Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit

Huang, Bevin; Clark, Genevieve; Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén; Klein, Dahlia R.; Cheng, Ran; Seyler, Kyle L.; Zhong, Ding; Schmidgall, Emma; McGuire, Michael A.; Cobden, David H.; Yao, Wang; Xiao, Di; Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo; Xu, Xiaodong

doi:10.1038/nature22391

Title: Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit

Abstract

Since the discovery of graphene, the family of two-dimensional materials has grown, displaying a broad range of electronic properties. Recent additions include semiconductors with spin–valley coupling, Ising superconductors that can be tuned into a quantum metal, possible Mott insulators with tunable charge-density waves, and topological semimetals with edge transport. However, no two-dimensional crystal with intrinsic magnetism has yet been discovered; such a crystal would be useful in many technologies from sensing to data storage. Theoretically, magnetic order is prohibited in the two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg model at finite temperatures by the Mermin–Wagner theorem. Magnetic anisotropy removes this restriction, however, and enables, for instance, the occurrence of two-dimensional Ising ferromagnetism. Here we use magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy to demonstrate that monolayer chromium triiodide (CrI3) is an Ising ferromagnet with out-of-plane spin orientation. Its Curie temperature of 45 kelvin is only slightly lower than that of the bulk crystal, 61 kelvin, which is consistent with a weak interlayer coupling. Moreover, our studies suggest a layer-dependent magnetic phase, highlighting thickness-dependent physical properties typical of van der Waals crystals. Remarkably, bilayer CrI3 displays suppressed magnetization with a metamagnetic effect, whereas in trilayer CrI3 the interlayer ferromagnetism observed in the bulk crystal is restored. This workmore »« less

Authors:

Huang, Bevin ^[1]; Clark, Genevieve ^[1]; Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén ^[2]; Klein, Dahlia R. ^[2]; Cheng, Ran ^[3]; Seyler, Kyle L. ^[1]; Zhong, Ding ^[1]; Schmidgall, Emma ^[1]; McGuire, Michael A. ^[4]; Cobden, David H. ^[1]; Yao, Wang ^[5]; Xiao, Di ^[3]; Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo ^[2]; Xu, Xiaodong ^[1]

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Univ. of Hong Kong (China)

Publication Date:: Wed Jun 07 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Excitonics (CE)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1376527

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1388215

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; SC0001088

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature (London)

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 546; Journal Issue: 7657; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Two-dimensional materials; polarization microscopy; solar (photovoltaic), solid state lighting, photosynthesis (natural and artificial), charge transport, optics, synthesis (novel materials), synthesis (self-assembly), synthesis (scalable processing)

Citation Formats


                    Huang, Bevin, Clark, Genevieve, Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén, Klein, Dahlia R., Cheng, Ran, Seyler, Kyle L., Zhong, Ding, Schmidgall, Emma, McGuire, Michael A., Cobden, David H., Yao, Wang, Xiao, Di, Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo, and Xu, Xiaodong. Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/nature22391.

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                    Huang, Bevin, Clark, Genevieve, Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén, Klein, Dahlia R., Cheng, Ran, Seyler, Kyle L., Zhong, Ding, Schmidgall, Emma, McGuire, Michael A., Cobden, David H., Yao, Wang, Xiao, Di, Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo, & Xu, Xiaodong. Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22391

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                    Huang, Bevin, Clark, Genevieve, Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén, Klein, Dahlia R., Cheng, Ran, Seyler, Kyle L., Zhong, Ding, Schmidgall, Emma, McGuire, Michael A., Cobden, David H., Yao, Wang, Xiao, Di, Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo, and Xu, Xiaodong. Wed .  
"Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22391.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1376527.

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@article{osti_1376527,

  title        = {Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit},

  author       = {Huang, Bevin and Clark, Genevieve and Navarro-Moratalla, Efrén and Klein, Dahlia R. and Cheng, Ran and Seyler, Kyle L. and Zhong, Ding and Schmidgall, Emma and McGuire, Michael A. and Cobden, David H. and Yao, Wang and Xiao, Di and Jarillo-Herrero, Pablo and Xu, Xiaodong},

  abstractNote = {Since the discovery of graphene, the family of two-dimensional materials has grown, displaying a broad range of electronic properties. Recent additions include semiconductors with spin–valley coupling, Ising superconductors that can be tuned into a quantum metal, possible Mott insulators with tunable charge-density waves, and topological semimetals with edge transport. However, no two-dimensional crystal with intrinsic magnetism has yet been discovered; such a crystal would be useful in many technologies from sensing to data storage. Theoretically, magnetic order is prohibited in the two-dimensional isotropic Heisenberg model at finite temperatures by the Mermin–Wagner theorem. Magnetic anisotropy removes this restriction, however, and enables, for instance, the occurrence of two-dimensional Ising ferromagnetism. Here we use magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy to demonstrate that monolayer chromium triiodide (CrI3) is an Ising ferromagnet with out-of-plane spin orientation. Its Curie temperature of 45 kelvin is only slightly lower than that of the bulk crystal, 61 kelvin, which is consistent with a weak interlayer coupling. Moreover, our studies suggest a layer-dependent magnetic phase, highlighting thickness-dependent physical properties typical of van der Waals crystals. Remarkably, bilayer CrI3 displays suppressed magnetization with a metamagnetic effect, whereas in trilayer CrI3 the interlayer ferromagnetism observed in the bulk crystal is restored. This work creates opportunities for studying magnetism by harnessing the unusual features of atomically thin materials, such as electrical control for realizing magnetoelectronics, and van der Waals engineering to produce interface phenomena.},

  doi          = {10.1038/nature22391},

  journal      = {Nature (London)},

  number       = 7657,

  volume       = 546,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jun 07 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Wed Jun 07 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

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Real space mapping of topological invariants using artificial neural networks
text, January 2018

Carvalho, D.; Garcia-Martinez, N. A.; Lado, J. L.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1801.09655

Electrical Control of 2D Magnetism in Bilayer CrI3
text, January 2018

Huang, Bevin; Clark, Genevieve; Klein, Dahlia R.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1802.06979

Controlling magnetism in 2D CrI3 by electrostatic doping
text, January 2018

Jiang, Shengwei; Li, Lizhong; Wang, Zefang
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1802.07355

Gate-tunable Room-temperature Ferromagnetism in Two-dimensional Fe$_3$GeTe$_2$
text, January 2018

Deng, Yujun; Yu, Yijun; Song, Yichen
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1803.02038

Ferromagnetic Mott State in Twisted Graphene Bilayers at the Magic Angle
text, January 2018

Seo, Kangjun; Kotov, Valeri N.; Uchoa, Bruno
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1812.02550

Magnon transport in quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals antiferromagnets
text, January 2019

Xing, Wenyu; Qiu, Luyi; Wang, Xirui
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1902.04719

Physical origin of giant excitonic and magneto-optical responses in two-dimensional ferromagnetic insulators
text, January 2019

Wu, Meng; Li, Zhenglu; Cao, Ting
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1903.07787

Magnetic Skyrmions in Atomic Thin CrI$_3$ Monolayer
text, January 2019

Behera, Aroop K.; Chowdhury, Sugata; Das, Suprem R.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1903.08797

Direct observation of van der Waals stacking dependent interlayer magnetism
text, January 2019

Chen, Weijong; Sun, Zeyuan; Gu, Lehua
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1906.03383

Thickness-dependent magnetic order in CrI$_3$ single crystals
text, January 2019

Liu, Yu; Wu, Lijun; Tong, Xiao
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1908.09969

Increased Curie temperature and enhanced perpendicular magneto anisotropy of Cr2Ge2Te6/NiO heterostructure
text, January 2019

Idzuchi, H.; Allcca, A. E. Llacsahuanga; Pan, X. C.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1912.03147

Tunable Topological Energy Bands in 2D Dialkali-Metal Monoxides
text, January 2019

Hua, Chenqiang; Li, Si; Xu, Zhu-An
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1912.08019

Van der Waals heterostructures for high-performance device applications: challenges and opportunities
text, January 2019

Liang, Shi-Jun; Cheng, Bin; Cui, Xinyi
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1912.10886

Strain-tunable orbital, spin-orbit, and optical properties of monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides
text, January 2019

Zollner, Klaus; Faria Junior, Paulo E.; Fabian, Jaroslav
Universität Regensburg
DOI: 10.5283/epub.41297

Time-Dependent Magnons from First Principles
journal, January 2020

Tancogne-Dejean, N.; Eich, F. G.; Rubio, A.
Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, Vol. 16, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b01064

A two-dimensional Fe-doped SnS2 magnetic semiconductor
journal, December 2017

Li, Bo; Xing, Tao; Zhong, Mianzeng
Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02077-z

Autonomous robotic searching and assembly of two-dimensional crystals to build van der Waals superlattices
journal, April 2018

Masubuchi, Satoru; Morimoto, Masataka; Morikawa, Sei
Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03723-w

Emerging two-dimensional ferromagnetism in silicene materials
journal, April 2018

Tokmachev, Andrey M.; Averyanov, Dmitry V.; Parfenov, Oleg E.
Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04012-2

Magnetostatic twists in room-temperature skyrmions explored by nitrogen-vacancy center spin texture reconstruction
journal, July 2018

Dovzhenko, Y.; Casola, F.; Schlotter, S.
Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05158-9

Dimensional crossover in a layered ferromagnet detected by spin correlation driven distortions
journal, April 2019

Ron, A.; Zoghlin, E.; Balents, L.
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09663-3

Physical origin of giant excitonic and magneto-optical responses in two-dimensional ferromagnetic insulators
journal, May 2019

Wu, Meng; Li, Zhenglu; Cao, Ting
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10325-7

A semiconducting layered metal-organic framework magnet
journal, July 2019

Yang, Chongqing; Dong, Renhao; Wang, Mao
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11267-w

Topological magneto-optical effects and their quantization in noncoplanar antiferromagnets
journal, January 2020

Feng, Wanxiang; Hanke, Jan-Philipp; Zhou, Xiaodong
Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13968-8

2DMatPedia, an open computational database of two-dimensional materials from top-down and bottom-up approaches
journal, June 2019

Zhou, Jun; Shen, Lei; Costa, Miguel Dias
Scientific Data, Vol. 6, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0097-3

Interference induced enhancement of magneto-optical Kerr effect in ultrathin magnetic films
journal, January 2018

Sumi, Satoshi; Awano, Hiroyuki; Hayashi, Masamitsu
Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18794-w

Dirac cone intensity asymmetry and surface magnetic field in V-doped and pristine topological insulators generated by synchrotron and laser radiation
journal, April 2018

Shikin, A. M.; Rybkina, A. A.; Estyunin, D. A.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24716-1

Dirac gap opening and Dirac-fermion-mediated magnetic coupling in antiferromagnetic Gd-doped topological insulators and their manipulation by synchrotron radiation
journal, March 2019

Shikin, A. M.; Estyunin, D. A.; Surnin, Yu. I.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41137-w

Magnonic Floquet Quantum Spin Hall Insulator in Bilayer Collinear Antiferromagnets
journal, May 2019

Owerre, S. A.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43702-9

Proximity-Induced Artefacts in Magnetic Imaging with Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles in Diamond
journal, April 2018

Tetienne, Jean-Philippe; Broadway, David; Lillie, Scott
Sensors, Vol. 18, Issue 4
DOI: 10.3390/s18041290

Very large tunneling magnetoresistance in layered magnetic semiconductor CrI3
text, January 2018

Wang, Zhe; Gutiérrez-Lezama, Ignacio; Ubrig, Nicolas
ETH Zurich
DOI: 10.3929/ethz-b-000275019

Mixed topological semimetals driven by orbital complexity in two-dimensional ferromagnets
text, January 2018

Niu, Chengwang; Hanke, Jan-Philipp; Buhl, Patrick M.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1805.02549

Asymmetric dynamics of edge exchange spin waves in honeycomb nanoribbons with zigzag and bearded edges boundaries
text, January 2019

Ghader, Doried; Khater, Antoine
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1901.01617

Suppression of magnetic ordering in XXZ-type antiferromagnetic monolayer NiPS3
text, January 2019

Kim, Kangwon; Lim, Soo Yeon; Lee, Jae-Ung
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1901.10890

Giant Valley Splitting in Monolayer WS2 by Magnetic Proximity Effect
text, January 2019

Norden, Tenzin; Zhao, Chuan; Zhang, Peiyao
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1902.05910

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Title: Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit

Abstract

Citation Formats

Magnetization, Resonance, and Optical Properties of the Ferromagnet CrI 3 journal, March 1965

Ferromagnetic two-dimensional crystals: Single layers of K 2 CuF 4 journal, November 2013

The reflectivity spectra of some group VA transition metal dichalcogenides journal, December 1975

Absence of Ferromagnetism or Antiferromagnetism in One- or Two-Dimensional Isotropic Heisenberg Models journal, November 1966

Critical behavior of the uniaxial ferromagnetic monolayer Fe(110) on W(110) journal, December 1996

Making graphene visible journal, August 2007

Evidence for two-dimensional Ising superconductivity in gated MoS2 journal, November 2015

Unconventional quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase of 2π in bilayer graphene journal, February 2006

Fast and reliable identification of atomically thin layers of TaSe2 crystals journal, February 2013

Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS2 journal, April 2010

Spin and pseudospins in layered transition metal dichalcogenides journal, April 2014

Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films journal, October 2004

Ising pairing in superconducting NbSe2 atomic layers journal, November 2015

Nature of the quantum metal in a two-dimensional crystalline superconductor journal, December 2015

Measurement of Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect Using Piezo-Birefringent Modulator journal, December 1981

Magneto-optical effects in transition metal systems journal, December 1996

Coupling of Crystal Structure and Magnetism in the Layered, Ferromagnetic Insulator CrI 3 journal, January 2015

2D Ising-Like Ferromagnetic Behaviour for the Lamellar Cr 2 Si 2 Te 6 Compound: A Neutron Scattering Investigation journal, January 1995

Ellipsometric determination of optical constants for silicon and thermally grown silicon dioxide via a multi-sample, multi-wavelength, multi-angle investigation journal, March 1998

Experimental confirmation of universality for a phase transition in two dimensions journal, December 1995

Metamagnetism journal, September 1977

Gate-tunable phase transitions in thin flakes of 1T-TaS2 journal, January 2015

CrXTe 3 (X = Si, Ge) nanosheets: two dimensional intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors journal, January 2014

Experiments on simple magnetic model systems journal, December 2001

Magnetic ground state of semiconducting transition-metal trichalcogenide monolayers journal, June 2015

The magnetic anisotropy and spin reorientation of nanostructures and nanoscale films journal, May 2004

Magnetism in the few-monolayers limit: A surface magneto-optic Kerr-effect study of the magnetic behavior of ultrathin films of Co, Ni, and Co-Ni alloys on Cu(100) and Cu(111) journal, February 1994

Quantum spin Hall effect in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides journal, November 2014

Ultrathin nanosheets of CrSiTe 3 : a semiconducting two-dimensional ferromagnetic material journal, January 2016

Atomically Thin MoS2 A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor journal, September 2010

Emergent phenomena induced by spin–orbit coupling at surfaces and interfaces journal, November 2016

Magneto-elastic coupling in a potential ferromagnetic 2D atomic crystal journal, June 2016

Superconductivity protected by spin–valley locking in ion-gated MoS2 journal, December 2015

Raman spectroscopy of atomically thin two-dimensional magnetic iron phosphorus trisulfide (FePS 3 ) crystals journal, August 2016

Magnetic ground state of semiconducting transition metal trichalcogenide monolayers text, January 2015

Experiments on simple magnetic model systems journal, January 1974

Robust Intrinsic Ferromagnetism and Half Semiconductivity in Stable Two-Dimensional Single-Layer Chromium Trihalides text, January 2015

Intrinsic Half‐Metallicity in 2D Ternary Chalcogenides with High Critical Temperature and Controllable Magnetization Direction journal, February 2019

Two‐Dimensional Magnets: Forgotten History and Recent Progress towards Spintronic Applications journal, May 2019

Nonvolatile Electrical Control and Heterointerface‐Induced Half‐Metallicity of 2D Ferromagnets journal, April 2019

Lattice Dynamics, Phonon Chirality, and Spin–Phonon Coupling in 2D Itinerant Ferromagnet Fe 3 GeTe 2 journal, September 2019

Anisotropic Magneto-Coulomb Properties of 2D-0D Heterostructure Single Electron Device journal, August 2018

Ultrathin Magnetic 2D Single‐Crystal CrSe journal, March 2019

Intrinsic Van Der Waals Magnetic Materials from Bulk to the 2D Limit: New Frontiers of Spintronics journal, May 2019

Design of Single-Molecule Multiferroics for Efficient Ultrahigh-Density Nonvolatile Memories journal, November 2018

Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in MoTe 2 by Post‐Growth Incorporation of Vanadium Impurities journal, March 2019

Spin‐Dependent Electronic Structure and Magnetic Anisotropy of 2D Ferromagnetic Janus Cr 2 I 3 X 3 ( X = Br, Cl) Monolayers journal, October 2019

Cryogenic Exfoliation of Non‐layered Magnesium into Two‐Dimensional Crystals journal, May 2019

Salt-assisted chemical vapor deposition of two-dimensional materials journal, August 2019

Recent Progress in the Fabrication, Properties, and Devices of Heterostructures Based on 2D Materials journal, February 2019

Probing condensed matter physics with magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond journal, January 2018

Layer-by-layer assembly of two-dimensional materials into wafer-scale heterostructures journal, September 2017

A two-dimensional Fe-doped SnS2 magnetic semiconductor journal, December 2017

Autonomous robotic searching and assembly of two-dimensional crystals to build van der Waals superlattices journal, April 2018

Raman fingerprint of two terahertz spin wave branches in a two-dimensional honeycomb Ising ferromagnet journal, November 2018

Physical origin of giant excitonic and magneto-optical responses in two-dimensional ferromagnetic insulators journal, May 2019

A semiconducting layered metal-organic framework magnet journal, July 2019

Deep-learning-based quality filtering of mechanically exfoliated 2D crystals journal, December 2019

Disorder in van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials journal, May 2019

Two-dimensional materials from high-throughput computational exfoliation of experimentally known compounds journal, February 2018

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van der Waals heterostructures combining graphene and hexagonal boron nitride journal, January 2019

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MnX (X = P, As) monolayers: a new type of two-dimensional intrinsic room temperature ferromagnetic half-metallic material with large magnetic anisotropy journal, January 2019

The enhanced ferromagnetism of single-layer CrX 3 (X = Br and I) via van der Waals engineering journal, January 2019

Synergistic additive-mediated CVD growth and chemical modification of 2D materials journal, January 2019

Theoretical prediction of superconductivity in monolayer CoO 2 journal, January 2019

Room temperature ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism in two-dimensional iron arsenides journal, January 2019

Strain-tunable magnetic anisotropy in two-dimensional Dirac half-metals: nickel trihalides journal, January 2019

Ultrathin two-dimensional nanosheets meet upconverting nanoparticles: in situ near-infrared triggered molecular switching journal, January 2019

Realization of an excellent two-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic system: the synthesis, structure, and thermodynamic properties of piperazinediium tetrabromocuprate journal, January 2019

Magnetization, Resonance, and Optical Properties of the Ferromagnet CrI ₃
journal, March 1965

Ferromagnetic two-dimensional crystals: Single layers of K $_{2}$ CuF $_{4}$
journal, November 2013

The reflectivity spectra of some group VA transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, December 1975

Absence of Ferromagnetism or Antiferromagnetism in One- or Two-Dimensional Isotropic Heisenberg Models
journal, November 1966

Critical behavior of the uniaxial ferromagnetic monolayer Fe(110) on W(110)
journal, December 1996

Making graphene visible
journal, August 2007

Evidence for two-dimensional Ising superconductivity in gated MoS2
journal, November 2015

Unconventional quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase of 2π in bilayer graphene
journal, February 2006

Fast and reliable identification of atomically thin layers of TaSe2 crystals
journal, February 2013

Emerging Photoluminescence in Monolayer MoS₂
journal, April 2010

Spin and pseudospins in layered transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, April 2014

Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
journal, October 2004

Ising pairing in superconducting NbSe2 atomic layers
journal, November 2015

Nature of the quantum metal in a two-dimensional crystalline superconductor
journal, December 2015

Measurement of Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect Using Piezo-Birefringent Modulator
journal, December 1981

Magneto-optical effects in transition metal systems
journal, December 1996

Coupling of Crystal Structure and Magnetism in the Layered, Ferromagnetic Insulator CrI ₃
journal, January 2015

2D Ising-Like Ferromagnetic Behaviour for the Lamellar Cr ₂ Si ₂ Te ₆ Compound: A Neutron Scattering Investigation
journal, January 1995

Ellipsometric determination of optical constants for silicon and thermally grown silicon dioxide via a multi-sample, multi-wavelength, multi-angle investigation
journal, March 1998

Experimental confirmation of universality for a phase transition in two dimensions
journal, December 1995

Metamagnetism
journal, September 1977

Gate-tunable phase transitions in thin flakes of 1T-TaS2
journal, January 2015

CrXTe ₃ (X = Si, Ge) nanosheets: two dimensional intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconductors
journal, January 2014

Experiments on simple magnetic model systems
journal, December 2001

Magnetic ground state of semiconducting transition-metal trichalcogenide monolayers
journal, June 2015

The magnetic anisotropy and spin reorientation of nanostructures and nanoscale films
journal, May 2004

Magnetism in the few-monolayers limit: A surface magneto-optic Kerr-effect study of the magnetic behavior of ultrathin films of Co, Ni, and Co-Ni alloys on Cu(100) and Cu(111)
journal, February 1994

Quantum spin Hall effect in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides
journal, November 2014

Ultrathin nanosheets of CrSiTe ₃ : a semiconducting two-dimensional ferromagnetic material
journal, January 2016

Atomically Thin ${MoS}_{2}$ A New Direct-Gap Semiconductor
journal, September 2010

Emergent phenomena induced by spin–orbit coupling at surfaces and interfaces
journal, November 2016

Magneto-elastic coupling in a potential ferromagnetic 2D atomic crystal
journal, June 2016

Superconductivity protected by spin–valley locking in ion-gated MoS2
journal, December 2015

Raman spectroscopy of atomically thin two-dimensional magnetic iron phosphorus trisulfide (FePS ₃ ) crystals
journal, August 2016

Magnetic ground state of semiconducting transition metal trichalcogenide monolayers
text, January 2015

Experiments on simple magnetic model systems
journal, January 1974

Robust Intrinsic Ferromagnetism and Half Semiconductivity in Stable Two-Dimensional Single-Layer Chromium Trihalides
text, January 2015

Intrinsic Half‐Metallicity in 2D Ternary Chalcogenides with High Critical Temperature and Controllable Magnetization Direction
journal, February 2019

Two‐Dimensional Magnets: Forgotten History and Recent Progress towards Spintronic Applications
journal, May 2019

Nonvolatile Electrical Control and Heterointerface‐Induced Half‐Metallicity of 2D Ferromagnets
journal, April 2019

Lattice Dynamics, Phonon Chirality, and Spin–Phonon Coupling in 2D Itinerant Ferromagnet Fe ₃ GeTe ₂
journal, September 2019

Anisotropic Magneto-Coulomb Properties of 2D-0D Heterostructure Single Electron Device
journal, August 2018

Ultrathin Magnetic 2D Single‐Crystal CrSe
journal, March 2019

Intrinsic Van Der Waals Magnetic Materials from Bulk to the 2D Limit: New Frontiers of Spintronics
journal, May 2019

Design of Single-Molecule Multiferroics for Efficient Ultrahigh-Density Nonvolatile Memories
journal, November 2018

Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism in MoTe ₂ by Post‐Growth Incorporation of Vanadium Impurities
journal, March 2019

Spin‐Dependent Electronic Structure and Magnetic Anisotropy of 2D Ferromagnetic Janus Cr ₂ I ₃ X ₃ ( X = Br, Cl) Monolayers
journal, October 2019

Cryogenic Exfoliation of Non‐layered Magnesium into Two‐Dimensional Crystals
journal, May 2019

Salt-assisted chemical vapor deposition of two-dimensional materials
journal, August 2019

Recent Progress in the Fabrication, Properties, and Devices of Heterostructures Based on 2D Materials
journal, February 2019

Probing condensed matter physics with magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond
journal, January 2018

Layer-by-layer assembly of two-dimensional materials into wafer-scale heterostructures
journal, September 2017

A two-dimensional Fe-doped SnS2 magnetic semiconductor
journal, December 2017

Autonomous robotic searching and assembly of two-dimensional crystals to build van der Waals superlattices
journal, April 2018

Raman fingerprint of two terahertz spin wave branches in a two-dimensional honeycomb Ising ferromagnet
journal, November 2018

Physical origin of giant excitonic and magneto-optical responses in two-dimensional ferromagnetic insulators
journal, May 2019

A semiconducting layered metal-organic framework magnet
journal, July 2019

Deep-learning-based quality filtering of mechanically exfoliated 2D crystals
journal, December 2019

Disorder in van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials
journal, May 2019

Two-dimensional materials from high-throughput computational exfoliation of experimentally known compounds
journal, February 2018

Strong room-temperature ferromagnetism in VSe2 monolayers on van der Waals substrates
journal, February 2018

Electric-field control of magnetism in a few-layered van der Waals ferromagnetic semiconductor
journal, July 2018

Enhancement of interlayer exchange in an ultrathin two-dimensional magnet
journal, September 2019

Gate-tunable room-temperature ferromagnetism in two-dimensional Fe3GeTe2
journal, October 2018

Floquet Weyl Magnons in Three-Dimensional Quantum Magnets
journal, July 2018

Synthesis of ultrathin two-dimensional nanosheets and van der Waals heterostructures from non-layered γ-CuI
journal, June 2018

van der Waals heterostructures combining graphene and hexagonal boron nitride
journal, January 2019

Novel two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductors: Ga-based transition-metal trichalcogenide monolayers
journal, January 2018

Epitaxial growth and physical properties of 2D materials beyond graphene: from monatomic materials to binary compounds
journal, January 2018

MnX (X = P, As) monolayers: a new type of two-dimensional intrinsic room temperature ferromagnetic half-metallic material with large magnetic anisotropy
journal, January 2019

The enhanced ferromagnetism of single-layer CrX ₃ (X = Br and I) via van der Waals engineering
journal, January 2019

Synergistic additive-mediated CVD growth and chemical modification of 2D materials
journal, January 2019

Theoretical prediction of superconductivity in monolayer CoO ₂
journal, January 2019

Room temperature ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism in two-dimensional iron arsenides
journal, January 2019

Strain-tunable magnetic anisotropy in two-dimensional Dirac half-metals: nickel trihalides
journal, January 2019

Ultrathin two-dimensional nanosheets meet upconverting nanoparticles: in situ near-infrared triggered molecular switching
journal, January 2019

Realization of an excellent two-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnetic system: the synthesis, structure, and thermodynamic properties of piperazinediium tetrabromocuprate
journal, January 2019

Biaxial strain induced band transition and valley–spin coupling in the ferromagnetic semiconducting WSe ₂ /1T-FeCl ₂ heterostructure
journal, January 2019

Effects of hydrostatic pressure on spin-lattice coupling in two-dimensional ferromagnetic Cr ₂ Ge ₂ Te ₆
journal, February 2018

Magnetic and electrocatalytic properties of transition metal doped MoS ₂ nanocrystals
journal, October 2018