Water Saturation Relations and Their Diffusion-Limited Equilibration in Gas Shale: Implications for Gas Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs
Abstract
Large volumes of water are used for hydraulic fracturing of low permeability shale reservoirs to stimulate gas production, with most of the water remaining unrecovered and distributed in a poorly understood manner within stimulated regions. Because water partitioning into shale pores controls gas release, we measured the water saturation dependence on relative humidity (rh) and capillary pressure (Pc) for imbibition (adsorption) as well as drainage (desorption) on samples of Woodford Shale. Experiments and modeling of water vapor adsorption into shale laminae at rh = 0.31 demonstrated that long times are needed to characterize equilibrium in larger (5 mm thick) pieces of shales, and yielded effective diffusion coefficients from 9 × 10-9 to 3 × 10-8 m2 s-1, similar in magnitude to the literature values for typical low porosity and low permeability rocks. Most of the experiments, conducted at 50°C on crushed shale grains in order to facilitate rapid equilibration, showed significant saturation hysteresis, and that very large Pc (~1 MPa) are required to drain the shales. These results quantify the severity of the water blocking problem, and suggest that gas production from unconventional reservoirs is largely associated with stimulated regions that have had little or no exposure to injected water.more »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[1];
[1];
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Energy Geosciences Division
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing (China). Key Lab. for Mechanics in Fluid Solid Coupling Systems, Inst. of Mechanics; Univ. of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (China). Inst. of Mechanics
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE Office of Fossil Energy (FE); Foundation of China Scholarship Council
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1432220
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1410371
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-05CH11231
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Water Resources Research
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 53; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 0043-1397
- Publisher:
- American Geophysical Union (AGU)
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 58 GEOSCIENCES
Citation Formats
Tokunaga, Tetsu K., Shen, Weijun, Wan, Jiamin, Kim, Yongman, Cihan, Abdullah, Zhang, Yingqi, and Finsterle, Stefan. Water Saturation Relations and Their Diffusion-Limited Equilibration in Gas Shale: Implications for Gas Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1002/2017WR021153.
Tokunaga, Tetsu K., Shen, Weijun, Wan, Jiamin, Kim, Yongman, Cihan, Abdullah, Zhang, Yingqi, & Finsterle, Stefan. Water Saturation Relations and Their Diffusion-Limited Equilibration in Gas Shale: Implications for Gas Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021153
Tokunaga, Tetsu K., Shen, Weijun, Wan, Jiamin, Kim, Yongman, Cihan, Abdullah, Zhang, Yingqi, and Finsterle, Stefan. Wed .
"Water Saturation Relations and Their Diffusion-Limited Equilibration in Gas Shale: Implications for Gas Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021153. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1432220.
@article{osti_1432220,
title = {Water Saturation Relations and Their Diffusion-Limited Equilibration in Gas Shale: Implications for Gas Flow in Unconventional Reservoirs},
author = {Tokunaga, Tetsu K. and Shen, Weijun and Wan, Jiamin and Kim, Yongman and Cihan, Abdullah and Zhang, Yingqi and Finsterle, Stefan},
abstractNote = {Large volumes of water are used for hydraulic fracturing of low permeability shale reservoirs to stimulate gas production, with most of the water remaining unrecovered and distributed in a poorly understood manner within stimulated regions. Because water partitioning into shale pores controls gas release, we measured the water saturation dependence on relative humidity (rh) and capillary pressure (Pc) for imbibition (adsorption) as well as drainage (desorption) on samples of Woodford Shale. Experiments and modeling of water vapor adsorption into shale laminae at rh = 0.31 demonstrated that long times are needed to characterize equilibrium in larger (5 mm thick) pieces of shales, and yielded effective diffusion coefficients from 9 × 10-9 to 3 × 10-8 m2 s-1, similar in magnitude to the literature values for typical low porosity and low permeability rocks. Most of the experiments, conducted at 50°C on crushed shale grains in order to facilitate rapid equilibration, showed significant saturation hysteresis, and that very large Pc (~1 MPa) are required to drain the shales. These results quantify the severity of the water blocking problem, and suggest that gas production from unconventional reservoirs is largely associated with stimulated regions that have had little or no exposure to injected water. Finally, gravity drainage of water from fractures residing above horizontal wells reconciles gas production in the presence of largely unrecovered injected water, and is discussed in the broader context of unsaturated flow in fractures.},
doi = {10.1002/2017WR021153},
journal = {Water Resources Research},
number = 11,
volume = 53,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Nov 15 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Wed Nov 15 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}
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