Cascading phase transformations in high carbon steel resulting in the formation of inverse bainite: An atomic scale investigation

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Poplawsky, Jonathan; Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh; Li, Leijun

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42037-9

Title: Cascading phase transformations in high carbon steel resulting in the formation of inverse bainite: An atomic scale investigation

Abstract

Atom probe tomography (APT) has been implemented to understand the redistribution of solutes during the isothermal cascading phase transformations from supersaturated austenite resulting in the formation of inverse bainite. Different cascading reactions resulting in the formation of inverse bainite, namely the cementite midrib formation, ferrite formation, secondary cementite formation, and the degenerated microstructure of inverse bainite have been studied in detail. Solute profiles across the different transformation interfaces indicate Negligible Partitioning Local Equilibrium (NPLE) type growth kinetics for cementite midrib, whereas a transition in growth kinetics from Para Equilibrium (PE) to Negligible Partitioning Local Equilibrium (NPLE) is observed for secondary cementite and ferrite transformation. The results demonstrate a strong indication that the inverse bainitic transformation occurs as a consequence of individual cascading phase transformations starting from parent austenite, and the transformation of inverse bainite occurs in a similar manner to Widmanstatten ferrite/bainitic ferrite with carbon diffusion-controlled growth, and without any reconstructive or long-range diffusion of substitutional solutes.

Authors:

Kannan, Rangasayee ^[1];

^[2];

^[2]; Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh ^[3]; Li, Leijun ^[1]

Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, AB (Canada)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Apr 03 00:00:00 EDT 2019

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division

OSTI Identifier:: 1505310

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Scientific Reports

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats


                    Kannan, Rangasayee, Wang, Yiyu, Poplawsky, Jonathan, Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh, and Li, Leijun. Cascading phase transformations in high carbon steel resulting in the formation of inverse bainite: An atomic scale investigation.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41598-019-42037-9.

Copy to clipboard


                    Kannan, Rangasayee, Wang, Yiyu, Poplawsky, Jonathan, Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh, & Li, Leijun. Cascading phase transformations in high carbon steel resulting in the formation of inverse bainite: An atomic scale investigation.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42037-9

Copy to clipboard


                    Kannan, Rangasayee, Wang, Yiyu, Poplawsky, Jonathan, Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh, and Li, Leijun. Wed .  
"Cascading phase transformations in high carbon steel resulting in the formation of inverse bainite: An atomic scale investigation".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42037-9.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1505310.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1505310,

  title        = {Cascading phase transformations in high carbon steel resulting in the formation of inverse bainite: An atomic scale investigation},

  author       = {Kannan, Rangasayee and Wang, Yiyu and Poplawsky, Jonathan and Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh and Li, Leijun},

  abstractNote = {Atom probe tomography (APT) has been implemented to understand the redistribution of solutes during the isothermal cascading phase transformations from supersaturated austenite resulting in the formation of inverse bainite. Different cascading reactions resulting in the formation of inverse bainite, namely the cementite midrib formation, ferrite formation, secondary cementite formation, and the degenerated microstructure of inverse bainite have been studied in detail. Solute profiles across the different transformation interfaces indicate Negligible Partitioning Local Equilibrium (NPLE) type growth kinetics for cementite midrib, whereas a transition in growth kinetics from Para Equilibrium (PE) to Negligible Partitioning Local Equilibrium (NPLE) is observed for secondary cementite and ferrite transformation. The results demonstrate a strong indication that the inverse bainitic transformation occurs as a consequence of individual cascading phase transformations starting from parent austenite, and the transformation of inverse bainite occurs in a similar manner to Widmanstatten ferrite/bainitic ferrite with carbon diffusion-controlled growth, and without any reconstructive or long-range diffusion of substitutional solutes.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41598-019-42037-9},

  journal      = {Scientific Reports},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 9,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Apr 03 00:00:00 EDT 2019},

  month        = {Wed Apr 03 00:00:00 EDT 2019}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42037-9

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 2 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

The grain boundary segregation of boron during isothermal holding
journal, November 1989

He, X. L.; Chu, Y. Y.; Jonas, J. J.
Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 37, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(89)90325-8

The mechanism of bainite formation in steels
journal, September 1980

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.; Edmonds, D. V.
Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 28, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(80)90082-6

Bainite Formation in Medium-Carbon Low-Silicon Spring Steels Accounting for Chemical Segregation
journal, March 2016

Goulas, C.; Mecozzi, M. G.; Sietsma, J.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 47, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-016-3418-6

Effect of Silicon on Carbide Precipitation after Tempering of H11 Hot Work Steels
journal, November 2010

Mesquita, R. A.; Barbosa, C. A.; Morales, E. V.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 42, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-010-0430-0

Eutectoid Transformations in 4.12 Mass Pct Cr 0.88 Mass Pct C Steel
journal, August 2011

Kolmskog, P.; Borgenstam, A.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 42, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-011-0794-9

Identification of Inverse Bainite in Fe-0.84C-1Cr-1Mn Hypereutectoid Low Alloy Steel
journal, January 2017

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Li, Leijun
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-016-3924-6

Theory of Growth of Spherical Precipitates from Solid Solution
journal, October 1949

Zener, Clarence
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.1698258

Redistribution of alloying elements during tempering of a nanocrystalline steel
journal, January 2008

Caballero, F. G.; Miller, M. K.; Garcia-Mateo, C.
Acta Materialia, Vol. 56, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.018

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite
journal, April 2017

Peet, Mathew J.; Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh; Miller, Mike K.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-017-4086-x

Non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation in austenitic alloys
journal, February 1981

Faulkner, R. G.
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 16, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1007/BF00738626

A unified model of grain-boundary segregation kinetics
journal, September 2011

Wu, Jian; Song, Shenhua
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 110, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.3632967

Overall kinetics and morphology of the products of austenite decomposition in a Fe-0.46 Pct C-5.2 Pct Cr alloy transformed isothermally above the bay
journal, June 2006

Goldenstein, H.; Cifuentes, J. A.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 37, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-006-0117-8

A dilatometric analysis of inverse bainite transformation
journal, October 2017

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Li, Leijun
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 53, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1007/s10853-017-1752-8

Instrumented indentation study of bainite/martensite duplex microstructure
journal, January 2018

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Nouri, Meisam
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 713
DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.052

On bainite formation
journal, March 1990

Hsu, T. Y.
Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 21, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1007/BF02656564

In situ site-specific specimen preparation for atom probe tomography
journal, February 2007

Thompson, K.; Lawrence, D.; Larson, D. J.
Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 107, Issue 2-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2006.06.008

Mechanisms of the bainite (non-lamellar eutectoid) reaction and a fundamental distinction between the bainite and pearlite (lamellar eutectoid) reactions
journal, April 1988

Lee, H. J.; Spanos, G.; Shiflet, G. J.
Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 36, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(88)90166-6

Microstructural Evolution of Inverse Bainite in a Hypereutectoid Low-Alloy Steel
journal, October 2017

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Li, Leijun
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-017-4373-6

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Precipitation during Tempering of a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel
journal, April 2011

Caballero, F. G.; Miller, M. K.; Garcia-Mateo, C.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 42, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-011-0699-7

On the Symmetry Among the Diffusional Transformation Products of Austenite
journal, November 2010

Borgenstam, Annika; Hedström, Peter; Hillert, Mats
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 42, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-010-0539-1

A thermodynamic study of inverse bainitic transformation
journal, June 2018

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Li, Leijun
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 53, Issue 17
DOI: 10.1007/s10853-018-2541-8

The diffusional formation of ferrite from austenite in Fe-C-Ni alloys
journal, April 2004

Hutchinson, C. R.; Fuchsmann, A.; Brechet, Y.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 35, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-004-0295-1

Data Analysis
journal, January 1988

Cayrel, R.
Symposium - International Astronomical Union, Vol. 132
DOI: 10.1017/s0074180900035269

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite
text, January 2017

Peet, Mathew; Babu, Ss; Miller, Mk
Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
DOI: 10.17863/cam.8542

Research data supporting "Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite"
dataset, July 2017

Bhadeshia, Harshad Kumar; Peet, Mathew James; Miller, M. K.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 142 Mb (zip)
DOI: 10.17863/cam.11908

The bainite transformation in a silicon steel
journal, July 1979

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.; Edmonds, D. V.
Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 10, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1007/bf02658309

The inverse bainite reaction in hypereutectoid Fe-C alloys
journal, May 1970

Kinsman, K. R.; Aaronson, H. I.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 1, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1007/bf02900291

A thermodynamic study of inverse bainitic transformation
journal, June 2018

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Li, Leijun
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 53, Issue 17
DOI: 10.1007/s10853-018-2541-8

Overall kinetics and morphology of the products of austenite decomposition in a Fe-0.46 Pct C-5.2 Pct Cr alloy transformed isothermally above the bay
journal, June 2006

Goldenstein, H.; Cifuentes, J. A.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 37, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-006-0117-8

On the Symmetry Among the Diffusional Transformation Products of Austenite
journal, November 2010

Borgenstam, Annika; Hedström, Peter; Hillert, Mats
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 42, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-010-0539-1

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Precipitation during Tempering of a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel
journal, April 2011

Caballero, F. G.; Miller, M. K.; Garcia-Mateo, C.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 42, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-011-0699-7

Eutectoid Transformations in 4.12 Mass Pct Cr 0.88 Mass Pct C Steel
journal, August 2011

Kolmskog, P.; Borgenstam, A.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 42, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-011-0794-9

Bainite Formation in Medium-Carbon Low-Silicon Spring Steels Accounting for Chemical Segregation
journal, March 2016

Goulas, C.; Mecozzi, M. G.; Sietsma, J.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 47, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-016-3418-6

Identification of Inverse Bainite in Fe-0.84C-1Cr-1Mn Hypereutectoid Low Alloy Steel
journal, January 2017

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Li, Leijun
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-016-3924-6

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite
journal, April 2017

Peet, Mathew J.; Babu, Sudarsanam Suresh; Miller, Mike K.
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-017-4086-x

Microstructural Evolution of Inverse Bainite in a Hypereutectoid Low-Alloy Steel
journal, October 2017

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Li, Leijun
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1007/s11661-017-4373-6

The mechanism of bainite formation in steels
journal, September 1980

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.; Edmonds, D. V.
Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 28, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(80)90082-6

Mechanisms of the bainite (non-lamellar eutectoid) reaction and a fundamental distinction between the bainite and pearlite (lamellar eutectoid) reactions
journal, April 1988

Lee, H. J.; Spanos, G.; Shiflet, G. J.
Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 36, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(88)90166-6

The grain boundary segregation of boron during isothermal holding
journal, November 1989

He, X. L.; Chu, Y. Y.; Jonas, J. J.
Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 37, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1016/0001-6160(89)90325-8

Redistribution of alloying elements during tempering of a nanocrystalline steel
journal, January 2008

Caballero, F. G.; Miller, M. K.; Garcia-Mateo, C.
Acta Materialia, Vol. 56, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2007.09.018

Instrumented indentation study of bainite/martensite duplex microstructure
journal, January 2018

Kannan, Rangasayee; Wang, Yiyu; Nouri, Meisam
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 713
DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2017.12.052

Paradigm shift for bainite
journal, August 2002

Hillert, Mats
Scripta Materialia, Vol. 47, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00125-2

Rapid Response High Temperature Oxygen Sensor Based on Titanium Doped Gallium Oxide
journal, January 2020

Manandhar, Sandeep; Battu, Anil K.; Devaraj, Arun
Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54136-8

Theory of Growth of Spherical Precipitates from Solid Solution
journal, October 1949

Zener, Clarence
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1063/1.1698258

A unified model of grain-boundary segregation kinetics
journal, September 2011

Wu, Jian; Song, Shenhua
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 110, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.3632967

LX. The formation of immobile dislocations during slip
journal, June 1952

Cottrell, A. H.
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, Vol. 43, Issue 341
DOI: 10.1080/14786440608520220

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Diffusion in growth of bainite

Journal Article Hillert, M - Metallurgical Transactions, A (Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science); (United States)

Edgewise growth rates for Widmanstaetten ferrite and bainite in low alloy steels can be represented with an empirical equation showing proportionality to the square of the supersaturation of the austenite. The proportionality constant has a value in reasonable agreement with the assumption of rate control by carbon diffusion. The growth rates are too low to give a noticeable supersaturation of carbon in the growing ferrite. The experimental B[sub s] for low alloy steels does not seem to be related to the T[sub 0] line, nor does B[sub s] evaluated from the incomplete transformation to bainite for an alloy steel. Bymore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02649044
A Mechanism for Carbon Depletion at Bondline of High-Frequency Electric-Resistance-Welded X70 Pipeline Steel

Journal Article Sharma, Nitin Kumar ; Kannan, Rangasayee ; Li, Leijun ; ... - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

The bondline of electric-resistance-welded (ERW) linepipe steel, often etched white (i.e., ferrite) in optical microscopy, is generally believed to be carbon depleted. The mechanism for the carbon depletion, however, is not fully understood by researchers. To this end, here we used atom probe tomography (APT) to measure elemental segregation of the as-welded and post-weld heat-treated bondline regions of X70 linepipe welds. The thin vertical features at the bondline in the as-welded condition were identified as carbon-rich martensite-austenite (M-A) constituents, and the majority ferrite phase in the bondline was identified as carbon-depleted ferrite. Following the post-weld normalization, all alloying elements, exceptmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-021-06339-w

Full Text Available
Effect of copper additions on the isothermal bainitic transformation in hypereutectoid copper and copper-nickel steels

Journal Article Fourlaris, G ; Baker, A J ; Papadimitriou, G D - Acta Materialia

During the isothermal bainitic transformation in hypereutectoid steels alloyed with copper or copper and nickel, it was found that at all the transformation temperatures studied, the formation of equally copper supersaturated bainitic ferrite and cementite always occurred. This observation implies the formation of bainitic ferrite and cementite from the parent austenite phase without redistribution of the alloying elements, since the solubility of copper in cementite is negligible and very low in bainitic ferrite. By carefully designing suitable tempering treatments, it is possible to produce copper precipitation not only within tempered bainitic ferrite in both types of steel using low temperingmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00133-4
Revenido de un acero bain?tico nanoestructurado: un an?lisis a nivel at?mico

Conference Caballero, Francesca G. ; Miller, Michael K ; Mateo, C. Garcia

New developments with bainite have resulted in a steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 1.7-2.5 GPa and a toughness in excess of 30-40 MPa m1/2. The novel microstructure is generated in a high carbon high silicon steel isothermally transformed at temperatures of 200 C-350 C. Iron does not diffuse during the transformation to bainite at this low temperature. As a result, 20-40 nm thick plates of ferrite are generated, giving rise to the exceptional properties. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the carbon concentration in the bainitic ferrite was much higher than that expected from equilibrium thermodynamics between austenite andmore »« less
Evaluation of Carbon Partitioning in New Generation of Quench and Partitioning (Q&P) Steels

Journal Article Ariza, Edwan Anderson ; Poplawsky, Jonathan ; Guo, Wei ; ... - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions. A, Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science

In this study, quenching and partitioning (Q&P) and a novel combined process of hot straining (HS) and Q&P (HSQ&P) treatments have been applied to a TRIP-assisted steel in a Gleeble®3S50 thermomechanical simulator. The heat treatments involved intercritical annealing at 800 °C and a two-step Q&P heat treatment with a partitioning time of 100 seconds at 400 °C. The “optimum” quench temperature of 318 °C was selected according to the constrained carbon equilibrium (CCE) criterion. The effects of high-temperature deformation (isothermal and non-isothermal) on the carbon enrichment of austenite, carbide formation, and the strain-induced transformation to ferrite (SIT) mechanism were investigated.more »« less
Cited by 12
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4743-8

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Cascading phase transformations in high carbon steel resulting in the formation of inverse bainite: An atomic scale investigation

Abstract

Citation Formats

The grain boundary segregation of boron during isothermal holding journal, November 1989

The mechanism of bainite formation in steels journal, September 1980

Bainite Formation in Medium-Carbon Low-Silicon Spring Steels Accounting for Chemical Segregation journal, March 2016

Effect of Silicon on Carbide Precipitation after Tempering of H11 Hot Work Steels journal, November 2010

Eutectoid Transformations in 4.12 Mass Pct Cr 0.88 Mass Pct C Steel journal, August 2011

Identification of Inverse Bainite in Fe-0.84C-1Cr-1Mn Hypereutectoid Low Alloy Steel journal, January 2017

Theory of Growth of Spherical Precipitates from Solid Solution journal, October 1949

Redistribution of alloying elements during tempering of a nanocrystalline steel journal, January 2008

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite journal, April 2017

Non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation in austenitic alloys journal, February 1981

A unified model of grain-boundary segregation kinetics journal, September 2011

Overall kinetics and morphology of the products of austenite decomposition in a Fe-0.46 Pct C-5.2 Pct Cr alloy transformed isothermally above the bay journal, June 2006

A dilatometric analysis of inverse bainite transformation journal, October 2017

Instrumented indentation study of bainite/martensite duplex microstructure journal, January 2018

On bainite formation journal, March 1990

In situ site-specific specimen preparation for atom probe tomography journal, February 2007

Mechanisms of the bainite (non-lamellar eutectoid) reaction and a fundamental distinction between the bainite and pearlite (lamellar eutectoid) reactions journal, April 1988

Microstructural Evolution of Inverse Bainite in a Hypereutectoid Low-Alloy Steel journal, October 2017

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Precipitation during Tempering of a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel journal, April 2011

On the Symmetry Among the Diffusional Transformation Products of Austenite journal, November 2010

A thermodynamic study of inverse bainitic transformation journal, June 2018

The diffusional formation of ferrite from austenite in Fe-C-Ni alloys journal, April 2004

Data Analysis journal, January 1988

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite text, January 2017

Research data supporting "Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite" dataset, July 2017

The bainite transformation in a silicon steel journal, July 1979

The inverse bainite reaction in hypereutectoid Fe-C alloys journal, May 1970

A thermodynamic study of inverse bainitic transformation journal, June 2018

Overall kinetics and morphology of the products of austenite decomposition in a Fe-0.46 Pct C-5.2 Pct Cr alloy transformed isothermally above the bay journal, June 2006

On the Symmetry Among the Diffusional Transformation Products of Austenite journal, November 2010

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Precipitation during Tempering of a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel journal, April 2011

Eutectoid Transformations in 4.12 Mass Pct Cr 0.88 Mass Pct C Steel journal, August 2011

Bainite Formation in Medium-Carbon Low-Silicon Spring Steels Accounting for Chemical Segregation journal, March 2016

Identification of Inverse Bainite in Fe-0.84C-1Cr-1Mn Hypereutectoid Low Alloy Steel journal, January 2017

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite journal, April 2017

Microstructural Evolution of Inverse Bainite in a Hypereutectoid Low-Alloy Steel journal, October 2017

The mechanism of bainite formation in steels journal, September 1980

Mechanisms of the bainite (non-lamellar eutectoid) reaction and a fundamental distinction between the bainite and pearlite (lamellar eutectoid) reactions journal, April 1988

The grain boundary segregation of boron during isothermal holding journal, November 1989

Redistribution of alloying elements during tempering of a nanocrystalline steel journal, January 2008

Instrumented indentation study of bainite/martensite duplex microstructure journal, January 2018

Paradigm shift for bainite journal, August 2002

Rapid Response High Temperature Oxygen Sensor Based on Titanium Doped Gallium Oxide journal, January 2020

Theory of Growth of Spherical Precipitates from Solid Solution journal, October 1949

A unified model of grain-boundary segregation kinetics journal, September 2011

LX. The formation of immobile dislocations during slip journal, June 1952

The grain boundary segregation of boron during isothermal holding
journal, November 1989

The mechanism of bainite formation in steels
journal, September 1980

Bainite Formation in Medium-Carbon Low-Silicon Spring Steels Accounting for Chemical Segregation
journal, March 2016

Effect of Silicon on Carbide Precipitation after Tempering of H11 Hot Work Steels
journal, November 2010

Eutectoid Transformations in 4.12 Mass Pct Cr 0.88 Mass Pct C Steel
journal, August 2011

Identification of Inverse Bainite in Fe-0.84C-1Cr-1Mn Hypereutectoid Low Alloy Steel
journal, January 2017

Theory of Growth of Spherical Precipitates from Solid Solution
journal, October 1949

Redistribution of alloying elements during tempering of a nanocrystalline steel
journal, January 2008

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite
journal, April 2017

Non-equilibrium grain-boundary segregation in austenitic alloys
journal, February 1981

A unified model of grain-boundary segregation kinetics
journal, September 2011

Overall kinetics and morphology of the products of austenite decomposition in a Fe-0.46 Pct C-5.2 Pct Cr alloy transformed isothermally above the bay
journal, June 2006

A dilatometric analysis of inverse bainite transformation
journal, October 2017

Instrumented indentation study of bainite/martensite duplex microstructure
journal, January 2018

On bainite formation
journal, March 1990

In situ site-specific specimen preparation for atom probe tomography
journal, February 2007

Mechanisms of the bainite (non-lamellar eutectoid) reaction and a fundamental distinction between the bainite and pearlite (lamellar eutectoid) reactions
journal, April 1988

Microstructural Evolution of Inverse Bainite in a Hypereutectoid Low-Alloy Steel
journal, October 2017

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Precipitation during Tempering of a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel
journal, April 2011

On the Symmetry Among the Diffusional Transformation Products of Austenite
journal, November 2010

A thermodynamic study of inverse bainitic transformation
journal, June 2018

The diffusional formation of ferrite from austenite in Fe-C-Ni alloys
journal, April 2004

Data Analysis
journal, January 1988

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite
text, January 2017

Research data supporting "Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite"
dataset, July 2017

The bainite transformation in a silicon steel
journal, July 1979

The inverse bainite reaction in hypereutectoid Fe-C alloys
journal, May 1970

A thermodynamic study of inverse bainitic transformation
journal, June 2018

Overall kinetics and morphology of the products of austenite decomposition in a Fe-0.46 Pct C-5.2 Pct Cr alloy transformed isothermally above the bay
journal, June 2006

On the Symmetry Among the Diffusional Transformation Products of Austenite
journal, November 2010

Atom Probe Tomography Analysis of Precipitation during Tempering of a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel
journal, April 2011

Eutectoid Transformations in 4.12 Mass Pct Cr 0.88 Mass Pct C Steel
journal, August 2011

Bainite Formation in Medium-Carbon Low-Silicon Spring Steels Accounting for Chemical Segregation
journal, March 2016

Identification of Inverse Bainite in Fe-0.84C-1Cr-1Mn Hypereutectoid Low Alloy Steel
journal, January 2017

Tempering of Low-Temperature Bainite
journal, April 2017

Microstructural Evolution of Inverse Bainite in a Hypereutectoid Low-Alloy Steel
journal, October 2017

The mechanism of bainite formation in steels
journal, September 1980

Mechanisms of the bainite (non-lamellar eutectoid) reaction and a fundamental distinction between the bainite and pearlite (lamellar eutectoid) reactions
journal, April 1988

The grain boundary segregation of boron during isothermal holding
journal, November 1989

Redistribution of alloying elements during tempering of a nanocrystalline steel
journal, January 2008

Instrumented indentation study of bainite/martensite duplex microstructure
journal, January 2018

Paradigm shift for bainite
journal, August 2002

Rapid Response High Temperature Oxygen Sensor Based on Titanium Doped Gallium Oxide
journal, January 2020

Theory of Growth of Spherical Precipitates from Solid Solution
journal, October 1949

A unified model of grain-boundary segregation kinetics
journal, September 2011

LX. The formation of immobile dislocations during slip
journal, June 1952