Optimization of turbine design in wind farms with multiple hub heights, using exact analytic gradients and structural constraints
Abstract
Abstract Wind farms are generally designed with turbines of all the same hub height. If wind farms were designed with turbines of different hub heights, wake interference between turbines could be reduced, lowering the cost of energy (COE). This paper demonstrates a method to optimize onshore wind farms with two different hub heights using exact, analytic gradients. Gradient‐based optimization with exact gradients scales well with large problems and is preferable in this application over gradient‐free methods. Our model consisted of the following: a version of the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady‐State wake model that accommodated three‐dimensional wakes and calculated annual energy production, a wind farm cost model, and a tower structural model, which provided constraints during optimization. Structural constraints were important to keep tower heights realistic and account for additional mass required from taller towers and higher wind speeds. We optimized several wind farms with tower height, diameter, and shell thickness as coupled design variables. Our results indicate that wind farms with small rotors, low wind shear, and closely spaced turbines can benefit from having two different hub heights. A nine‐by‐nine grid wind farm with 70‐meter rotor diameters and a wind shear exponent of 0.08 realized a 4.9 %more »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[1];
- Brigham Young Univ., Provo, UT (United States)
- National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Wind and Water Technologies Office (EE-4W)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1494731
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1491950
- Report Number(s):
- NREL/JA-5000-72436
Journal ID: ISSN 1095-4244
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC36-08GO28308
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Wind Energy
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 22; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 1095-4244
- Publisher:
- Wiley
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 17 WIND ENERGY; analytic gradients; different hub heights; FLORIS wake model; gradient-based optimization; structural constraints; tower sizing
Citation Formats
Stanley, Andrew P. J., Ning, Andrew, and Dykes, Katherine. Optimization of turbine design in wind farms with multiple hub heights, using exact analytic gradients and structural constraints. United States: N. p., 2019.
Web. doi:10.1002/we.2310.
Stanley, Andrew P. J., Ning, Andrew, & Dykes, Katherine. Optimization of turbine design in wind farms with multiple hub heights, using exact analytic gradients and structural constraints. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2310
Stanley, Andrew P. J., Ning, Andrew, and Dykes, Katherine. Thu .
"Optimization of turbine design in wind farms with multiple hub heights, using exact analytic gradients and structural constraints". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/we.2310. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1494731.
@article{osti_1494731,
title = {Optimization of turbine design in wind farms with multiple hub heights, using exact analytic gradients and structural constraints},
author = {Stanley, Andrew P. J. and Ning, Andrew and Dykes, Katherine},
abstractNote = {Abstract Wind farms are generally designed with turbines of all the same hub height. If wind farms were designed with turbines of different hub heights, wake interference between turbines could be reduced, lowering the cost of energy (COE). This paper demonstrates a method to optimize onshore wind farms with two different hub heights using exact, analytic gradients. Gradient‐based optimization with exact gradients scales well with large problems and is preferable in this application over gradient‐free methods. Our model consisted of the following: a version of the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady‐State wake model that accommodated three‐dimensional wakes and calculated annual energy production, a wind farm cost model, and a tower structural model, which provided constraints during optimization. Structural constraints were important to keep tower heights realistic and account for additional mass required from taller towers and higher wind speeds. We optimized several wind farms with tower height, diameter, and shell thickness as coupled design variables. Our results indicate that wind farms with small rotors, low wind shear, and closely spaced turbines can benefit from having two different hub heights. A nine‐by‐nine grid wind farm with 70‐meter rotor diameters and a wind shear exponent of 0.08 realized a 4.9 % reduction in COE by using two different tower sizes. If the turbine spacing was reduced to 3 diameters, the reduction in COE decreased further to 11.2 % . Allowing for more than two different turbine heights is only slightly more beneficial than two heights and is likely not worth the added complexity.},
doi = {10.1002/we.2310},
journal = {Wind Energy},
number = 5,
volume = 22,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Jan 24 00:00:00 EST 2019},
month = {Thu Jan 24 00:00:00 EST 2019}
}
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Works referencing / citing this record:
Massive simplification of the wind farm layout optimization problem
journal, January 2019
- Stanley, Andrew P. J.; Ning, Andrew
- Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 4
Coupled wind turbine design and layout optimization with nonhomogeneous wind turbines
journal, January 2019
- Stanley, Andrew P. J.; Ning, Andrew
- Wind Energy Science, Vol. 4, Issue 1