Investigating Biochemical and Developmental Dependencies of Lignification with a Click-Compatible Monolignol Analog in Arabidopsis thaliana Stems

Pandey, Jyotsna L.; Kiemle, Sarah N.; Richard, Tom L.; Zhu, Yimin; Cosgrove, Daniel J.; Anderson, Charles T.

doi:10.3389/fpls.2016.01309

Title: Investigating Biochemical and Developmental Dependencies of Lignification with a Click-Compatible Monolignol Analog in Arabidopsis thaliana Stems

Journal Article · Wed Aug 31 04:00:00 UTC 2016 · Frontiers in Plant Science

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01309 · OSTI ID:1388043

Pandey, Jyotsna L. ^[1]; Kiemle, Sarah N. ^[1]; Richard, Tom L. ^[1]; Zhu, Yimin ^[2]; Cosgrove, Daniel J. ^[1]; Anderson, Charles T. ^[1]

The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States); The Pennsylvania State Univ., Altoona, PA (United States)

Lignin is a key structural component of plant cell walls that provides rigidity, strength, and resistance against microbial attacks. This hydrophobic polymer also serves a crucial role in water transport. Despite its abundance and essential functions, several aspects of lignin biosynthesis and deposition remain cryptic. Lignin precursors are known to be synthesized in the cytoplasm by complex biosynthetic pathways, after which they are transported to the apoplastic space, where they are polymerized via free radical coupling reactions into polymeric lignin. However, the lignin deposition process and the factors controlling it are unclear. In this study, the biochemical and developmental dependencies of lignification were investigated using a click-compatible monolignol analog, 3-O-propargylcaffeyl alcohol (3-OPC), which can incorporate into both in vitro polymerized lignin and Arabidopsis thaliana tissues. Fluorescence labeling of 3-OPC using click chemistry followed by confocal fluorescence microscopy enabled the detection and imaging of 3-OPC incorporation patterns. These patterns were consistent with endogenous lignification observed in different developmental stages of Arabidopsis stems. However, the concentration of supplied monolignols influenced where lignification occurred at the subcellular level, with low concentrations being deposited in cell corners and middle lamellae and high concentrations also being deposited in secondary walls. Experimental inhibition of multiple lignification factors confirmed that 3-OPC incorporation proceeds via a free radical coupling mechanism involving peroxidases/laccases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, the presence of peroxide-producing enzymes determined which cell walls lignified: adding exogenous peroxide and peroxidase caused cells that do not naturally lignify in Arabidopsis stems to lignify. In conclusion, 3-OPC accurately mimics natural lignification patterns in different developmental stages of Arabidopsis stems and allows for the dissection of key biochemical and enzymatic factors controlling lignification.

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Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation (CLSF)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0001090

OSTI ID:: 1388043

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Plant Science, Journal Name: Frontiers in Plant Science Vol. 7; ISSN 1664-462X

Publisher:: Frontiers Research FoundationCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Propidium Iodide Competes with Ca ²⁺ to Label Pectin in Pollen Tubes and Arabidopsis Root Hairs Rounds, Caleb M.; Lubeck, Eric; Hepler, Peter K. Plant Physiology, Vol. 157, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.182196	journal	July 2011
Laccases Direct Lignification in the Discrete Secondary Cell Wall Domains of Protoxylem Schuetz, M.; Benske, A.; Smith, R. A. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, Vol. 166, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.245597	journal	August 2014
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Non-Cell-Autonomous Postmortem Lignification of Tracheary Elements in Zinnia elegans Pesquet, Edouard; Zhang, Bo; Gorzsás, András The Plant Cell, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.110593	journal	April 2013
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A Versatile Click-Compatible Monolignol Probe to Study Lignin Deposition in Plant Cell Walls Pandey, Jyotsna L.; Wang, Bo; Diehl, Brett G. PLOS ONE, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121334	journal	April 2015
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Purification and characterization of an extracellular laccase from solid-state culture of Pleurotus ostreatus HP-1 Patel, Hardik; Gupte, Shilpa; Gahlout, Mayur 3 Biotech, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-013-0129-1	journal	March 2013
Lignin-ferulate cross-links in grasses: active incorporation of ferulate polysaccharide esters into ryegrass lignins Ralph, John; Grabber, John H.; Hatfield, Ronald D. Carbohydrate Research, Vol. 275, Issue 1, p. 167-178 https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(95)00237-N	journal	September 1995
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Laccase activity tests and laccase inhibitors Johannes, Christian; Majcherczyk, Andrzej Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 78, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00208-X	journal	March 2000
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Novel tetrahydrofuran structures derived from β–β-coupling reactions involving sinapyl acetate in Kenaf lignins Lu, Fachuang; Ralph, John Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, Vol. 6, Issue 20, p. 3681-3694 https://doi.org/10.1039/b809464k	journal	January 2008
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Laccase Down-Regulation Causes Alterations in Phenolic Metabolism and Cell Wall Structure in Poplar Ranocha, Philippe; Chabannes, Matthieu; Chamayou, Simon Plant Physiology, Vol. 129, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.010988	journal	April 2002
Lignin Biosynthesis and Structure Vanholme, R.; Demedts, B.; Morreel, K. Plant Physiology, Vol. 153, Issue 3, p. 895-905 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.155119	journal	May 2010
Propidium Iodide Competes with Ca ²⁺ to Label Pectin in Pollen Tubes and Arabidopsis Root Hairs Rounds, Caleb M.; Lubeck, Eric; Hepler, Peter K. Plant Physiology, Vol. 157, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.111.182196	journal	July 2011
Laccases Direct Lignification in the Discrete Secondary Cell Wall Domains of Protoxylem Schuetz, M.; Benske, A.; Smith, R. A. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, Vol. 166, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.245597	journal	August 2014
Laccase from Sycamore Maple ( Acer pseudoplatanus ) Polymerizes Monolignols Sterjiades, Raja; Dean, Jeffrey F. D.; Eriksson, Karl-Erik L. Plant Physiology, Vol. 99, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.99.3.1162	journal	July 1992
Identification of Novel Genes in Arabidopsis Involved in Secondary Cell Wall Formation Using Expression Profiling and Reverse Genetics Brown, David M.; Zeef, Leo A. H.; Ellis, Joanne The Plant Cell, Vol. 17, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.105.031542	journal	June 2005
Disruption of LACCASE4 and 17 Results in Tissue-Specific Alterations to Lignification of Arabidopsis thaliana Stems Berthet, Serge; Demont-Caulet, Nathalie; Pollet, Brigitte The Plant Cell, Vol. 23, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.082792	journal	March 2011
Non-Cell-Autonomous Postmortem Lignification of Tracheary Elements in Zinnia elegans Pesquet, Edouard; Zhang, Bo; Gorzsás, András The Plant Cell, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.110593	journal	April 2013
LACCASE Is Necessary and Nonredundant with PEROXIDASE for Lignin Polymerization during Vascular Development in Arabidopsis Zhao, Qiao; Nakashima, Jin; Chen, Fang The Plant Cell, Vol. 25, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.117770	journal	October 2013
Identification of a Ca ²⁺ -Pectate Binding Site on an Apoplastic Peroxidase Carpin, Sabine; Crèvecoeur, Michèle; de Meyer, Mireille The Plant Cell, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.13.3.511	journal	March 2001
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases-C and D, key enzymes in lignin biosynthesis, play an essential role in disease resistance in Arabidopsis Tronchet, Maurice; BalaguÃ, Claudine; Kroj, Thomas Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00578.x	journal	January 2010
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Visualization of plant cell wall lignification using fluorescence-tagged monolignols Tobimatsu, Yuki; Wagner, Armin; Donaldson, Lloyd The Plant Journal, Vol. 76, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12299	journal	August 2013
Lignin Biosynthesis Boerjan, Wout; Ralph, John; Baucher, Marie Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 54, Issue 1, p. 519-546 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938	journal	June 2003
Enzymatic "Combustion": The Microbial Degradation of Lignin Kirk, T. K.; Farrell, R. L. Annual Review of Microbiology, Vol. 41, Issue 1, p. 465-501 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002341	journal	October 1987
Lignin: Occurrence, Biogenesis and Biodegradation Lewis, N. G.; Yamamoto, E. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 41, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.41.060190.002323	journal	June 1990
Lignin Distribution During Latewood Formation in Pinus Radiata D. Don Donaldson, L. A. IAWA Journal, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001291	journal	January 1992
Plant Cell Walls Albersheim, Peter; Darvill, Alan; Roberts, Keith Garland Science https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203833476	book	April 2010
A Versatile Click-Compatible Monolignol Probe to Study Lignin Deposition in Plant Cell Walls Pandey, Jyotsna L.; Wang, Bo; Diehl, Brett G. PLOS ONE, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121334	journal	April 2015
Heterogeneity in Formation of Lignin. X. Visualization of Lignification Process in Differentiating Xylem of Pine by Microautoradiography Terashima, Noritsugu; Fukushima, Kazuhiko; Sano, Yoshiaki Holzforschung, Vol. 42, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1988.42.6.347	journal	January 1988
Plant cell wall lignification and monolignol metabolism Wang, Yin; Chantreau, Maxime; Sibout, Richard Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol. 4 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00220	journal	January 2013

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