Benchmarking Geant4 for simulating galactic cosmic ray interactions within planetary bodies
Abstract
Galactic cosmic rays undergo complex nuclear interactions with nuclei within planetary bodies that have little to no atmosphere. Radiation transport simulations are a key tool used in understanding the neutron and gamma-ray albedo coming from these interactions and tracing these signals back to geochemical composition of the target. In this paper, we study the validity of the code Geant4 for simulating such interactions by comparing simulation results to data from the Apollo 17 Lunar Neutron Probe Experiment. Different assumptions regarding the physics are explored to demonstrate how these impact the Geant4 simulation results. In general, all of the Geant4 results over-predict the data, however, certain physics lists perform better than others. Finally, in addition, we show that results from the radiation transport code MCNP6 are similar to those obtained using Geant4.
- Authors:
-
- Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- Planetary Science Inst., Tucson, AZ (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); LANL Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1457313
- Report Number(s):
- LA-UR-18-22146
Journal ID: ISSN 2333-5084; TRN: US1901353
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC52-06NA25396
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Earth and Space Science
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 5; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 2333-5084
- Publisher:
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Planetary Sciences
Citation Formats
Mesick, K. E., Feldman, W. C., Coupland, D. D. S., and Stonehill, L. C. Benchmarking Geant4 for simulating galactic cosmic ray interactions within planetary bodies. United States: N. p., 2018.
Web. doi:10.1029/2018EA000400.
Mesick, K. E., Feldman, W. C., Coupland, D. D. S., & Stonehill, L. C. Benchmarking Geant4 for simulating galactic cosmic ray interactions within planetary bodies. United States. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000400
Mesick, K. E., Feldman, W. C., Coupland, D. D. S., and Stonehill, L. C. Wed .
"Benchmarking Geant4 for simulating galactic cosmic ray interactions within planetary bodies". United States. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EA000400. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1457313.
@article{osti_1457313,
title = {Benchmarking Geant4 for simulating galactic cosmic ray interactions within planetary bodies},
author = {Mesick, K. E. and Feldman, W. C. and Coupland, D. D. S. and Stonehill, L. C.},
abstractNote = {Galactic cosmic rays undergo complex nuclear interactions with nuclei within planetary bodies that have little to no atmosphere. Radiation transport simulations are a key tool used in understanding the neutron and gamma-ray albedo coming from these interactions and tracing these signals back to geochemical composition of the target. In this paper, we study the validity of the code Geant4 for simulating such interactions by comparing simulation results to data from the Apollo 17 Lunar Neutron Probe Experiment. Different assumptions regarding the physics are explored to demonstrate how these impact the Geant4 simulation results. In general, all of the Geant4 results over-predict the data, however, certain physics lists perform better than others. Finally, in addition, we show that results from the radiation transport code MCNP6 are similar to those obtained using Geant4.},
doi = {10.1029/2018EA000400},
journal = {Earth and Space Science},
number = 7,
volume = 5,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jun 20 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Wed Jun 20 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}
Web of Science
Works referenced in this record:
Constraints on Vesta's elemental composition: Fast neutron measurements by Dawn's gamma ray and neutron detector
journal, November 2013
- Lawrence, David J.; Peplowski, Patrick N.; Prettyman, Thomas H.
- Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 48, Issue 11
Solar modulation parameter for cosmic rays since 1936 reconstructed from ground-based neutron monitors and ionization chambers: COSMIC RAY MODULATION
journal, February 2011
- Usoskin, Ilya G.; Bazilevskaya, Galina A.; Kovaltsov, Gennady A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 116, Issue A2
Limitations of the force field equation to describe cosmic ray modulation
journal, January 2004
- Caballero-Lopez, R. A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, Issue A1
Elemental composition from gamma-ray spectroscopy of the NEAR-Shoemaker landing site on 433 Eros
journal, December 2001
- Evans, Larry G.; Starr, Richard D.; Brückner, Johannes
- Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 36, Issue 12
Initial MCNP6 Release Overview
journal, December 2012
- Goorley, T.; James, M.; Booth, T.
- Nuclear Technology, Vol. 180, Issue 3
Extension of the Liège intranuclear-cascade model to reactions induced by light nuclei
journal, November 2014
- Mancusi, Davide; Boudard, Alain; Cugnon, Joseph
- Physical Review C, Vol. 90, Issue 5
Calculation of the lunar photon albedo from galactic and solar proton bombardment
journal, February 1972
- Armstrong, T. W.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 77, Issue 4
Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays
journal, November 1968
- Gleeson, L. J.; Axford, W. I.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 154
Planetary gamma-ray spectroscopy of the surface of Mercury
journal, January 1997
- Brückner, J.; Masarik, J.
- Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 45, Issue 1
The global elemental composition of 433 Eros: First results from the NEAR gamma-ray spectrometer orbital dataset
journal, December 2016
- Peplowski, Patrick N.
- Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 134
Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer
journal, September 1998
- Lawrence, D. J.
- Science, Vol. 281, Issue 5382
MCNPX benchmark for cosmic ray interactions with the Moon
journal, January 2006
- McKinney, G. W.; Lawrence, D. J.; Prettyman, T. H.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 111, Issue E6
Thorium abundances on the lunar surface
journal, August 2000
- Lawrence, D. J.; Feldman, W. C.; Barraclough, B. L.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 105, Issue E8
Rigidity dependence of cosmic ray proton latitudinal gradients measured by the Ulysses spacecraft: Implications for the diffusion tensor
journal, December 2000
- Burger, R. A.; Potgieter, M. S.; Heber, B.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 105, Issue A12
Distribution of Hydrogen in the Near Surface of Mars: Evidence for Subsurface Ice Deposits
journal, May 2002
- Boynton, W. V.
- Science, Vol. 297, Issue 5578
Iron abundances on the lunar surface as measured by the Lunar Prospector gamma-ray and neutron spectrometers: IRON ABUNDANCES ON THE LUNAR SURFACE
journal, December 2002
- Lawrence, D. J.; Feldman, W. C.; Elphic, R. C.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 107, Issue E12
Heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays: Monthly reconstruction for 1951–2004
journal, January 2005
- Usoskin, Ilya G.; Alanko-Huotari, Katja; Kovaltsov, Gennady A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue A12
Evidence for water ice near the lunar poles
journal, October 2001
- Feldman, W. C.; Maurice, S.; Lawrence, D. J.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 106, Issue E10
Neutron production in the lunar subsurface from alpha particles in galactic cosmic rays
journal, January 2011
- Ota, Shuya; Kobayashi, Shingo; Sihver, Lembit
- Earth, Planets and Space, Vol. 63, Issue 1
Recent developments in Geant4
journal, November 2016
- Allison, J.; Amako, K.; Apostolakis, J.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 835
Fluxes of Fast and Epithermal Neutrons from Lunar Prospector: Evidence for Water Ice at the Lunar Poles
journal, September 1998
- Feldman, W. C.
- Science, Vol. 281, Issue 5382
Testing polar spots of water-rich permafrost on the Moon: LEND observations onboard LRO: WATER-RICH PERMAFROST SPOTS ON THE MOON
journal, July 2012
- Mitrofanov, I.; Litvak, M.; Sanin, A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 117, Issue E12
Elemental composition of the lunar surface: Analysis of gamma ray spectroscopy data from Lunar Prospector: LUNAR ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION
journal, December 2006
- Prettyman, T. H.; Hagerty, J. J.; Elphic, R. C.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 111, Issue E12
Assessment of galactic cosmic ray models: ASSESSMENT OF GALACTIC COSMIC RAY MODELS
journal, August 2012
- Mrigakshi, Alankrita Isha; Matthiä, Daniel; Berger, Thomas
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 117, Issue A8
Concentrations of potassium and thorium within Vesta’s regolith
journal, October 2015
- Prettyman, T. H.; Yamashita, N.; Reedy, R. C.
- Icarus, Vol. 259
Maps of Subsurface Hydrogen from the High Energy Neutron Detector, Mars Odyssey
journal, May 2002
- Mitrofanov, I.
- Science, Vol. 297, Issue 5578
Depth profile of41Ca in an Apollo 15 drill core and the low-energy neutron flux in the Moon
journal, May 1997
- Nishiizumi, K.; Fink, D.; Klein, J.
- Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 148, Issue 3-4
Soil Water Content on Mars as Estimated from Neutron Measurements by the HEND Instrument Onboard the 2001 Mars Odyssey Spacecraft
journal, July 2004
- Mitrofanov, I. G.; Litvak, M. L.; Kozyrev, A. S.
- Solar System Research, Vol. 38, Issue 4
Enhanced sodium abundance in Mercury’s north polar region revealed by the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer
journal, January 2014
- Peplowski, Patrick N.; Evans, Larry G.; Stockstill-Cahill, Karen R.
- Icarus, Vol. 228
Variations in the abundances of potassium and thorium on the surface of Mercury: Results from the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer: K AND Th ON THE SURFACE OF MERCURY
journal, October 2012
- Peplowski, Patrick N.; Lawrence, David J.; Rhodes, Edgar A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 117, Issue E12
Radioactive Elements on Mercury's Surface from MESSENGER: Implications for the Planet's Formation and Evolution
journal, September 2011
- Peplowski, P. N.; Evans, L. G.; Hauck, S. A.
- Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6051
Evidence for Water Ice Near Mercury's North Pole from MESSENGER Neutron Spectrometer Measurements
journal, November 2012
- Lawrence, D. J.; Feldman, W. C.; Goldsten, J. O.
- Science, Vol. 339, Issue 6117
Gamma ray production and transport in Mars
journal, August 1996
- Masarik, Jozef; Reedy, Robert C.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 101, Issue E8
Elemental Mapping by Dawn Reveals Exogenic H in Vesta's Regolith
journal, September 2012
- Prettyman, T. H.; Mittlefehldt, D. W.; Yamashita, N.
- Science, Vol. 338, Issue 6104
Depth and size dependence of cosmogenic nuclide production rates in stony meteoroids
journal, May 1993
- Bhandari, N.; Mathew, K. J.; Rao, M. N.
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 57, Issue 10
Compositional variability on the surface of 4 Vesta revealed through GRaND measurements of high-energy gamma rays
journal, August 2013
- Peplowski, Patrick N.; Lawrence, David J.; Prettyman, Thomas H.
- Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 48, Issue 11
Global Distribution of Neutrons from Mars: Results from Mars Odyssey
journal, May 2002
- Feldman, W. C.
- Science, Vol. 297, Issue 5578
Hydrogen Mapping of the Lunar South Pole Using the LRO Neutron Detector Experiment LEND
journal, October 2010
- Mitrofanov, I. G.; Sanin, A. B.; Boynton, W. V.
- Science, Vol. 330, Issue 6003
Extensive water ice within Ceres’ aqueously altered regolith: Evidence from nuclear spectroscopy
journal, December 2016
- Prettyman, T. H.; Yamashita, N.; Toplis, M. J.
- Science, Vol. 355, Issue 6320
New Modeling of Galactic Proton Modulation During the Minimum of Solar Cycle 23/24
journal, December 2015
- Vos, Etienne E.; Potgieter, Marius S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 815, Issue 2
The anomalous He-4 component in the cosmic-ray spectrum at below approximately 50 MeV per nucleon during 1972-1974
journal, November 1975
- Garcia-Munoz, M.; Mason, G. M.; Simpson, J. A.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 202
Concentration of H, Si, Cl, K, Fe, and Th in the low- and mid-latitude regions of Mars
journal, January 2007
- Boynton, W. V.; Taylor, G. J.; Evans, L. G.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112, Issue E12
Global distribution of near-surface hydrogen on Mars
journal, January 2004
- Feldman, W. C.
- Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, Issue E9
Geant4—a simulation toolkit
journal, July 2003
- Agostinelli, S.; Allison, J.; Amako, K.
- Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506, Issue 3
Effects of bulk composition on nuclide production processes in meteorites
journal, December 1994
- Masarik, Jozef; Reedy, Robert C.
- Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 58, Issue 23
Solar Modulation Effects in Terrestrial Production of Carbon-14
journal, January 1980
- Castagnoli, Giuliana; Lal, Devendra
- Radiocarbon, Vol. 22, Issue 2
Major-element abundances on the surface of Mercury: Results from the MESSENGER Gamma-Ray Spectrometer: MAJOR-ELEMENT ABUNDANCES ON MERCURY
journal, November 2012
- Evans, Larry G.; Peplowski, Patrick N.; Rhodes, Edgar A.
- Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 117, Issue E12
Measurement of the lunar neutron density profile
journal, February 1975
- Woolum, Dorothy S.; Burnett, D. S.; Furst, Marian
- The Moon, Vol. 12, Issue 2
Distribution of iron on Vesta
journal, July 2013
- Yamashita, N.; Prettyman, T. H.; Mittlefehldt, D. W.
- Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Vol. 48, Issue 11
Geochemical terranes of Mercury’s northern hemisphere as revealed by MESSENGER neutron measurements
journal, June 2015
- Peplowski, Patrick N.; Lawrence, David J.; Feldman, William C.
- Icarus, Vol. 253
Chlorine on the surface of Mercury: MESSENGER gamma-ray measurements and implications for the planet’s formation and evolution
journal, September 2015
- Evans, Larry G.; Peplowski, Patrick N.; McCubbin, Francis M.
- Icarus, Vol. 257