Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries

Mier, Frank Austin; Hargather, Michael J.; Ferreira, Summer R.

doi:10.1115/1.4042962

Title: Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries

Abstract

Lithium ion batteries have a well documented tendency to fail energetically under various abuse conditions. These conditions frequently result in decomposition of the electrochemical components within the battery resulting in gas generation and increased internal pressure which can lead to an explosive case rupture. The 18650 format cell incorporates a vent mechanism located within a crimped cap to relieve pressure and mitigate the risk of case rupture. Cell venting, however, introduces additional safety concerns associated with the flow of flammable gases and liquid electrolyte into the environment. Experiments to quantify key parameters are performed to elucidate the external dynamics of battery venting. A first experiment measures the vent burst pressure. Burst vent caps are then tested with a second experimental fixture to measure vent opening area and discharge coefficient during choked-flow venting, which occurs during battery failure. Vent opening area and discharge coefficient are calculated from stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure, and static pressure measurements along with compressible-isentropic flow equations and conservation of mass. Commercially-sourced vent caps are used with repeated tests run to quantify repeatability and variability. Validation experiments confirmed accuracy of opening area and discharge coefficient measurement. Moreover, trials conducted on vent caps from two sources demonstrate the potentialmore » for variation between manufacturers.« less

Authors:

Mier, Frank Austin ^[1]; Hargather, Michael J. ^[1]; Ferreira, Summer R. ^[2]

New Mexico Inst. of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM (United States)
Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:: Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Electricity (OE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1498760

Report Number(s):: SAND-2018-9403J
Journal ID: ISSN 0098-2202; 667391

Grant/Contract Number:: AC04-94AL85000

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Fluids Engineering

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Journal of Fluids Engineering; Journal ID: ISSN 0098-2202

Publisher:: ASME

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE

Citation Formats


                    Mier, Frank Austin, Hargather, Michael J., and Ferreira, Summer R. Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1115/1.4042962.

Copy to clipboard


                    Mier, Frank Austin, Hargather, Michael J., & Ferreira, Summer R. Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042962

Copy to clipboard


                    Mier, Frank Austin, Hargather, Michael J., and Ferreira, Summer R. Tue .  
"Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042962.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1498760.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1498760,

  title        = {Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries},

  author       = {Mier, Frank Austin and Hargather, Michael J. and Ferreira, Summer R.},

  abstractNote = {Lithium ion batteries have a well documented tendency to fail energetically under various abuse conditions. These conditions frequently result in decomposition of the electrochemical components within the battery resulting in gas generation and increased internal pressure which can lead to an explosive case rupture. The 18650 format cell incorporates a vent mechanism located within a crimped cap to relieve pressure and mitigate the risk of case rupture. Cell venting, however, introduces additional safety concerns associated with the flow of flammable gases and liquid electrolyte into the environment. Experiments to quantify key parameters are performed to elucidate the external dynamics of battery venting. A first experiment measures the vent burst pressure. Burst vent caps are then tested with a second experimental fixture to measure vent opening area and discharge coefficient during choked-flow venting, which occurs during battery failure. Vent opening area and discharge coefficient are calculated from stagnation temperature, stagnation pressure, and static pressure measurements along with compressible-isentropic flow equations and conservation of mass. Commercially-sourced vent caps are used with repeated tests run to quantify repeatability and variability. Validation experiments confirmed accuracy of opening area and discharge coefficient measurement. Moreover, trials conducted on vent caps from two sources demonstrate the potential for variation between manufacturers.},

  doi          = {10.1115/1.4042962},

  journal      = {Journal of Fluids Engineering},

  number       = ,

  volume       = ,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2019},

  month        = {Tue Feb 19 00:00:00 EST 2019}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4042962

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 18 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review
journal, February 2016

Abada, S.; Marlair, G.; Lecocq, A.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 306
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.100

Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery
journal, June 2012

Wang, Qingsong; Ping, Ping; Zhao, Xuejuan
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 208
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.038

Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-ion Battery
journal, December 2014

Zhang, Sheng S.
Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 2
DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2014.00059

Studies on the Thermal Breakdown of Common Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Components
journal, January 2015

Lamb, Joshua; Orendorff, Christopher J.; Roth, E. Peter
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1149/2.0651510jes

Effects of thermal hazard on 18650 lithium-ion battery under different states of charge
journal, April 2015

Chen, Wei-Chun; Li, Jian-De; Shu, Chi-Min
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 121, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1007/s10973-015-4672-3

Energetics of lithium ion battery failure
journal, November 2016

Lyon, Richard E.; Walters, Richard N.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 318
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.047

An experimental study on burning behaviors of 18650 lithium ion batteries using a cone calorimeter
journal, January 2015

Fu, Yangyang; Lu, Song; Li, Kaiyuan
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 273
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.039

In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway
journal, April 2015

Finegan, Donal P.; Scheel, Mario; Robinson, James B.
Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7924

Physical and chemical analysis of lithium-ion battery cell-to-cell failure events inside custom fire chamber
journal, April 2015

Spinner, Neil S.; Field, Christopher R.; Hammond, Mark H.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 279
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.068

Overcharge and thermal destructive testing of lithium metal oxide and lithium metal phosphate batteries incorporating optical diagnostics
journal, October 2017

Mier, Frank Austin; Morales, Rudy; Coultas-McKenney, Caralyn A.
Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 13
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2017.08.003

Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
journal, April 2006

Balakrishnan, P. G.; Ramesh, R.; Prem Kumar, T.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 155, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.002

A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell
journal, March 2016

Coman, Paul T.; Rayman, Sean; White, Ralph E.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 307
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.088

Discharge Coefficients for Circular Side Outlets
journal, March 2018

Czetany, Laszlo; Lang, Peter
Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 140, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1115/1.4039117

Discharge coefficients for compressible flow through small-diameter orifices and convergent nozzles
journal, January 1991

Kayser, John C.; Shambaugh, Robert L.
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 46, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(91)87017-7

Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer Li-ion batteries with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes
journal, January 2014

Golubkov, Andrey W.; Fuchs, David; Wagner, Julian
RSC Adv., Vol. 4, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1039/C3RA45748F

Works referencing / citing this record:

Energetics of lithium ion battery failure
journal, November 2016

Lyon, Richard E.; Walters, Richard N.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 318
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.047

In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway
journal, April 2015

Finegan, Donal P.; Scheel, Mario; Robinson, James B.
Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7924

Discharge Coefficients for Circular Side Outlets
journal, March 2018

Czetany, Laszlo; Lang, Peter
Journal of Fluids Engineering, Vol. 140, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1115/1.4039117

A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell
journal, March 2016

Coman, Paul T.; Rayman, Sean; White, Ralph E.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 307
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.12.088

Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
journal, April 2006

Balakrishnan, P. G.; Ramesh, R.; Prem Kumar, T.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 155, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.12.002

Physical and chemical analysis of lithium-ion battery cell-to-cell failure events inside custom fire chamber
journal, April 2015

Spinner, Neil S.; Field, Christopher R.; Hammond, Mark H.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 279
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.01.068

An experimental study on burning behaviors of 18650 lithium ion batteries using a cone calorimeter
journal, January 2015

Fu, Yangyang; Lu, Song; Li, Kaiyuan
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 273
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.039

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review
journal, February 2016

Abada, S.; Marlair, G.; Lecocq, A.
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 306
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.11.100

Discharge coefficients for compressible flow through small-diameter orifices and convergent nozzles
journal, January 1991

Kayser, John C.; Shambaugh, Robert L.
Chemical Engineering Science, Vol. 46, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(91)87017-7

Studies on the Thermal Breakdown of Common Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Components
journal, January 2015

Lamb, Joshua; Orendorff, Christopher J.; Roth, E. Peter
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1149/2.0651510jes

Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery
journal, June 2012

Wang, Qingsong; Ping, Ping; Zhao, Xuejuan
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 208
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.02.038

Effects of thermal hazard on 18650 lithium-ion battery under different states of charge
journal, April 2015

Chen, Wei-Chun; Li, Jian-De; Shu, Chi-Min
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 121, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1007/s10973-015-4672-3

Overcharge and thermal destructive testing of lithium metal oxide and lithium metal phosphate batteries incorporating optical diagnostics
journal, October 2017

Mier, Frank Austin; Morales, Rudy; Coultas-McKenney, Caralyn A.
Journal of Energy Storage, Vol. 13
DOI: 10.1016/j.est.2017.08.003

Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-ion Battery
journal, December 2014

Zhang, Sheng S.
Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 2
DOI: 10.3389/fenrg.2014.00059

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

ANALYSIS OF VENTING OF A RESIN SLURRY

Conference Laurinat, J ; Hensel, S

A resin slurry venting analysis was conducted to address safety issues associated with overpressurization of ion exchange columns used in the Purex process at the Savannah River Site (SRS). If flow to these columns were inadvertently interrupted, an exothermic runaway reaction could occur between the ion exchange resin and the nitric acid used in the feed stream. The nitric acid-resin reaction generates significant quantities of noncondensable gases, which would pressurize the column. To prevent the column from rupturing during such events, rupture disks are installed on the column vent lines. The venting analysis models accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) tests andmore »« less
Full Text Available
Modeling cell venting and gas-phase reactions in 18650 lithium ion batteries during thermal runaway

Journal Article Kim, Jinyong ; Mallarapu, Anudeep ; Finegan, Donal P. ; ... - Journal of Power Sources

A numerical model is developed to study cell venting, internal pressure, and gas-phase dynamics behavior of 18650 Li-ion cells undergoing thermal runaway. A k-e Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model is adopted to describe the turbulent flow out of the cells, while the fluid dynamics inside the cells is described by Darcy-Forchheimer's equation. Thermal abuse reactions and gas generation kinetics are described by a single-step lumped reaction model. Then, a series of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted on a single 18650 cell at various states-of-charge (100%, 50%, 25%) to study detailed flow and thermal behavior as a function of quantitymore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.229496

Full Text Available
Safety and performance of a long life lithium-thionyl chloride battery

Conference Cieslak, W R ; Street, H K

We have developed a Li/SOCl{sub 2} ``D`` cell for applications requiring 10 to 15 years life at very low drain rates, typically less than 150 {mu}A. Maximizing cell safety and reliability, while delivering very good energy density, have been the goals of our study. We have achieved these goals by designing the cell to be application specific. The low-rate cell has been optimized to deliver up to 16 Ah at drain rates of less than 70 mA. By virtue of its low surface area, 145 cm{sub 2}, the cell has demonstrated excellent safety behavior. Safety testing has been performed onmore »« less
Safety and performance of a long life lithium-thionyl chloride battery

Conference Cieslak, W R ; Street, H K

We have developed a Li/SOCl[sub 2] D'' cell for applications requiring 10 to 15 years life at very low drain rates, typically less than 150 [mu]A. Maximizing cell safety and reliability, while delivering very good energy density, have been the goals of our study. We have achieved these goals by designing the cell to be application specific. The low-rate cell has been optimized to deliver up to 16 Ah at drain rates of less than 70 mA. By virtue of its low surface area, 145 cm[sub 2], the cell has demonstrated excellent safety behavior. Safety testing has been performed onmore »« less
Understanding the Dynamics of Primary Zn-MnO₂ Alkaline Battery Gassing with Operando Visualization and Pressure Cells

Journal Article Faegh, Ehsan ; Omasta, Travis ; Hull, Matthew ; ... - Journal of the Electrochemical Society

The leading cause for safety vent rupture in alkaline batteries is the intrinsic instability of Zn in the highly alkaline reacting environment. Zn and aqueous KOH react in a parasitic process to generate hydrogen gas, which can rupture the seal and vent the hydrogen along with small amounts of electrolyte, and thus, damage consumer devices. Abusive conditions, particularly deep discharge, are known to accelerate this “gassing” phenomena. In order to understand the fundamental drivers and mechanisms for such gassing behavior, the results from multiphysics modeling, ex-situ microscopy and operando measurements of cell potential, pressure and visualization have been combined. Operandomore »« less
Cited by 22
https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0321811jes

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Experimental quantification of vent mechanism flow parameters in 18650 format lithium ion batteries

Abstract

Citation Formats

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review journal, February 2016

Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery journal, June 2012

Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-ion Battery journal, December 2014

Studies on the Thermal Breakdown of Common Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Components journal, January 2015

Effects of thermal hazard on 18650 lithium-ion battery under different states of charge journal, April 2015

Energetics of lithium ion battery failure journal, November 2016

An experimental study on burning behaviors of 18650 lithium ion batteries using a cone calorimeter journal, January 2015

In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway journal, April 2015

Physical and chemical analysis of lithium-ion battery cell-to-cell failure events inside custom fire chamber journal, April 2015

Overcharge and thermal destructive testing of lithium metal oxide and lithium metal phosphate batteries incorporating optical diagnostics journal, October 2017

Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries journal, April 2006

A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell journal, March 2016

Discharge Coefficients for Circular Side Outlets journal, March 2018

Discharge coefficients for compressible flow through small-diameter orifices and convergent nozzles journal, January 1991

Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer Li-ion batteries with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes journal, January 2014

Energetics of lithium ion battery failure journal, November 2016

In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway journal, April 2015

Discharge Coefficients for Circular Side Outlets journal, March 2018

A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell journal, March 2016

Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries journal, April 2006

Physical and chemical analysis of lithium-ion battery cell-to-cell failure events inside custom fire chamber journal, April 2015

An experimental study on burning behaviors of 18650 lithium ion batteries using a cone calorimeter journal, January 2015

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review journal, February 2016

Discharge coefficients for compressible flow through small-diameter orifices and convergent nozzles journal, January 1991

Studies on the Thermal Breakdown of Common Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Components journal, January 2015

Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery journal, June 2012

Effects of thermal hazard on 18650 lithium-ion battery under different states of charge journal, April 2015

Overcharge and thermal destructive testing of lithium metal oxide and lithium metal phosphate batteries incorporating optical diagnostics journal, October 2017

Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-ion Battery journal, December 2014

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review
journal, February 2016

Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery
journal, June 2012

Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-ion Battery
journal, December 2014

Studies on the Thermal Breakdown of Common Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Components
journal, January 2015

Effects of thermal hazard on 18650 lithium-ion battery under different states of charge
journal, April 2015

Energetics of lithium ion battery failure
journal, November 2016

An experimental study on burning behaviors of 18650 lithium ion batteries using a cone calorimeter
journal, January 2015

In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway
journal, April 2015

Physical and chemical analysis of lithium-ion battery cell-to-cell failure events inside custom fire chamber
journal, April 2015

Overcharge and thermal destructive testing of lithium metal oxide and lithium metal phosphate batteries incorporating optical diagnostics
journal, October 2017

Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
journal, April 2006

A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell
journal, March 2016

Discharge Coefficients for Circular Side Outlets
journal, March 2018

Discharge coefficients for compressible flow through small-diameter orifices and convergent nozzles
journal, January 1991

Thermal-runaway experiments on consumer Li-ion batteries with metal-oxide and olivin-type cathodes
journal, January 2014

Energetics of lithium ion battery failure
journal, November 2016

In-operando high-speed tomography of lithium-ion batteries during thermal runaway
journal, April 2015

Discharge Coefficients for Circular Side Outlets
journal, March 2018

A lumped model of venting during thermal runaway in a cylindrical Lithium Cobalt Oxide lithium-ion cell
journal, March 2016

Safety mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries
journal, April 2006

Physical and chemical analysis of lithium-ion battery cell-to-cell failure events inside custom fire chamber
journal, April 2015

An experimental study on burning behaviors of 18650 lithium ion batteries using a cone calorimeter
journal, January 2015

Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review
journal, February 2016

Discharge coefficients for compressible flow through small-diameter orifices and convergent nozzles
journal, January 1991

Studies on the Thermal Breakdown of Common Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Components
journal, January 2015

Thermal runaway caused fire and explosion of lithium ion battery
journal, June 2012

Effects of thermal hazard on 18650 lithium-ion battery under different states of charge
journal, April 2015

Overcharge and thermal destructive testing of lithium metal oxide and lithium metal phosphate batteries incorporating optical diagnostics
journal, October 2017

Insight into the Gassing Problem of Li-ion Battery
journal, December 2014