Colloquium: Excitons in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides

Wang, Gang; Chernikov, Alexey; Glazov, Mikhail M.; Heinz, Tony F.; Marie, Xavier; Amand, Thierry; Urbaszek, Bernhard

doi:10.1103/revmodphys.90.021001

Title: Colloquium: Excitons in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides

Journal Article · 04 April 2018 · Reviews of Modern Physics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/revmodphys.90.021001 · OSTI ID:1435910

Wang, Gang ^[1]; Chernikov, Alexey ^[2]; Glazov, Mikhail M. ^[3]; Heinz, Tony F. ^[4]; Marie, Xavier ^[5]; Amand, Thierry ^[5]; Urbaszek, Bernhard ^[5]

Univ. of Toulouse (France). INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO; Univ. of Cambridge (United Kingdom). G. W. Cambridge Graphene Centre
Univ. of Regensburg (Germany). Dept. of Physics
Ioffe Inst., St. Petersburg (Russian Federation)
Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Applied Physics; SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Univ. of Toulouse (France). INSA-CNRS-UPS, LPCNO

Atomically thin materials such as graphene and monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit remarkable physical properties resulting from their reduced dimensionality and crystal symmetry. The family of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides is an especially promising platform for fundamental studies of two-dimensional (2D) systems, with potential applications in optoelectronics and valleytronics due to their direct band gap in the monolayer limit and highly efficient light-matter coupling. A crystal lattice with broken inversion symmetry combined with strong spin-orbit interactions leads to a unique combination of the spin and valley degrees of freedom. In addition, the 2D character of the monolayers and weak dielectric screening from the environment yield a significant enhancement of the Coulomb interaction. The resulting formation of bound electron-hole pairs, or excitons, dominates the optical and spin properties of the material. In this article, recent progress in understanding of the excitonic properties in monolayer TMDs is reviewed and future challenges are laid out. Discussed are the consequences of the strong direct and exchange Coulomb interaction, exciton light-matter coupling, and influence of finite carrier and electron-hole pair densities on the exciton properties in TMDs. Finally, the impact on valley polarization is described and the tuning of the energies and polarization observed in applied electric and magnetic fields is summarized.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences & Biosciences Division; European Research Council (ERC); German Research Foundation (DFG); Grant of the President of the Russian Federation; Russian Foundation for Basic Research; Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation; National Research Agency of France (ANR); Univ. Inst. of France (IUF); LIA CNRS-Ioffe ILNACS

OSTI ID:: 1435910

Journal Information:: Reviews of Modern Physics, Journal Name: Reviews of Modern Physics Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 90; ISSN RMPHAT; ISSN 0034-6861

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Multiple parameter dynamic photoresponse microscopy for data-intensive optoelectronic measurements of van der Waals heterostructures Arp, Trevor B.; Gabor, Nathaniel M. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 90, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5085007	journal	February 2019
Supercontinuum second harmonic generation spectroscopy of atomically thin semiconductors Stiehm, Torsten; Schneider, Robert; Kern, Johannes Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 90, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5100593	journal	August 2019
Geometric band properties in strained monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides using simple band structures Aas, Shahnaz; Bulutay, Ceyhun Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5115093	journal	September 2019
Time- and momentum-resolved photoemission studies using time-of-flight momentum microscopy at a free-electron laser Kutnyakhov, D.; Xian, R. P.; Dendzik, M. Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 91, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5118777	journal	January 2020
Rich diversity of crystallographic phase formation in 2D Re _x Mo _1 – _x S ₂ ( x < 0.5) alloy Sharona, H.; Vishal, B.; Bhat, U. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5121363	journal	December 2019
Perfect absorption in transition metal dichalcogenides-based dielectric grating Nong, Jianqi; Da, Haixia; Fang, Qian Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aad608	journal	August 2018
Signatures of self-trapping of trions in monolayer MoS ₂ Bhuyan, Sumi; Jindal, Vishwas; Jana, Dipankar Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aadfc2	journal	September 2018
Dynamical screening in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides and its manifestations in the exciton spectrum Scharf, Benedikt; Van Tuan, Dinh; Žutić, Igor Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab071f	journal	March 2019
Optical absorption of single-layer hexagonal boron nitride in the ultraviolet Henriques, J. C. G.; Ventura, G. B.; Fernandes, C. D. M. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 32, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ab47b3	journal	October 2019
Recent progress in 2D group IV–IV monochalcogenides: synthesis, properties and applications Hu, Ziyu; Ding, Yingchun; Hu, Xuemin Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab07d9	journal	April 2019
Enhanced excitation and emission from 2D transition metal dichalcogenides with all-dielectric nanoantennas Lepeshov, Sergey; Krasnok, Alex; Alù, Andrea Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab0daf	journal	April 2019
Inhomogeneous photocarrier dynamics and transport in monolayer MoS ₂ by ultrafast microscopy Yu, Kuai; Wang, Junzhong; Chen, Jing Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab3dc2	journal	September 2019
Band-bending induced by charged defects and edges of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide films Le Quang, T.; Nogajewski, K.; Potemski, M. 2D Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aac65a	journal	June 2018
Zeeman spectroscopy of excitons and hybridization of electronic states in few-layer WSe ₂ , MoSe ₂ and MoTe ₂ Arora, Ashish; Koperski, Maciej; Slobodeniuk, Artur 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aae7e5	journal	November 2018
Ultrafast time-resolved investigations of excitons and biexcitons at room temperature in layered WS ₂ Chowdhury, Rup K.; Nandy, Snehasish; Bhattacharya, Sayantan 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/aae872	journal	November 2018
Dielectric impact on exciton binding energy and quasiparticle bandgap in monolayer WS ₂ and WSe ₂ Hsu, Wei-Ting; Quan, Jiamin; Wang, Chun-Yuan 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab072a	journal	March 2019
Fine structure of K-excitons in multilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides Slobodeniuk, A. O.; Bala, Ł; Koperski, M. 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab0776	journal	February 2019
Photo-induced exfoliation of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors Wu, Si-Si; Huang, Teng-Xiang; Lin, Kai-Qiang 2D Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab42b6	journal	September 2019
Exciton-polaritons in multilayer WSe ₂ in a planar microcavity Król, Mateusz; Rechcińska, Katarzyna; Nogajewski, Karol 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab4b14	journal	October 2019
Theory of coherent pump–probe spectroscopy in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides Katsch, Florian; Selig, Malte; Knorr, Andreas 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab5407	journal	December 2019
Magnetic field mixing and splitting of bright and dark excitons in monolayer MoSe ₂ Lu, Zhengguang; Rhodes, Daniel; Li, Zhipeng 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab5614	journal	November 2019
New insights in the lattice dynamics of monolayers, bilayers, and trilayers of WSe ₂ and unambiguous determination of few-layer-flakes’ thickness De Luca, Marta; Cartoixà, Xavier; Martín-Sánchez, Javier 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab5dec	journal	January 2020
Disentangling the effects of doping, strain and disorder in monolayer WS ₂ by optical spectroscopy Kolesnichenko, Pavel V.; Zhang, Qianhui; Yun, Tinghe 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab626a	journal	January 2020
Magneto-optical Kerr effect in spin split two-dimensional massive Dirac materials Catarina, G.; Peres, N. M. R.; Fernández-Rossier, J. 2D Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1583/ab6781	journal	January 2020
Quantum-enhanced tunable spin-valley dependent excitonic second harmonic generation in molybdenum disulfide quantum dots Fouladi-Oskouei, J.; Shojaei, S. Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab54d8	journal	November 2019
Control of the Exciton Radiative Lifetime in van der Waals Heterostructures Fang, H. H.; Han, B.; Robert, C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.067401	journal	August 2019
Excited-State Trions in Monolayer WS 2 Arora, Ashish; Deilmann, Thorsten; Reichenauer, Till Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.167401	journal	October 2019
Phonon wind and drag of excitons in monolayer semiconductors Glazov, M. M. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.045426	journal	July 2019
Charged excitons in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides: Semiclassical calculation of Berry curvature effects Hichri, A.; Jaziri, S.; Goerbig, M. O. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.115426	journal	September 2019
Exciton states and absorption spectra in freestanding monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides: A variationally optimized diagonalization method Wu, Shudong; Cheng, Liwen; Wang, Qiang Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.115430	journal	September 2019
Quantum anomalous valley Hall effect for bosons Kovalev, V. M.; Savenko, I. G. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.121405	journal	September 2019
Exploration of the bright and dark exciton landscape and fine structure of MoS 2 using G 0 W 0 -BSE Yu, Hongyu; Laurien, Magdalena; Hu, Zhenpeng Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.125413	journal	September 2019
Exciton routing in the heterostructure of a transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer on a paraelectric substrate Shahnazaryan, V.; Kyriienko, O.; Rostami, H. Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.165303	journal	October 2019
Theory of exciton dynamics in time-resolved ARPES: Intra- and intervalley scattering in two-dimensional semiconductors Christiansen, Dominik; Selig, Malte; Malic, Ermin Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.205401	journal	November 2019
Triple sum frequency pump-probe spectroscopy of transition metal dichalcogenides Morrow, Darien J.; Kohler, Daniel D.; Zhao, Yuzhou Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.235303	journal	December 2019
Hot exciton transport in WS e 2 monolayers Cordovilla Leon, Darwin F.; Li, Zidong; Jang, Sung Woon Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.100.241401	journal	December 2019
Excitons in phosphorene: A semi-analytical perturbative approach Henriques, J. C. G.; Peres, N. M. R. Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.035406	journal	January 2020
Coherent and incoherent coupling dynamics in a two-dimensional atomic crystal embedded in a plasmon-induced magnetic resonator Xie, Peng; Liang, Zhengchen; Li, Zhoujun Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.045403	journal	January 2020
Excitonic magneto-optical Kerr effect in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides induced by spin proximity Henriques, J. C. G.; Catarina, G.; Costa, A. T. Physical Review B, Vol. 101, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.101.045408	journal	January 2020
Complexes of dipolar excitons in layered quasi-two-dimensional nanostructures Bondarev, Igor V.; Vladimirova, Maria R. Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.97.165419	journal	April 2018
Exciton-polarons in doped semiconductors in a strong magnetic field Efimkin, Dmitry K.; MacDonald, Allan H. Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.97.235432	journal	June 2018
Observation of exciton-phonon coupling in MoSe 2 monolayers Shree, S.; Semina, M.; Robert, C. Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.035302	journal	July 2018
Mie excitons: Understanding strong coupling in dielectric nanoparticles Tserkezis, C.; Gonçalves, P. A. D.; Wolff, C. Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.155439	journal	October 2018
Two-photon absorption in two-dimensional materials: The case of hexagonal boron nitride Attaccalite, Claudio; Grüning, Myrta; Amara, Hakim Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.165126	journal	October 2018
Photoluminescence properties of the entire excitonic series in Cu 2 O Takahata, Mitsuyoshi; Naka, Nobuko Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.195205	journal	November 2018
Crossover from trion-hole complex to exciton-polaron in n -doped two-dimensional semiconductor quantum wells Chang, Yia-Chung; Shiau, Shiue-Yuan; Combescot, Monique Physical Review B, Vol. 98, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.98.235203	journal	December 2018
Interlayer hybridization and moiré superlattice minibands for electrons and excitons in heterobilayers of transition-metal dichalcogenides Ruiz-Tijerina, David A.; Fal'ko, Vladimir I. Physical Review B, Vol. 99, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.99.125424	journal	March 2019
Magnetophotoluminescence of exciton Rydberg states in monolayer WS e 2 Liu, Erfu; van Baren, Jeremiah; Taniguchi, Takashi Physical Review B, Vol. 99, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.99.205420	journal	May 2019
Bright Luminescence from Indirect and Strongly Bound Excitons in h-BN Schué, Léonard; Sponza, Lorenzo; Plaud, Alexandre Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.122.067401	journal	February 2019
Virtual Trions in the Photoluminescence of Monolayer Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides Van Tuan, Dinh; Jones, Aaron M.; Yang, Min Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.122.217401	journal	May 2019
Gate Tunable Dark Trions in Monolayer WSe 2 Liu, Erfu; van Baren, Jeremiah; Lu, Zhengguang Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.123.027401	journal	July 2019
Scanning Tunneling Microscope-Induced Excitonic Luminescence of a Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Pommier, Delphine; Bretel, Rémi; López, Luis E. Parra Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.123.027402	journal	July 2019
Probing and Manipulating Valley Coherence of Dark Excitons in Monolayer WSe 2 Molas, M. R.; Slobodeniuk, A. O.; Kazimierczuk, T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 123, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.123.096803	journal	August 2019
Microscopic description of exciton-polaritons in microcavities Levinsen, Jesper; Li, Guangyao; Parish, Meera M. Physical Review Research, Vol. 1, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.1.033120	journal	November 2019
Exciton States in Monolayer MoSe 2 and MoTe 2 Probed by Upconversion Spectroscopy Han, B.; Robert, C.; Courtade, E. Physical Review X, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevx.8.031073	journal	September 2018
Giant gate-tunable bandgap renormalization and excitonic effects in a 2D semiconductor Qiu, Zhizhan; Trushin, Maxim; Fang, Hanyan Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaw2347	journal	July 2019
Strain dependence of photoluminescence and circular dichroism in transition metal dichalcogenides: a k · p analysis Aas, Shahnaz; Bulutay, Ceyhun Optics Express, Vol. 26, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.028672	journal	January 2018
Van der Waals materials integrated nanophotonic devices [Invited] Liu, Chang-hua; Zheng, Jiajiu; Chen, Yueyang Optical Materials Express, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/ome.9.000384	journal	January 2019
Enhancing functionalities of atomically thin semiconductors with plasmonic nanostructures Cotrufo, Michele; Sun, Liuyang; Choi, Junho Nanophotonics, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0185	journal	March 2019
Scalable photonic sources using two-dimensional lead halide perovskite superlattices Jagielski, Jakub; Solari, Simon F.; Jordan, Lucie ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000396545	text	January 2020
Complexes of dipolar excitons in layered quasi-two-dimensional nanostructures Bondarev, Igor V.; Vladimirova, Maria R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1712.10312	text	January 2017
Two-dimensional semiconductors in the regime of strong light-matter coupling Schneider, Christian; Glazov, Mikhail M.; Korn, Tobias arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1804.06771	text	January 2018
Observation of bosonic condensation in a hybrid monolayer MoSe2-GaAs microcavity Waldherr, Max; Lundt, Nils; Klaas, Martin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1805.03630	text	January 2018
Tuning carrier concentration in a superacid treated MoS$_2$ monolayer Molas, Maciej R.; Gołasa, Katarzyna; Bala, Łukasz arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.08445	text	January 2018
Valley polarization of exciton-polaritons in monolayer WSe2 in a tunable microcavity Król, M.; Lekenta, K.; Mirek, R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.09571	text	January 2018
Multiple Parameter Dynamic Photoresponse Microscopy for data-intensive optoelectronic measurements of van der Waals heterostructures Arp, Trevor B.; Gabor, Nathaniel M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1812.03232	text	January 2018
Optical valley Hall effect for highly valley-coherent exciton-polaritons in an atomically thin semiconductor Lundt, Nils; Dusanowski, Lukasz; Sedov, Evgeny arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.07620	text	January 2019
Optical fingerprint of bright and dark localized excitonic states in atomically thin 2D materials Feierabend, Maja; Brem, Samuel; Malic, Ermin arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.05071	text	January 2019
Diabatic Hamiltonian Construction in van der Waals heterostructure complexes Xie, Yu; Sun, Huijuan; Zheng, Qijing arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.05213	preprint	January 2019
Excitons in Phosphorene: A Semi-Analytical Perturbative Approach Henriques, J. C. G.; Peres, N. M. R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.10820	text	January 2019
Exciton Diffusion and Halo Effects in Monolayer Semiconductors Kulig, Marvin; Zipfel, Jonas; Nagler, Philipp Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.40601	text	January 2018
Strain-tunable orbital, spin-orbit, and optical properties of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides Zollner, Klaus; Faria Junior, Paulo E.; Fabian, Jaroslav Universität Regensburg https://doi.org/10.5283/epub.41297	text	January 2019
Dielectric Properties of NbxW1-xSe2 Alloys Rigosi, Albert F.; Hill, Heather; Krylyuk, Sergiy Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol. 124 https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.124.035	journal	January 2019

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