂ O ₂₉ hierarchical microspheres for enhanced lithium storage
journal, January 2019

Facile Preparation of 1T/2H‐Mo(S _1‐x Se _x ) ₂ Nanoparticles for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
journal, March 2019

Doping of WO ₃ for Photocatalytic Water Splitting: Hints from Density Functional Theory
journal, April 2012

Nano-TiNb2O7/carbon nanotubes composite anode for enhanced lithium-ion storage
journal, January 2018

An overview of metamaterials and their achievements in wireless power transfer
journal, January 2018

Photocatalytic oxidation of water by polymeric carbon nitride nanohybrids made of sustainable elements
journal, January 2012

NH4-doped anodic WO3 prepared through anodization and subsequent NH4OH treatment for water splitting
journal, January 2015

Large Scaled Synthesis of Heterostructured Electrospun TiO ₂ /SnO ₂ Nanofibers with an Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
journal, January 2017

Conformally coated BiVO4 nanodots on porosity-controlled WO3 nanorods as highly efficient type II heterojunction photoanodes for water oxidation
journal, October 2016

Growth of Oriented Single-Crystalline Rutile TiO ₂ Nanorods on Transparent Conducting Substrates for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
journal, March 2009

An efficient binder-free electrode with multiple carbonized channels wrapped by NiCo2O4 nanosheets for high-performance capacitive energy storage
journal, January 2019

Enhanced photoelectrochemical performance of plate-like WO 3 induced by surface oxygen vacancies
journal, July 2016

Enhancement of photoelectrochemical water splitting response of WO3 by Means of Bi doping
journal, January 2018

Large-Scale Tunable 3D Self-Supporting WO ₃ Micro-Nano Architectures as Direct Photoanodes for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
journal, May 2017

Electrochemical synthesis of CdS/ZnO nanotube arrays with excellent photoelectrochemical properties
journal, January 2012

Facile synthesis of Ni-doped WO3 nanoplate arrays for effective photoelectrochemical water splitting
journal, July 2017

Analysis of charge separation processes in WO 3 -BiVO 4 composite for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation
journal, March 2017

Quantitative Analysis and Visualized Evidence for High Charge Separation Efficiency in a Solid-Liquid Bulk Heterojunction
journal, March 2014

Potassium Hydroxide Activated and Nitrogen Doped Graphene with Enhanced Supercapacitive Behavior
journal, July 2018

TiO ₂ films with oriented anatase {001} facets and their photoelectrochemical behavior as CdS nanoparticle sensitized photoanodes
journal, January 2011

Direct Z-scheme TiO2/CdS hierarchical photocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic H2-production activity
journal, November 2017

Enhanced Charge-Collection Efficiencies and Light Scattering in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Oriented TiO ₂ Nanotubes Arrays
journal, January 2007

Elegant Z-scheme-dictated g-C ₃ N ₄ enwrapped WO ₃ superstructures: a multifarious platform for versatile photoredox catalysis
journal, January 2017

Assembly of g-C ₃ N ₄ -based type II and Z-scheme heterojunction anodes with improved charge separation for photoelectrojunction water oxidation
journal, January 2017

One-pot synthesized molybdenum dioxide–molybdenum carbide heterostructures coupled with 3D holey carbon nanosheets for highly efficient and ultrastable cycling lithium-ion storage
journal, January 2019

A hybrid carbon aerogel with both aligned and interconnected pores as interlayer for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries
journal, September 2016

Brain-Like Navigation Scheme based on MEMS-INS and Place Recognition
journal, April 2019

Efficient solid-state perovskite solar cells based on nanostructured zinc oxide designed by strategic low temperature water oxidation
journal, January 2017

Zinc oxide/vanadium pentoxide heterostructures with enhanced day-night antibacterial activities
journal, July 2019

Photoelectrochemical Property of Tungsten Oxide Films of Vertically Aligned Flakes for Visible-Light-Induced Water Oxidation
journal, January 2011

Preparation and water-splitting photocatalytic behavior of S-doped WO3
journal, December 2012

A new method for the fabrication of a bilayer WO3/Fe2O3 photoelectrode for enhanced photoelectrochemical performance
journal, February 2018

Direct growth and photoelectrochemical properties of tungsten oxide nanobelt arrays
journal, January 2008

Ti(iv) doped WO3 nanocuboids: fabrication and enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance
journal, January 2011

Enhancing photoelectrochemical water splitting by aluminum-doped plate-like WO3 electrodes
journal, April 2015

WO ₃ photoanodes with controllable bulk and surface oxygen vacancies for photoelectrochemical water oxidation
journal, January 2018

Template-engineered epitaxial BiVO ₄ photoanodes for efficient solar water splitting
journal, January 2017

Photocatalytic Water Oxidation with Nonsensitized IrO ₂ Nanocrystals under Visible and UV Light
journal, May 2011

Fabrication of CoTiO ₃ /g-C ₃ N ₄ Hybrid Photocatalysts with Enhanced H ₂ Evolution: Z-Scheme Photocatalytic Mechanism Insight
journal, May 2016

Facile structure design based on C ₃ N ₄ for mediator-free Z-scheme water splitting under visible light
journal, January 2015

Solution-Processed Two-Dimensional Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage and Conversion
journal, April 2016

Branched TiO ₂ Nanorods for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production
journal, November 2011

Facile synthesis of tungsten oxide – Bismuth vanadate nanoflakes as photoanode material for solar water splitting
journal, February 2017

Hydrogen-treated WO3 nanoflakes show enhanced photostability
journal, January 2012

Facile Green Synthesis of WO ₃ ·H ₂ O Nanoplates and WO ₃ Nanowires with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance
journal, August 2017

Three-Dimensional WO ₃ Nanoplate/Bi ₂ S ₃ Nanorod Heterojunction as a Highly Efficient Photoanode for Improved Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
journal, November 2017

Enhanced Visible Light Conversion Efficiency Using Nanocrystalline WO3 Films
journal, April 2001

Facile Solvothermal Method for Fabricating Arrays of Vertically Oriented α-Fe ₂ O ₃ Nanowires and Their Application in Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation
journal, November 2011

Layered double hydroxide modified WO3 nanorod arrays for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting
journal, November 2016

Cobalt Phosphate–ZnO Composite Photocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution from Photocatalytic Water Oxidation
journal, April 2012

Highly efficient direct Z-scheme WO3/CdS-diethylenetriamine photocatalyst and its enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible light irradiation
journal, June 2018

Preparation of hybrid WO3–TiO2 nanotube photoelectrodes using anodization and wet impregnation: Improved water-splitting hydrogen generation performance
journal, February 2013

Microwave solvothermal carboxymethyl chitosan templated synthesis of TiO2/ZrO2 composites toward enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B
journal, April 2019

Crystallographically Oriented Mesoporous WO₃ Films: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
journal, October 2001

Insights into the electronic bands of WO ₃ /BiVO ₄ /TiO ₂ , revealing high solar water splitting efficiency
journal, January 2017