Multistage Core Formation in Planetesimals Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Hf-W Chronometry of Iron Meteorites

Neumann, W.; Kruijer, T. S.; Breuer, D.; Kleine, T.

doi:10.1002/2017JE005411

Title: Multistage Core Formation in Planetesimals Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Hf-W Chronometry of Iron Meteorites

Abstract

Iron meteorites provide some of the most direct insights into the processes and timescales of core formation in planetesimals. Of these, group IVB irons stand out by having one of the youngest ¹⁸²Hf-¹⁸²W model ages for metal segregation (2.9 ± 0.6 Ma after solar system formation), as well as the lowest bulk sulfur content and hence highest liquidus temperature. Here in this paper, using a new model for the internal evolution of the IVB parent body, we show that a single stage of metal-silicate separation cannot account for the complete melting of pure Fe metal at the relatively late time given by the Hf-W model age. Instead, a complex metal-silicate separation scenario is required that includes migration of partial silicate melts, formation of a shallow magma ocean, and core formation in two distinct stages of metal segregation. In the first stage, a protocore formed at ≈1.5 Ma via settling of metal particles in a mantle magma ocean, followed by metal segregation from a shallow magma ocean at ≈5.4 Ma. As these stages of metal segregation occurred at different times, the two metal fractions had different ¹⁸²W compositions. Consequently, the final 182W composition of the IVB core does not correspond tomore »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Kruijer, T. S. ^[2];

^[3]; Kleine, T. ^[4]

Univ. of Munster, Munster (Germany). Inst. fur Planetologie; Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin (Germany)
Univ. of Munster, Munster (Germany). Inst. fur Planetologie; Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Nuclear and Chemical Sciences Division
Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin (Germany)
Univ. of Munster, Munster (Germany). Inst. fur Planetologie

Publication Date:: Thu Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE; German Research Foundation (DFG)

OSTI Identifier:: 1430986

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-739210
Journal ID: ISSN 2169-9097

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 123; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-9097

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 58 GEOSCIENCES; planetesimals; iron meteorites; core formation; Hf‐W chronology; melt percolation; shallow magma ocean

Citation Formats


                    Neumann, W., Kruijer, T. S., Breuer, D., and Kleine, T. Multistage Core Formation in Planetesimals Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Hf-W Chronometry of Iron Meteorites.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/2017JE005411.

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                    Neumann, W., Kruijer, T. S., Breuer, D., & Kleine, T. Multistage Core Formation in Planetesimals Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Hf-W Chronometry of Iron Meteorites.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005411

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                    Neumann, W., Kruijer, T. S., Breuer, D., and Kleine, T. Thu .  
"Multistage Core Formation in Planetesimals Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Hf-W Chronometry of Iron Meteorites".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JE005411.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1430986.

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@article{osti_1430986,

  title        = {Multistage Core Formation in Planetesimals Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Hf-W Chronometry of Iron Meteorites},

  author       = {Neumann, W. and Kruijer, T. S. and Breuer, D. and Kleine, T.},

  abstractNote = {Iron meteorites provide some of the most direct insights into the processes and timescales of core formation in planetesimals. Of these, group IVB irons stand out by having one of the youngest 182Hf-182W model ages for metal segregation (2.9 ± 0.6 Ma after solar system formation), as well as the lowest bulk sulfur content and hence highest liquidus temperature. Here in this paper, using a new model for the internal evolution of the IVB parent body, we show that a single stage of metal-silicate separation cannot account for the complete melting of pure Fe metal at the relatively late time given by the Hf-W model age. Instead, a complex metal-silicate separation scenario is required that includes migration of partial silicate melts, formation of a shallow magma ocean, and core formation in two distinct stages of metal segregation. In the first stage, a protocore formed at ≈1.5 Ma via settling of metal particles in a mantle magma ocean, followed by metal segregation from a shallow magma ocean at ≈5.4 Ma. As these stages of metal segregation occurred at different times, the two metal fractions had different 182W compositions. Consequently, the final 182W composition of the IVB core does not correspond to a single differentiation event, but represents the average composition of early- and late-segregated core fractions. Our best fit model indicates an ≈100 km radius for the IVB parent body and provides an accretion age of ≈0.1–0.5 Ma after solar system formation. The computed solidification time is, furthermore, consistent with the Re-Os age for crystallization of the IVB core.},

  doi          = {10.1002/2017JE005411},

  journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research. Planets},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 123,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Thu Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Title: Multistage Core Formation in Planetesimals Revealed by Numerical Modeling and Hf-W Chronometry of Iron Meteorites

Abstract

Citation Formats

Paleomagnetic Records of Meteorites and Early Planetesimal Differentiation journal, December 2009

Chemical composition and origin of the Acapulco meteorite journal, September 1995

Early core formation in asteroids and late accretion of chondrite parent bodies: Evidence from 182Hf-182W in CAIs, metal-rich chondrites, and iron meteorites journal, December 2005

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Differentiation of planetesimals and the thermal consequences of melt migration: Differentiation of planetesimals journal, May 2011

Self-diffusion of iron in alkali–magnesia–silica glass melts journal, May 1998

Thermal history and origin of the IVB iron meteorites and their parent body journal, August 2010

Viscosity measurements of subliquidus magmas: Alkali olivine basalt from the Higashi-Matsuura district, Southwest Japan journal, February 2007

Chondrites as samples of differentiated planetesimals journal, May 2011

Dynamics of metal-silicate separation in a terrestrial magma ocean: DYNAMICS OF METAL-SILICATE SEPARATION journal, September 2006

On the Effect of Giant Planets on the Scattering of Parent Bodies of iron Meteorite from the Terrestrial Planet Region into the Asteroid Belt: a Concept Study journal, March 2012

182W and 187Re-187Os Systematics of Iron Meteorites: Chronology for Melting, Differentiation, and Crystallization in Asteroids journal, February 1998

Differentiated Planetesimals and the Parent Bodies of Chondrites journal, May 2013

Multiple parent bodies of ordinary chondrites journal, April 1984

Physical properties of ordinary chondrites journal, November 1983

Hf-W Isotopic Evidence for Rapid Accretion and Differentiation in the Early Solar System journal, December 1996

Creep of olivine during hot-pressing journal, June 1978

Tungsten Isotopes in Planets journal, August 2017

The interior structure of Mars: Implications from SNC meteorites journal, January 1997

Metal–silicate partitioning of tungsten at high pressure and temperature: Implications for equilibrium core formation in Earth journal, May 2009

Reference Data for the Density and Viscosity of Liquid Aluminum and Liquid Iron journal, March 2006

The thermo-chemical evolution of Asteroid 21 Lutetia journal, May 2013

Volcanic activity on differentiated asteroids: A review and analysis journal, December 2012

Iron meteorites: Crystallization, thermal history, parent bodies, and origin journal, November 2009

Differentiation and core formation in accreting planetesimals journal, July 2012

Thermal evolution and differentiation of planetesimals and planetary embryos journal, January 2012

Geodesy constraints on the interior structure and composition of Mars journal, June 2011

Thermal evolution of early solar system planetesimals and the possibility of sustained dynamos journal, January 2013

Water-Rock Differentiation of Icy Bodies by Darcy law, Stokes law, and Two-Phase Flow journal, August 2015

Asteroid Differentiation: Pyroclastic Volcanism to Magma Oceans journal, March 1993

Nucleosynthetic W isotope anomalies and the Hf–W chronometry of Ca–Al-rich inclusions journal, October 2014

Thermal evolution and sintering of chondritic planetesimals journal, January 2012

Modelling of compaction in planetesimals journal, July 2014

Experiments on turbulent metal-silicate mixing in a magma ocean journal, October 2011

Isotopic outcomes of N-body accretion simulations: Constraints on equilibration processes during large impacts from Hf/W observations journal, March 2006

Chemical diffusion of ferrous iron in a peraluminous sodium aluminosilicate melt: 0.1 MPa to 2.0 GPa journal, January 1990

A Thermal Model for the Differentiation of Asteroid 4 Vesta, Based on Radiogenic Heating journal, August 1998

The Volume and Composition of Melt Generated by Extension of the Lithosphere journal, June 1988

Differentiation of Vesta: Implications for a shallow magma ocean journal, June 2014

Rapid accretion and differentiation of iron meteorite parent bodies inferred from 182Hf–182W chronometry and thermal modeling journal, August 2008

Pyroxenes from non-carbonaceous chondritic meteorites journal, June 1970

Sulfur contents of the parental metallic cores of magmatic iron meteorites journal, September 2004

Numerical Modeling of 26Al-Induced Radioactive Melting of Asteroids Considering Accretion journal, September 2002

The W isotope evolution of the bulk silicate Earth: constraints on the timing and mechanisms of core formation and accretion journal, November 2004

Constitutive Equations, Rheological Behavior, and Viscosity of Rocks book, April 2015

Hf–W chronology of the accretion and early evolution of asteroids and terrestrial planets journal, September 2009

Protracted core formation and rapid accretion of protoplanets journal, June 2014

Classification and properties of iron meteorites journal, January 1975

Possible evidence for partial differentiation of asteroid Lutetia from Rosetta journal, June 2012

Evidence for 182Hf in the early Solar System and constraints on the timescale of terrestrial accretion and core formation journal, April 1996

Chemical fractionation in iron meteorites and its interpretation journal, November 1972

Hf–W evidence for rapid differentiation of iron meteorite parent bodies journal, January 2006

Mixing, volatile loss and compositional change during impact-driven accretion of the Earth journal, February 2004

Modeling fractional crystallization of group IVB iron meteorites journal, April 2008

A re-evaluation of metal diapir breakup and equilibration in terrestrial magma oceans journal, January 2012

Hf–W chronology of the accretion and early evolution of asteroids and terrestrial planets text, January 2009

The W isotope evolution of the bulk silicate Earth: constraints on the timing and mechanisms of core formation and accretion text, January 2004

Differentiation of Vesta: Implications for a shallow magma ocean text, January 2014

Ceres’ partial differentiation: undifferentiated crust mixing with a water-rich mantle journal, January 2020

Paleomagnetic Records of Meteorites and Early Planetesimal Differentiation
journal, December 2009

Chemical composition and origin of the Acapulco meteorite
journal, September 1995

Early core formation in asteroids and late accretion of chondrite parent bodies: Evidence from 182Hf-182W in CAIs, metal-rich chondrites, and iron meteorites
journal, December 2005

Iron meteorites as remnants of planetesimals formed in the terrestrial planet region
journal, February 2006

Magma ocean fractional crystallization and cumulate overturn in terrestrial planets: Implications for Mars
journal, December 2003

The role of S in the evolution of the parental cores of the iron meteorites
journal, December 1982

A model for planetesimal meltdown by ²⁶ Al and its implications for meteorite parent bodies
journal, January 2006

Compositions of group IVB iron meteorites and their parent melt
journal, October 2005

Differentiation of planetesimals and the thermal consequences of melt migration: Differentiation of planetesimals
journal, May 2011

Self-diffusion of iron in alkali–magnesia–silica glass melts
journal, May 1998

Thermal history and origin of the IVB iron meteorites and their parent body
journal, August 2010

Viscosity measurements of subliquidus magmas: Alkali olivine basalt from the Higashi-Matsuura district, Southwest Japan
journal, February 2007

Chondrites as samples of differentiated planetesimals
journal, May 2011

Dynamics of metal-silicate separation in a terrestrial magma ocean: DYNAMICS OF METAL-SILICATE SEPARATION
journal, September 2006

On the Effect of Giant Planets on the Scattering of Parent Bodies of iron Meteorite from the Terrestrial Planet Region into the Asteroid Belt: a Concept Study
journal, March 2012

182W and 187Re-187Os Systematics of Iron Meteorites: Chronology for Melting, Differentiation, and Crystallization in Asteroids
journal, February 1998

Differentiated Planetesimals and the Parent Bodies of Chondrites
journal, May 2013

Multiple parent bodies of ordinary chondrites
journal, April 1984

Physical properties of ordinary chondrites
journal, November 1983

Hf-W Isotopic Evidence for Rapid Accretion and Differentiation in the Early Solar System
journal, December 1996

Creep of olivine during hot-pressing
journal, June 1978

Tungsten Isotopes in Planets
journal, August 2017

The interior structure of Mars: Implications from SNC meteorites
journal, January 1997

Metal–silicate partitioning of tungsten at high pressure and temperature: Implications for equilibrium core formation in Earth
journal, May 2009

Reference Data for the Density and Viscosity of Liquid Aluminum and Liquid Iron
journal, March 2006

The thermo-chemical evolution of Asteroid 21 Lutetia
journal, May 2013

Volcanic activity on differentiated asteroids: A review and analysis
journal, December 2012

Iron meteorites: Crystallization, thermal history, parent bodies, and origin
journal, November 2009

Differentiation and core formation in accreting planetesimals
journal, July 2012

Thermal evolution and differentiation of planetesimals and planetary embryos
journal, January 2012

Geodesy constraints on the interior structure and composition of Mars
journal, June 2011

Thermal evolution of early solar system planetesimals and the possibility of sustained dynamos
journal, January 2013

Water-Rock Differentiation of Icy Bodies by Darcy law, Stokes law, and Two-Phase Flow
journal, August 2015

Asteroid Differentiation: Pyroclastic Volcanism to Magma Oceans
journal, March 1993

Nucleosynthetic W isotope anomalies and the Hf–W chronometry of Ca–Al-rich inclusions
journal, October 2014

Thermal evolution and sintering of chondritic planetesimals
journal, January 2012

Modelling of compaction in planetesimals
journal, July 2014

Experiments on turbulent metal-silicate mixing in a magma ocean
journal, October 2011

Isotopic outcomes of N-body accretion simulations: Constraints on equilibration processes during large impacts from Hf/W observations
journal, March 2006

Chemical diffusion of ferrous iron in a peraluminous sodium aluminosilicate melt: 0.1 MPa to 2.0 GPa
journal, January 1990

A Thermal Model for the Differentiation of Asteroid 4 Vesta, Based on Radiogenic Heating
journal, August 1998

The Volume and Composition of Melt Generated by Extension of the Lithosphere
journal, June 1988

Differentiation of Vesta: Implications for a shallow magma ocean
journal, June 2014

Rapid accretion and differentiation of iron meteorite parent bodies inferred from 182Hf–182W chronometry and thermal modeling
journal, August 2008

Pyroxenes from non-carbonaceous chondritic meteorites
journal, June 1970

Sulfur contents of the parental metallic cores of magmatic iron meteorites
journal, September 2004

Numerical Modeling of 26Al-Induced Radioactive Melting of Asteroids Considering Accretion
journal, September 2002

The W isotope evolution of the bulk silicate Earth: constraints on the timing and mechanisms of core formation and accretion
journal, November 2004

Constitutive Equations, Rheological Behavior, and Viscosity of Rocks
book, April 2015

Hf–W chronology of the accretion and early evolution of asteroids and terrestrial planets
journal, September 2009

Protracted core formation and rapid accretion of protoplanets
journal, June 2014

Classification and properties of iron meteorites
journal, January 1975

Possible evidence for partial differentiation of asteroid Lutetia from Rosetta
journal, June 2012

Evidence for 182Hf in the early Solar System and constraints on the timescale of terrestrial accretion and core formation
journal, April 1996

Chemical fractionation in iron meteorites and its interpretation
journal, November 1972

Hf–W evidence for rapid differentiation of iron meteorite parent bodies
journal, January 2006

Mixing, volatile loss and compositional change during impact-driven accretion of the Earth
journal, February 2004

Modeling fractional crystallization of group IVB iron meteorites
journal, April 2008

A re-evaluation of metal diapir breakup and equilibration in terrestrial magma oceans
journal, January 2012

Hf–W chronology of the accretion and early evolution of asteroids and terrestrial planets
text, January 2009

The W isotope evolution of the bulk silicate Earth: constraints on the timing and mechanisms of core formation and accretion
text, January 2004

Differentiation of Vesta: Implications for a shallow magma ocean
text, January 2014

Ceres’ partial differentiation: undifferentiated crust mixing with a water-rich mantle
journal, January 2020