Dynamical Aquaplanet Experiments with Uniform Thermal Forcing: System Dynamics and Implications for Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Size
Abstract
Existing hypotheses for the dynamical dependence of tropical cyclone genesis and size on latitude depend principally on the Coriolis parameter $$f$$. These hypotheses are tested via dynamical aquaplanet experiments with uniform thermal forcing in which planetary rotation rate and planetary radius are varied relative to Earth values; the control simulation is also compared to a present-day Earth simulation. Storm genesis rate collapses to a quasi-universal dependence on f that attains its maximum at the critical latitude, where the inverse-$$f$$ scale and Rhines scale are equal. Minimum genesis distance from the equator is set by the equatorial Rhines (or deformation) scale and not by a minimum value of $$f$$. Outer storm size qualitatively follows the smaller of the two length scales, including a slow increase with latitude equatorward of 45° in the control simulation, similar to the Earth simulation. The latitude of peak size scales with the critical latitude for varying planetary radius but not rotation rate, possibly because of the dependence of genesis specifically on $$f$$. The latitudes of peak size and peak packing density scale closely together. Results suggest that temporal effects and interstorm interaction may be significant for size dynamics. More generally, the critical latitude separates two regimes: 1) a mixed wave–cyclone equatorial belt, where wave effects are strong and the Rhines scale likely limits storm size, and 2) a cyclone-filled polar cap, where wave effects are weak and cyclones persist. Finally, the large-planet limit predicts a world nearly covered with long-lived storms, equivalent to the f plane. Overall, spherical geometry is likely important for understanding tropical cyclone genesis and size on Earthlike planets.
- Authors:
-
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States); State Univ. of New York (SUNY), Stony Brook, NY (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Science Foundation (NSF)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1542493
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1612676
- Grant/Contract Number:
- SC0016994; SC0016605
- Resource Type:
- Published Article
- Journal Name:
- Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences Journal Volume: 76 Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-4928
- Publisher:
- American Meteorological Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Meteorology & atmospheric sciences; Dynamics; Hurricanes; Planetary atmospheres; Tropical cyclones; Hurricanes/typhoons; Climate models
Citation Formats
Chavas, Daniel R., and Reed, Kevin A. Dynamical Aquaplanet Experiments with Uniform Thermal Forcing: System Dynamics and Implications for Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Size. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1175/JAS-D-19-0001.1.
Chavas, Daniel R., & Reed, Kevin A. Dynamical Aquaplanet Experiments with Uniform Thermal Forcing: System Dynamics and Implications for Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Size. United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0001.1
Chavas, Daniel R., and Reed, Kevin A. Fri .
"Dynamical Aquaplanet Experiments with Uniform Thermal Forcing: System Dynamics and Implications for Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Size". United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0001.1.
@article{osti_1542493,
title = {Dynamical Aquaplanet Experiments with Uniform Thermal Forcing: System Dynamics and Implications for Tropical Cyclone Genesis and Size},
author = {Chavas, Daniel R. and Reed, Kevin A.},
abstractNote = {Existing hypotheses for the dynamical dependence of tropical cyclone genesis and size on latitude depend principally on the Coriolis parameter $f$. These hypotheses are tested via dynamical aquaplanet experiments with uniform thermal forcing in which planetary rotation rate and planetary radius are varied relative to Earth values; the control simulation is also compared to a present-day Earth simulation. Storm genesis rate collapses to a quasi-universal dependence on f that attains its maximum at the critical latitude, where the inverse-$f$ scale and Rhines scale are equal. Minimum genesis distance from the equator is set by the equatorial Rhines (or deformation) scale and not by a minimum value of $f$. Outer storm size qualitatively follows the smaller of the two length scales, including a slow increase with latitude equatorward of 45° in the control simulation, similar to the Earth simulation. The latitude of peak size scales with the critical latitude for varying planetary radius but not rotation rate, possibly because of the dependence of genesis specifically on $f$. The latitudes of peak size and peak packing density scale closely together. Results suggest that temporal effects and interstorm interaction may be significant for size dynamics. More generally, the critical latitude separates two regimes: 1) a mixed wave–cyclone equatorial belt, where wave effects are strong and the Rhines scale likely limits storm size, and 2) a cyclone-filled polar cap, where wave effects are weak and cyclones persist. Finally, the large-planet limit predicts a world nearly covered with long-lived storms, equivalent to the f plane. Overall, spherical geometry is likely important for understanding tropical cyclone genesis and size on Earthlike planets.},
doi = {10.1175/JAS-D-19-0001.1},
journal = {Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences},
number = 8,
volume = 76,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Jul 12 00:00:00 EDT 2019},
month = {Fri Jul 12 00:00:00 EDT 2019}
}
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Cited by: 36 works
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Figures / Tables:
TABLE 1: List of aquaplanet experiments. Earth values are ΩE = 7.292 x 10-5 s-1 and aE = 6371 km.
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Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.