Precision Electron Beam Polarimetry for Next Generation Nuclear Physics Experiments

Aulenbacher, Kurt; Chudakov, Eugene; Gaskell, David; Grames, Joseph; Paschke, Kent D.

doi:10.1142/S0218301318300047

Title: Precision Electron Beam Polarimetry for Next Generation Nuclear Physics Experiments

Abstract

Polarized electron beams have played an important role in scattering experiments at moderate to high beam energies. Historically, these experiments have been primarily targeted at studying hadronic structure - from the quark contribution to the spin structure of protons and neutrons, to nucleon elastic form factors, as well as contributions to these elastic form factors from (strange) sea quarks. Other experiments have aimed to place constraints on new physics beyond the Standard Model. For most experiments, knowledge of the magnitude of the electron beam polarization has not been a limiting systematic uncertainty, with only moderately precise beam polarimetry requirements. However, a new generation of experiments will require extremely precise measurements of the beam polarization, significantly better than 1%. This article will review standard electron beam polarimetry techniques and possible future technologies, with an emphasis on the ever-improving precision that is being driven by the requirements of electron scattering experiments.

Authors:

Aulenbacher, Kurt ^[1]; Chudakov, Eugene ^[2]; Gaskell, David ^[2]; Grames, Joseph ^[2]; Paschke, Kent D. ^[3]

Johannes Gutenberg Univ., Mainz (Germany)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA (United States)

Publication Date:: Wed Jun 13 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1458439

Report Number(s):: JLAB-PHY-18-2612; DOE/OR/23177-4300
Journal ID: ISSN 0218-3013; TRN: US1901428

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-06OR23177

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: International Journal of Modern Physics E

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 27; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 0218-3013

Publisher:: World Scientific

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats


                    Aulenbacher, Kurt, Chudakov, Eugene, Gaskell, David, Grames, Joseph, and Paschke, Kent D. Precision Electron Beam Polarimetry for Next Generation Nuclear Physics Experiments.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1142/S0218301318300047.

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                    Aulenbacher, Kurt, Chudakov, Eugene, Gaskell, David, Grames, Joseph, & Paschke, Kent D. Precision Electron Beam Polarimetry for Next Generation Nuclear Physics Experiments.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218301318300047

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                    Aulenbacher, Kurt, Chudakov, Eugene, Gaskell, David, Grames, Joseph, and Paschke, Kent D. Wed .  
"Precision Electron Beam Polarimetry for Next Generation Nuclear Physics Experiments".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218301318300047.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1458439.

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@article{osti_1458439,

  title        = {Precision Electron Beam Polarimetry for Next Generation Nuclear Physics Experiments},

  author       = {Aulenbacher, Kurt and Chudakov, Eugene and Gaskell, David and Grames, Joseph and Paschke, Kent D.},

  abstractNote = {Polarized electron beams have played an important role in scattering experiments at moderate to high beam energies. Historically, these experiments have been primarily targeted at studying hadronic structure - from the quark contribution to the spin structure of protons and neutrons, to nucleon elastic form factors, as well as contributions to these elastic form factors from (strange) sea quarks. Other experiments have aimed to place constraints on new physics beyond the Standard Model. For most experiments, knowledge of the magnitude of the electron beam polarization has not been a limiting systematic uncertainty, with only moderately precise beam polarimetry requirements. However, a new generation of experiments will require extremely precise measurements of the beam polarization, significantly better than 1%. This article will review standard electron beam polarimetry techniques and possible future technologies, with an emphasis on the ever-improving precision that is being driven by the requirements of electron scattering experiments.},

  doi          = {10.1142/S0218301318300047},

  journal      = {International Journal of Modern Physics E},

  number       = 7,

  volume       = 27,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jun 13 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Wed Jun 13 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

Copy to clipboard

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A Polarized Photon Beam for the SLAC 82-Inch Hydrogen Bubble Chamber
journal, June 1969

Sinclair, Charles K.; Murray, Joseph J.; Klein, Paul R.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 16, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1109/TNS.1969.4325441

A simple optical electron polarimeter
journal, September 1983

Gay, T. J.
Journal of Physics B: Atomic and Molecular Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1088/0022-3700/16/18/005

Near-threshold measurement of integrated Stokes parameters for Kr excited by polarized electrons
journal, August 1999

Birdsey, B. G.; Al-Khateeb, H. M.; Johnston, M. E.
Physical Review A, Vol. 60, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.60.1046

Magnetomechanical Ratios for Fe-Co Alloys
journal, August 1969

Scott, G. G.; Sturner, H. W.
Physical Review, Vol. 184, Issue 2
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The QED lowest-order radiative corrections to the two polarized identical fermion scattering
journal, January 2000

Shumeiko, N. M.; Suarez, J. G.
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 26, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/26/2/302

Optical electron polarimetry with heavy noble gases
journal, March 1996

Gay, T. J.; Furst, J. E.; Trantham, K. W.
Physical Review A, Vol. 53, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.1623

The spin structure of the nucleon
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Kabuss, Eva-Maria
Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, Vol. 55, Issue S1
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Polarized Electrons
journal, November 1986

Heddle, D. W. O.
Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics, Vol. 33, Issue 11
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Moller polarimetry with atomic hydrogen targets
conference, January 2003

Chudakov, E.; Luppov, V.
2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515)
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The Compton Backscattering Polarimeter of the a4 Experiment
conference, January 2012

Imai, Y.
Proceedings of the 16th International Spin Physics Symposium and Workshop on Polarized Electron Sources and Polarimeters, Spin 2004
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The spin structure of the nucleon
journal, January 1994

Bass, S. D.; Thomas, A. W.
Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 33
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First measurement of the electric formfactor of the neutron in the exclusive quasielastic scattering of polarized electrons from polarized 3He
conference, January 1995

Meyerhoff, M.; Eyl, D.; Frey, A.
The 5th conference on the intersections of particle and nuclear physics, AIP Conference Proceedings
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Electron Ion Collider: The Next QCD Frontier
text, January 2016

Accardi, A.; Albacete, J. L.; Anselmino, M.
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2017-00275

The Spin Structure of the Nucleon
conference, November 2011

Mallot, Gerhard K.
Proceedings of the XIX International Symposium, Lepton and Photon Interactions at High Energies
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Theoretical study of elastic electron scattering off stable and exotic nuclei
text, January 2008

Roca-Maza, X.; Centelles, M.; Salvat, F.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.0808.1252

A low-voltage retarding-field Mott polarimeter for photocathode characterization
text, January 2010

McCarter, James L.; Stutzman, Marcy L.; Trantham, Kenneth W.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1003.5577

The Spin Structure of the Nucleon
text, January 2012

Aidala, Christine A.; Bass, Steven D.; Hasch, Delia
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1209.2803

First Determination of the Weak Charge of the Proton
text, January 2013

Collaboration, Qweak; Androic, D.; Armstrong, D. S.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1307.5275

A High-Precision Measurement of the Left-Right Z Boson Cross-Section Asymmetry
text, January 2000

Collaboration, Sld
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.hep-ex/0004026

An improved direct measurement of leptonic coupling asymmetries with polarized Z bosons
text, January 2000

Collaboration, The SLD; Abe, K.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.hep-ex/0010015

First electron beam polarization measurements with a Compton polarimeter at Jefferson Laboratory
text, January 2002

Baylac, M.; Burtin, E.; Cavata, C.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.hep-ex/0203012

Precision Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle in Moller Scattering
text, January 2005

Collaboration, Slac E158; Anthony, P. L.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.hep-ex/0504049

Lowest order QED radiative corrections to longitudinally polarized Moller scattering
text, January 2005

Ilyichev, A.; Zykunov, V.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.hep-ph/0504191

The SAMPLE Experiment and Weak Nucleon Structure
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Beise, E. J.; Pitt, M. L.; Spayde, D. T.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.nucl-ex/0412054

The Longitudinal Polarimeter at HERA
text, January 2000

Beckmann, M.; Borissov, A.; Brauksiepe, S.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.physics/0009047

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Title: Precision Electron Beam Polarimetry for Next Generation Nuclear Physics Experiments

Abstract

Citation Formats

A low-voltage retarding-field Mott polarimeter for photocathode characterization journal, June 2010

Calibration of a Mott electron polarimeter: Comparison of different methods journal, April 1993

Scattering of Longitudinally Polarized Fermions journal, September 1957

Observation of target electron momentum effects in single-arm Møller polarimetry journal, September 1995

Electron Spin Polarization by Low-Energy Scattering from Unpolarized Targets journal, January 1969

Parity and Electron Polarization: Møller Scattering journal, July 1957

A Møller polarimeter for CW and pulsed intermediate energy electron beams journal, September 1990

An LED pulser for measuring photomultiplier linearity journal, June 2012

MeV Mott Polarimetry at Jefferson Lab conference, January 2001

A Mott polarimeter operating at MeV electron beam energies journal, March 2011

The Compton effect on relativistic electrons and the possibility of obtaining high energy beams journal, April 1963

Measurement of the Neutron Radius of Pb 208 through Parity Violation in Electron Scattering journal, March 2012

Optical reversibility theorems for polarization: application to remote control of polarization journal, January 1993

Review of Gyromagnetic Ratio Experiments journal, January 1962

Theoretical study of elastic electron scattering off stable and exotic nuclei journal, October 2008

First Determination of the Weak Charge of the Proton journal, October 2013

First measurement of the electric formfactor of the neutron in the exclusive quasielastic scattering of polarized electrons from polarized 3He journal, May 1994

A Compton backscattering polarimeter for measuring longitudinal electron polarization journal, September 1998

A Møller polarimeter for high energy electron beams journal, November 1997

First attempt of the measurement of the beam polarization at an accelerator with the optical electron polarimeter POLO journal, December 2004

A target for precise Møller polarimetry journal, December 1997

New Determinations of the Saturation Magnetization of Nickel and Iron journal, February 1968

Compact inline optical electron polarimeter journal, May 2013

The HERA polarimeter and the first observation of electron spin polarization at HERA journal, May 1993

A high-precision polarimeter journal, April 2001

The GDH-Møller-Polarimeter at ELSA journal, March 2004

The intra-atomic motion of bound electrons as a possible source of the systematic error in electron beam polarization measurements by means of a Möller polarimeter journal, July 1994

Accurate measurement of the electron beam polarization in JLab Hall A using Compton polarimetry journal, October 2005

Alignment of the ( 3 d 10 4 s 5 s ) 3 S 1 State of Zn Excited by Polarized Electron Impact journal, August 2017

Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Elektronen durch Materie journal, January 1932

Precision Measurements of the Nucleon Strange Form Factors at Q 2 ∼ 0.1 GeV 2 journal, January 2007

The sample experiment and weak nucleon structure journal, March 2005

Elimination of instrumental asymmetries in electron polarization analysis journal, November 1990

Coulomb Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Point Nuclei journal, September 1956

Mott electron polarimetry journal, February 1992

High spin polarization at the HERA electron storage ring journal, January 1994

G E p / G M p Ratio by Polarization Transfer in e → p → e p → journal, February 2000

The CEBAF large acceptance spectrometer (CLAS) journal, May 2003

Upgraded photon calorimeter with integrating readout for the Hall A Compton polarimeter at Jefferson Lab journal, June 2012

Polarization phenomena of electrons and photons. I journal, January 1954

Compact retarding-potential Mott polarimeter journal, February 2007

Polarization in Mott Scattering of Multi-MeV Electrons from Heavy Nuclei journal, January 1999

Nuclear size effects in the polarization of elastically scattered electrons journal, December 1970

A high-finesse Fabry–Perot cavity with a frequency-doubled green laser for precision Compton polarimetry at Jefferson Lab journal, June 2016

Measurement of the polarization of a pulsed electron beam with a Møller polarimeter in the coincidence mode journal, July 1995

The Scattering of Fast Electrons by Atomic Nuclei journal, June 1929

Measurement of parity violation in electron–quark scattering journal, February 2014

Improved Direct Measurement of Leptonic Coupling Asymmetries with Polarized Z Bosons journal, February 2001

Further measurements of parity non-conservation in inelastic electron scattering journal, July 1979

Strange nucleon form-factors journal, July 2017

The MESA polarimetry chain and the status of its double scattering polarimeter conference, January 2013

First electron beam polarization measurements with a Compton polarimeter at Jefferson Laboratory journal, July 2002

Elastic scattering of relativistic electrons by screened atomic nuclei journal, July 1963

Monte Carlo calculations for the design of Mott scattering spin polarimeters journal, November 1997

A high precision measurement of the υ-meson mass journal, December 1982

A variable energy Møller polarimeter at the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center journal, January 1992

A novel comparison of Møller and Compton electron-beam polarimeters journal, March 2017

Radiative Corrections to the Coulomb Scattering Asymmetry Function journal, April 1962

The MIT-Bates Compton Polarimeter conference, January 2003

The Qweak experimental apparatus journal, May 2015

A backscattered laser polarimeter e+e− storage rings journal, October 1979

Iron and nickel as magnetization standards journal, March 1982

Precision Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle in Møller Scattering journal, August 2005

Spin‐waves in nickel, iron, and yttrium‐iron garnet journal, March 1982

The Compton backscattering polarimeter of the A4 experiment journal, July 2005

Parity non-conservation in inelastic electron scattering journal, August 1978

The spin structure of the nucleon journal, April 2013

A precision measurement of the ϒ′ meson mass journal, February 1984

New method for accurate calibration of an electron‐spin polarimeter journal, January 1988

The Longitudinal Polarimeter at HERA journal, March 2002

High-Precision Measurement of the Left-Right Z Boson Cross-Section Asymmetry journal, June 2000

e+e− polarimetry at LEP journal, January 1989

A high-rate coincidence Møller polarimeter journal, December 1998

Measurement of Strange-Quark Contributions to the Nucleon's Form Factors at Q 2 = 0.230 ( G e V / c ) 2 journal, July 2004

QED corrections to the radiative recombination of an electron with a bare nucleus journal, April 2000

Orbital and Spin Magnetization in Fe-Co, Fe-Ni, and Ni-Co journal, August 1969

Dependence of anisotropy field on magnetization in iron journal, March 1981

A low-voltage retarding-field Mott polarimeter for photocathode characterization
journal, June 2010

Calibration of a Mott electron polarimeter: Comparison of different methods
journal, April 1993

Scattering of Longitudinally Polarized Fermions
journal, September 1957

Observation of target electron momentum effects in single-arm Møller polarimetry
journal, September 1995

Electron Spin Polarization by Low-Energy Scattering from Unpolarized Targets
journal, January 1969

Parity and Electron Polarization: Møller Scattering
journal, July 1957

A Møller polarimeter for CW and pulsed intermediate energy electron beams
journal, September 1990

An LED pulser for measuring photomultiplier linearity
journal, June 2012

MeV Mott Polarimetry at Jefferson Lab
conference, January 2001

A Mott polarimeter operating at MeV electron beam energies
journal, March 2011

The Compton effect on relativistic electrons and the possibility of obtaining high energy beams
journal, April 1963

Measurement of the Neutron Radius of ${}^{208}{Pb}$ through Parity Violation in Electron Scattering
journal, March 2012

Optical reversibility theorems for polarization: application to remote control of polarization
journal, January 1993

Review of Gyromagnetic Ratio Experiments
journal, January 1962

Theoretical study of elastic electron scattering off stable and exotic nuclei
journal, October 2008

First Determination of the Weak Charge of the Proton
journal, October 2013

First measurement of the electric formfactor of the neutron in the exclusive quasielastic scattering of polarized electrons from polarized 3He
journal, May 1994

A Compton backscattering polarimeter for measuring longitudinal electron polarization
journal, September 1998

A Møller polarimeter for high energy electron beams
journal, November 1997

First attempt of the measurement of the beam polarization at an accelerator with the optical electron polarimeter POLO
journal, December 2004

A target for precise Møller polarimetry
journal, December 1997

New Determinations of the Saturation Magnetization of Nickel and Iron
journal, February 1968

Compact inline optical electron polarimeter
journal, May 2013

The HERA polarimeter and the first observation of electron spin polarization at HERA
journal, May 1993

A high-precision polarimeter
journal, April 2001

The GDH-Møller-Polarimeter at ELSA
journal, March 2004

The intra-atomic motion of bound electrons as a possible source of the systematic error in electron beam polarization measurements by means of a Möller polarimeter
journal, July 1994

Accurate measurement of the electron beam polarization in JLab Hall A using Compton polarimetry
journal, October 2005

Alignment of the ${(3 d^{10} 4 s 5 s)}^{3} S_{1}$ State of Zn Excited by Polarized Electron Impact
journal, August 2017

Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Elektronen durch Materie
journal, January 1932

Precision Measurements of the Nucleon Strange Form Factors at $Q^{2} \sim 0.1 {GeV}^{2}$
journal, January 2007

The sample experiment and weak nucleon structure
journal, March 2005

Elimination of instrumental asymmetries in electron polarization analysis
journal, November 1990

Coulomb Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Point Nuclei
journal, September 1956

Mott electron polarimetry
journal, February 1992

High spin polarization at the HERA electron storage ring
journal, January 1994

$G_{E_{p}} / G_{M_{p}}$ Ratio by Polarization Transfer in $\vec{e} p \to e \vec{p}$
journal, February 2000

The CEBAF large acceptance spectrometer (CLAS)
journal, May 2003

Upgraded photon calorimeter with integrating readout for the Hall A Compton polarimeter at Jefferson Lab
journal, June 2012

Polarization phenomena of electrons and photons. I
journal, January 1954

Compact retarding-potential Mott polarimeter
journal, February 2007

Polarization in Mott Scattering of Multi-MeV Electrons from Heavy Nuclei
journal, January 1999

Nuclear size effects in the polarization of elastically scattered electrons
journal, December 1970

A high-finesse Fabry–Perot cavity with a frequency-doubled green laser for precision Compton polarimetry at Jefferson Lab
journal, June 2016

Measurement of the polarization of a pulsed electron beam with a Møller polarimeter in the coincidence mode
journal, July 1995

The Scattering of Fast Electrons by Atomic Nuclei
journal, June 1929

Measurement of parity violation in electron–quark scattering
journal, February 2014

Improved Direct Measurement of Leptonic Coupling Asymmetries with Polarized $Z$ Bosons
journal, February 2001

Further measurements of parity non-conservation in inelastic electron scattering
journal, July 1979

Strange nucleon form-factors
journal, July 2017

The MESA polarimetry chain and the status of its double scattering polarimeter
conference, January 2013

First electron beam polarization measurements with a Compton polarimeter at Jefferson Laboratory
journal, July 2002

Elastic scattering of relativistic electrons by screened atomic nuclei
journal, July 1963

Monte Carlo calculations for the design of Mott scattering spin polarimeters
journal, November 1997

A high precision measurement of the υ-meson mass
journal, December 1982

A variable energy Møller polarimeter at the MIT-Bates Linear Accelerator Center
journal, January 1992

A novel comparison of Møller and Compton electron-beam polarimeters
journal, March 2017

Radiative Corrections to the Coulomb Scattering Asymmetry Function
journal, April 1962

The MIT-Bates Compton Polarimeter
conference, January 2003

The Qweak experimental apparatus
journal, May 2015

A backscattered laser polarimeter e+e− storage rings
journal, October 1979

Iron and nickel as magnetization standards
journal, March 1982

Precision Measurement of the Weak Mixing Angle in Møller Scattering
journal, August 2005

Spin‐waves in nickel, iron, and yttrium‐iron garnet
journal, March 1982

The Compton backscattering polarimeter of the A4 experiment
journal, July 2005

Parity non-conservation in inelastic electron scattering
journal, August 1978

The spin structure of the nucleon
journal, April 2013

A precision measurement of the ϒ′ meson mass
journal, February 1984

New method for accurate calibration of an electron‐spin polarimeter
journal, January 1988

The Longitudinal Polarimeter at HERA
journal, March 2002

High-Precision Measurement of the Left-Right $Z$ Boson Cross-Section Asymmetry
journal, June 2000

e+e− polarimetry at LEP
journal, January 1989

A high-rate coincidence Møller polarimeter
journal, December 1998

Measurement of Strange-Quark Contributions to the Nucleon's Form Factors at $Q^{2} = 0.230 (G e V / c)^{2}$
journal, July 2004

QED corrections to the radiative recombination of an electron with a bare nucleus
journal, April 2000

Orbital and Spin Magnetization in Fe-Co, Fe-Ni, and Ni-Co
journal, August 1969

Dependence of anisotropy field on magnetization in iron
journal, March 1981

New compact classical 40 kV Mott polarimeter
journal, March 2003

Per mill level control of the circular polarisation of the laser beam for a Fabry-Perot cavity polarimeter at HERA
journal, June 2010

Polarized Electrons
book, January 1985