Coordination and Control of Building HVAC Systems to Provide Frequency Regulation to the Electric Grid

Olama, Mohammed M.; Kuruganti, Teja; Nutaro, James J.; Dong, Jin

doi:10.3390/en11071852

Title: Coordination and Control of Building HVAC Systems to Provide Frequency Regulation to the Electric Grid

Abstract

Buildings consume 73% of electricity produced in the United States and, currently, they are largely passive participants in the electric grid. However, the flexibility in building loads can be exploited to provide ancillary services to enhance the grid reliability. In this paper, we investigate two control strategies that allow Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems in commercial and residential buildings to provide frequency regulation services to the grid while maintaining occupants comfort. The first optimal control strategy is based on model predictive control acting on a variable air volume HVAC system (continuously variable HVAC load), which is available in large commercial buildings. The second strategy is rule-based control acting on an aggregate of on/off HVAC systems, which are available in residential buildings in addition to many small to medium size commercial buildings. Hardware constraints that include limiting the switching between the different states for on/off HVAC units to maintain their lifetimes are considered. Furthermore, simulations illustrate that the proposed control strategies provide frequency regulation to the grid, without affecting the indoor climate significantly.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

OSTI Identifier:: 1461068

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Energies

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 11; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1996-1073

Publisher:: MDPI AG

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION; ancillary service; frequency regulation; demand response; commercial/residential buildings; HVAC systems; model predictive control; rule-based control

Citation Formats


                    Olama, Mohammed M., Kuruganti, Teja, Nutaro, James J., and Dong, Jin. Coordination and Control of Building HVAC Systems to Provide Frequency Regulation to the Electric Grid.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.3390/en11071852.

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                    Olama, Mohammed M., Kuruganti, Teja, Nutaro, James J., & Dong, Jin. Coordination and Control of Building HVAC Systems to Provide Frequency Regulation to the Electric Grid.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071852

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                    Olama, Mohammed M., Kuruganti, Teja, Nutaro, James J., and Dong, Jin. Mon .  
"Coordination and Control of Building HVAC Systems to Provide Frequency Regulation to the Electric Grid".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071852.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1461068.

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@article{osti_1461068,

  title        = {Coordination and Control of Building HVAC Systems to Provide Frequency Regulation to the Electric Grid},

  author       = {Olama, Mohammed M. and Kuruganti, Teja and Nutaro, James J. and Dong, Jin},

  abstractNote = {Buildings consume 73% of electricity produced in the United States and, currently, they are largely passive participants in the electric grid. However, the flexibility in building loads can be exploited to provide ancillary services to enhance the grid reliability. In this paper, we investigate two control strategies that allow Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems in commercial and residential buildings to provide frequency regulation services to the grid while maintaining occupants comfort. The first optimal control strategy is based on model predictive control acting on a variable air volume HVAC system (continuously variable HVAC load), which is available in large commercial buildings. The second strategy is rule-based control acting on an aggregate of on/off HVAC systems, which are available in residential buildings in addition to many small to medium size commercial buildings. Hardware constraints that include limiting the switching between the different states for on/off HVAC units to maintain their lifetimes are considered. Furthermore, simulations illustrate that the proposed control strategies provide frequency regulation to the grid, without affecting the indoor climate significantly.},

  doi          = {10.3390/en11071852},

  journal      = {Energies},

  number       = 7,

  volume       = 11,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Mon Jul 16 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Works referenced in this record:

An Evaluation of the HVAC Load Potential for Providing Load Balancing Service
journal, September 2012

Lu, Ning
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 3, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1109/TSG.2012.2183649

Evaluation of commercial building HVAC systems as frequency regulation providers
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Zhao, Peng; Henze, Gregor P.; Plamp, Sandro
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 67
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Experimental Demonstration of Frequency Regulation by Commercial Buildings—Part II: Results and Performance Evaluation
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Vrettos, Evangelos; Kara, Emre C.; MacDonald, Jason
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Demand side management: Benefits and challenges
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Strbac, Goran
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Robust Provision of Frequency Reserves by Office Building Aggregations
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Vrettos, Evangelos; Oldewurtel, Frauke; Zhu, Fengtian
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Maasoumy, Mehdi; Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, Alberto
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Optimization of thermal performance of a building with ground source heat pump system
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Zogou, Olympia; Stamatelos, Anastassios
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Dynamic Frequency Regulation Method Based On Thermostatically Controlled Appliances in the Power System
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Rui, Xinyang; Liu, Xingwei; Meng, Jian
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Short, Joe A.; Infield, David G.; Freris, Leon L.
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Experimental Demonstration of Frequency Regulation by Commercial Buildings—Part I: Modeling and Hierarchical Control Design
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Vrettos, Evangelos; Kara, Emre C.; MacDonald, Jason
IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 9, Issue 4
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Ancillary Service to the Grid Through Control of Fans in Commercial Building HVAC Systems
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Hao, He; Lin, Yashen; Kowli, Anupama S.
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Now that California has AMI, what can the state do with it?
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Woo, C. K.; Kollman, E.; Orans, R.
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Optimizing commercial building participation in energy and ancillary service markets
journal, October 2014

Pavlak, Gregory S.; Henze, Gregor P.; Cushing, Vincent J.
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 81
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Optimization of thermal performance of a building with ground source heat pump system
journal, November 2007

Zogou, Olympia; Stamatelos, Anastassios
Energy Conversion and Management, Vol. 48, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.012

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Similar Records

Title: Coordination and Control of Building HVAC Systems to Provide Frequency Regulation to the Electric Grid

Abstract

Citation Formats

An Evaluation of the HVAC Load Potential for Providing Load Balancing Service journal, September 2012

Evaluation of commercial building HVAC systems as frequency regulation providers journal, December 2013

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An Evaluation of the HVAC Load Potential for Providing Load Balancing Service
journal, September 2012

Evaluation of commercial building HVAC systems as frequency regulation providers
journal, December 2013

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journal, July 2018

Demand side management: Benefits and challenges
journal, December 2008

Robust Provision of Frequency Reserves by Office Building Aggregations
journal, January 2014

Total and Peak Energy Consumption Minimization of Building HVAC Systems Using Model Predictive Control
journal, August 2012

Optimization of thermal performance of a building with ground source heat pump system
journal, November 2007

Dynamic Frequency Regulation Method Based On Thermostatically Controlled Appliances in the Power System
journal, June 2016

Stabilization of Grid Frequency Through Dynamic Demand Control
journal, August 2007

Experimental Demonstration of Frequency Regulation by Commercial Buildings—Part I: Modeling and Hierarchical Control Design
journal, July 2018

Ancillary Service to the Grid Through Control of Fans in Commercial Building HVAC Systems
journal, July 2014

Now that California has AMI, what can the state do with it?
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