Inhibition of tafel kinetics for electrolytic hydrogen evolution on isolated micron scale electrocatalysts on semiconductor interfaces

Coridan, Robert H.; Schichtl, Zebulon G.; Sun, Tao; Fezzaa, Kamel

doi:10.1021/acsami.6b07729

Title: Inhibition of tafel kinetics for electrolytic hydrogen evolution on isolated micron scale electrocatalysts on semiconductor interfaces

Abstract

Semiconductor-liquid junctions are ubiquitous in photoelectrochemical approaches for solar-to-fuels energy conversion. Electrocatalysts are added to the interface to improve catalytic efficiency, but they can also impair the photovoltage-generating energetics of the electrode without appropriate microscopic organization of catalytically active area on the surface. This balance is more complicated when gas products are evolved, like hydrogen on water splitting electrodes. Discrete catalysts can be blocked by the gas liquid-solid boundary of a bubble stuck to the surface. Here, we study the kinetics of hydrogen evolution on semiconductor electrodes fabricated with an isolated, micronscale platinum electrocatalyst pad. Movies of in operando bubble evolution were recorded with synchrotron-based high-speed x-ray phase-contrast imaging in a compatible electrochemical cell. The self-limited growth of a bubble residing on the isolated electrocatalyst was measured by tracking the evolution of the gas-liquid boundary through the sequence of images in the movie. As a result, the effect of pad size on the catalytic currents and the issues with reactant transport can be inferred from these dynamics.

Authors:

Coridan, Robert H. ^[1]; Schichtl, Zebulon G. ^[1]; Sun, Tao ^[2]; Fezzaa, Kamel ^[2]

Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR (United States)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Aug 30 00:00:00 EDT 2016

Research Org.:: Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1373585

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 8; Journal Issue: 37; Journal ID: ISSN 1944-8244

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; electrochemistry; catalysis; x-ray phase-contrast microscopy; solar fuels; bubbles; bubble evolution; hydrogen evolution reaction

Citation Formats


                    Coridan, Robert H., Schichtl, Zebulon G., Sun, Tao, and Fezzaa, Kamel. Inhibition of tafel kinetics for electrolytic hydrogen evolution on isolated micron scale electrocatalysts on semiconductor interfaces.  United States: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acsami.6b07729.

Copy to clipboard


                    Coridan, Robert H., Schichtl, Zebulon G., Sun, Tao, & Fezzaa, Kamel. Inhibition of tafel kinetics for electrolytic hydrogen evolution on isolated micron scale electrocatalysts on semiconductor interfaces.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b07729

Copy to clipboard


                    Coridan, Robert H., Schichtl, Zebulon G., Sun, Tao, and Fezzaa, Kamel. Tue .  
"Inhibition of tafel kinetics for electrolytic hydrogen evolution on isolated micron scale electrocatalysts on semiconductor interfaces".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b07729.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1373585.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1373585,

  title        = {Inhibition of tafel kinetics for electrolytic hydrogen evolution on isolated micron scale electrocatalysts on semiconductor interfaces},

  author       = {Coridan, Robert H. and Schichtl, Zebulon G. and Sun, Tao and Fezzaa, Kamel},

  abstractNote = {Semiconductor-liquid junctions are ubiquitous in photoelectrochemical approaches for solar-to-fuels energy conversion. Electrocatalysts are added to the interface to improve catalytic efficiency, but they can also impair the photovoltage-generating energetics of the electrode without appropriate microscopic organization of catalytically active area on the surface. This balance is more complicated when gas products are evolved, like hydrogen on water splitting electrodes. Discrete catalysts can be blocked by the gas liquid-solid boundary of a bubble stuck to the surface. Here, we study the kinetics of hydrogen evolution on semiconductor electrodes fabricated with an isolated, micronscale platinum electrocatalyst pad. Movies of in operando bubble evolution were recorded with synchrotron-based high-speed x-ray phase-contrast imaging in a compatible electrochemical cell. The self-limited growth of a bubble residing on the isolated electrocatalyst was measured by tracking the evolution of the gas-liquid boundary through the sequence of images in the movie. As a result, the effect of pad size on the catalytic currents and the issues with reactant transport can be inferred from these dynamics.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acsami.6b07729},

  journal      = {ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces},

  number       = 37,

  volume       = 8,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Aug 30 00:00:00 EDT 2016},

  month        = {Tue Aug 30 00:00:00 EDT 2016}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b07729

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 6 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Toward Cost-Effective Solar Energy Use
journal, February 2007

Lewis, N. S.
Science, Vol. 315, Issue 5813
DOI: 10.1126/science.1137014

Solar Energy Storage Methods
journal, August 2011

Hou, Yu; Vidu, Ruxandra; Stroeve, Pieter
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 50, Issue 15
DOI: 10.1021/ie2003413

Energy Conversion in Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis
journal, May 2010

McConnell, Iain; Li, Gonghu; Brudvig, Gary W.
Chemistry & Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.05.005

Artificial photosynthesis for solar water-splitting
journal, July 2012

Tachibana, Yasuhiro; Vayssieres, Lionel; Durrant, James R.
Nature Photonics, Vol. 6, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2012.175

Monolithic cells for solar fuels
journal, January 2014

Rongé, Jan; Bosserez, Tom; Martel, David
Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 43, Issue 23
DOI: 10.1039/C3CS60424A

Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting
journal, January 2013

Osterloh, Frank E.
Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 42, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1039/C2CS35266D

A monolithically integrated, intrinsically safe, 10% efficient, solar-driven water-splitting system based on active, stable earth-abundant electrocatalysts in conjunction with tandem III–V light absorbers protected by amorphous TiO ₂ films
journal, January 2015

Verlage, Erik; Hu, Shu; Liu, Rui
Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1039/C5EE01786F

Efficient Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer in an Artificial Photosynthetic Antenna−Reaction Center Complex ^†
journal, March 2002

Kodis, Gerdenis; Liddell, Paul A.; de la Garza, Linda
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 106, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1021/jp012133s

Hydrogen-evolving semiconductor photocathodes: nature of the junction and function of the platinum group metal catalyst
journal, December 1982

Heller, A.; Aharon-Shalom, E.; Bonner, W. A.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 104, Issue 25
DOI: 10.1021/ja00389a010

Solar Water Splitting Cells
journal, November 2010

Walter, Michael G.; Warren, Emily L.; McKone, James R.
Chemical Reviews, Vol. 110, Issue 11, p. 6446-6473
DOI: 10.1021/cr1002326

Photoelectrocatalysis and electrocatalysis on p-silicon
journal, April 1984

Szklarczyk, M.; Bockris, J. O'M.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 88, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1021/j150653a028

Photoelectrochemical cells
journal, November 2001

Grätzel, Michael
Nature, Vol. 414, Issue 6861
DOI: 10.1038/35104607

Improvement of photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation by surface modification of p-type silicon semiconductor photocathodes
journal, January 1982

Dominey, Raymond N.; Lewis, Nathan S.; Bruce, James A.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 104, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1021/ja00366a016

Evaluation of Pt, Ni, and Ni–Mo electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution on crystalline Si electrodes
journal, January 2011

McKone, James R.; Warren, Emily L.; Bierman, Matthew J.
Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 4, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1039/c1ee01488a

Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting
journal, September 2011

Scholes, Gregory D.; Fleming, Graham R.; Olaya-Castro, Alexandra
Nature Chemistry, Vol. 3, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1145

Hydrogen evolution on platinum-coated p-silicon photocathodes
journal, October 1996

Maier, C.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 21, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1016/0360-3199(96)00023-7

Investigation of the Size-Scaling Behavior of Spatially Nonuniform Barrier Height Contacts to Semiconductor Surfaces Using Ordered Nanometer-Scale Nickel Arrays on Silicon Electrodes
journal, December 2001

Rossi, Robert C.; Lewis, Nathan S.
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 105, Issue 49
DOI: 10.1021/jp011861c

A quantitative analysis of the efficiency of solar-driven water-splitting device designs based on tandem photoabsorbers patterned with islands of metallic electrocatalysts
journal, January 2015

Chen, Yikai; Sun, Ke; Audesirk, Heather
Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1039/C5EE00311C

Hydrogen photoevolution at p-type silicon electrodes coated with discontinuous metal layers
journal, August 1987

Nakato, Yoshihiro; Yano, Hiroyuki; Nishiura, Shinji
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 228, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(87)80100-6

Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices
journal, February 2010

Atwater, Harry A.; Polman, Albert
Nature Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 3, p. 205-213
DOI: 10.1038/nmat2629

Photochemical transformations on plasmonic metal nanoparticles
journal, May 2015

Linic, Suljo; Aslam, Umar; Boerigter, Calvin
Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1038/nmat4281

A molecular ruthenium catalyst with water-oxidation activity comparable to that of photosystem II
journal, March 2012

Duan, Lele; Bozoglian, Fernando; Mandal, Sukanta
Nature Chemistry, Vol. 4, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1301

The bubble coverage of gas-evolving electrodes in stagnant electrolytes
journal, March 2005

Vogt, H.; Balzer, R. J.
Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 50, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2004.09.025

Bubble Formation at a Gas-Evolving Microelectrode
journal, April 2014

Fernández, Damaris; Maurer, Paco; Martine, Milena
Langmuir, Vol. 30, Issue 43
DOI: 10.1021/la500234r

Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation of Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices
journal, October 2016

Xiang, Chengxiang; Weber, Adam Z.; Ardo, Shane
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 55, Issue 42
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510463

Dedicated full-field X-ray imaging beamline at Advanced Photon Source
journal, November 2007

Shen, Qun; Lee, Wah-Keat; Fezzaa, Kamel
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 582, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2007.08.169

How Does an Air Film Evolve into a Bubble During Drop Impact?
journal, November 2012

Lee, Ji San; Weon, Byung Mook; Je, Jung Ho
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 109, Issue 20
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.204501

A Computational Approach to Edge Detection
journal, November 1986

Canny, John
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-8, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1109/TPAMI.1986.4767851

Circle recognition through a 2D Hough Transform and radius histogramming
journal, January 1999

Ioannou, Dimitrios; Huda, Walter; Laine, Andrew F.
Image and Vision Computing, Vol. 17, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/S0262-8856(98)00090-0

The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation
journal, March 2011

van der Walt, Stéfan; Colbert, S. Chris; Varoquaux, Gaël
Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 13, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1109/MCSE.2011.37

scikit-image: image processing in Python
journal, January 2014

van der Walt, Stéfan; Schönberger, Johannes L.; Nunez-Iglesias, Juan
PeerJ, Vol. 2
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.453

Methods for comparing the performance of energy-conversion systems for use in solar fuels and solar electricity generation
journal, January 2015

Coridan, Robert H.; Nielander, Adam C.; Francis, Sonja A.
Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1039/C5EE00777A

Work function, electronegativity, and electrochemical behaviour of metals
journal, September 1972

Trasatti, Sergio
Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 39, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/S0022-0728(72)80485-6

Measurement of the Zeta Potential of Gas Bubbles in Aqueous Solutions by Microelectrophoresis Method
journal, November 2001

Yang, Chun; Dabros, Tadeusz; Li, Dongqing
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 243, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2001.7842

Works referencing / citing this record:

Nanoscale capillarity for mitigating gas bubble adhesion on arrayed photoelectrode during photoelectrochemical water splitting
journal, June 2019

Chen, Juanwen; Guo, Liejin
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 23
DOI: 10.1063/1.5095194

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Understanding the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Mechanism on CoO_x using Operando Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Journal Article Favaro, Marco ; Yang, Jinhui ; Nappini, Silvia ; ... - Journal of the American Chemical Society

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising approach for renewable production of hydrogen from solar energy and requires interfacing advanced water-splitting catalysts with semiconductors. Understanding the mechanism of function of such electrocatalysts at the atomic scale and under realistic working conditions is a challenging, yet important, task for advancing efficient and stable function. This is particularly true for the case of oxygen evolution catalysts and, here, we study a highly active Co₃O₄/Co(OH)₂ biphasic electrocatalyst on Si by means of operando ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy performed at the solid/liquid electrified interface. Spectral simulation and multiplet fitting reveal that the catalyst undergoes chemical-structuralmore »« less
Cited by 188
https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b03211

Full Text Available
Phosphorus-Rich Colloidal Cobalt Diphosphide (CoP₂) Nanocrystals for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution

Journal Article Li, Hui ; Wen, Peng ; Itanze, Dominique S. ; ... - Advanced Materials

Developing earth-abundant and efficient electrocatalysts for photoelectrochemical water splitting is critical to realizing a high-performance solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion process. Here in this paper, phosphorus-rich colloidal cobalt diphosphide nanocrystals (CoP₂ NCs) are synthesized via hot injection. The CoP₂ NCs show a Pt-like hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalytic activity in acidic solution with a small overpotential of 39 mV to achieve -10 mA cm^-2 and a very low Tafel slope of 32 mV dec^-1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the high P content both physically separates Co atoms to prevent H from over binding to multiple Co atoms, while simultaneouslymore »« less
Cited by 54
https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201900813

Full Text Available
Atomic force microscopy: Emerging illuminated and operando techniques for solar fuel research

Journal Article Yu, Weilai ; Fu, Harold J. ; Mueller, Thomas ; ... - Journal of Chemical Physics

Integrated photoelectrochemical devices rely on the synergy between components to efficiently generate sustainable fuels from sunlight. The micro- and/or nanoscale characteristics of the components and their interfaces often control critical processes of the device, such as charge-carrier generation, electron and ion transport, surface potentials, and electrocatalysis. Understanding the spatial properties and structure–property relationships of these components can provide insight into designing scalable and efficient solar fuel components and systems. These processes can be probed ex situ or in situ with nanometer-scale spatial resolution using emerging scanning-probe techniques based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this Perspective, we summarize recent developmentsmore »« less
Cited by 22
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0009858

Full Text Available
Design Principles for Efficient and Stable Water Splitting Photoelectrocatalysts

Journal Article Hemmerling, John R. ; Mathur, Aarti ; Linic, Suljo - Accounts of Chemical Research

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is a promising avenue for sustainable production of hydrogen used in the chemical industry and hydrogen fuel cells. The basic components of most photoelectrochemical water splitting systems are semiconductor light absorbers coupled to electrocatalysts, which perform the desired chemical reactions. A critical challenge for the design of these systems is the lack of stability for the majority of desired semiconductors under operating water splitting conditions. One strategy to address this issue is to protect the semiconductor by covering it with a stabilizing insulator layer, creating a metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) architecture, which has demonstrated improved stability. In addition tomore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00072

Full Text Available
Semiconductor-electrocatalyst contacts: theory, experiment, and applications to solar water photoelectrolysis

Technical Report Boettcher, Shannon W.

Semiconductor photoelectrodes coated with electrocatalysts are key components of photoelectrochemical (PEC) energy conversion and storage systems. Such systems could provide a way to convert the energy in sunlight directly into energy stored in a fuel like hydrogen gas to power our modern society without using fossil fuels. Despite an intense effort aimed at optimizing these materials, there has been little systematic work focused on the semiconductor-electrocatalyst (SC|EC) interface. The SC|EC interface is important because it is responsible for collecting the photoexcited electron-hole pairs generated in the semiconductor. During the performance period we initiated a fundamental effort to understand interfacial electronmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/1223792

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Inhibition of tafel kinetics for electrolytic hydrogen evolution on isolated micron scale electrocatalysts on semiconductor interfaces

Abstract

Citation Formats

Toward Cost-Effective Solar Energy Use journal, February 2007

Solar Energy Storage Methods journal, August 2011

Energy Conversion in Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis journal, May 2010

Artificial photosynthesis for solar water-splitting journal, July 2012

Monolithic cells for solar fuels journal, January 2014

Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting journal, January 2013

A monolithically integrated, intrinsically safe, 10% efficient, solar-driven water-splitting system based on active, stable earth-abundant electrocatalysts in conjunction with tandem III–V light absorbers protected by amorphous TiO 2 films journal, January 2015

Efficient Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer in an Artificial Photosynthetic Antenna−Reaction Center Complex † journal, March 2002

Hydrogen-evolving semiconductor photocathodes: nature of the junction and function of the platinum group metal catalyst journal, December 1982

Solar Water Splitting Cells journal, November 2010

Photoelectrocatalysis and electrocatalysis on p-silicon journal, April 1984

Photoelectrochemical cells journal, November 2001

Improvement of photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation by surface modification of p-type silicon semiconductor photocathodes journal, January 1982

Evaluation of Pt, Ni, and Ni–Mo electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution on crystalline Si electrodes journal, January 2011

Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting journal, September 2011

Hydrogen evolution on platinum-coated p-silicon photocathodes journal, October 1996

Investigation of the Size-Scaling Behavior of Spatially Nonuniform Barrier Height Contacts to Semiconductor Surfaces Using Ordered Nanometer-Scale Nickel Arrays on Silicon Electrodes journal, December 2001

A quantitative analysis of the efficiency of solar-driven water-splitting device designs based on tandem photoabsorbers patterned with islands of metallic electrocatalysts journal, January 2015

Hydrogen photoevolution at p-type silicon electrodes coated with discontinuous metal layers journal, August 1987

Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices journal, February 2010

Photochemical transformations on plasmonic metal nanoparticles journal, May 2015

A molecular ruthenium catalyst with water-oxidation activity comparable to that of photosystem II journal, March 2012

The bubble coverage of gas-evolving electrodes in stagnant electrolytes journal, March 2005

Bubble Formation at a Gas-Evolving Microelectrode journal, April 2014

Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation of Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices journal, October 2016

Dedicated full-field X-ray imaging beamline at Advanced Photon Source journal, November 2007

How Does an Air Film Evolve into a Bubble During Drop Impact? journal, November 2012

A Computational Approach to Edge Detection journal, November 1986

Circle recognition through a 2D Hough Transform and radius histogramming journal, January 1999

The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation journal, March 2011

scikit-image: image processing in Python journal, January 2014

Methods for comparing the performance of energy-conversion systems for use in solar fuels and solar electricity generation journal, January 2015

Work function, electronegativity, and electrochemical behaviour of metals journal, September 1972

Measurement of the Zeta Potential of Gas Bubbles in Aqueous Solutions by Microelectrophoresis Method journal, November 2001

Nanoscale capillarity for mitigating gas bubble adhesion on arrayed photoelectrode during photoelectrochemical water splitting journal, June 2019

Toward Cost-Effective Solar Energy Use
journal, February 2007

Solar Energy Storage Methods
journal, August 2011

Energy Conversion in Natural and Artificial Photosynthesis
journal, May 2010

Artificial photosynthesis for solar water-splitting
journal, July 2012

Monolithic cells for solar fuels
journal, January 2014

Inorganic nanostructures for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic water splitting
journal, January 2013

A monolithically integrated, intrinsically safe, 10% efficient, solar-driven water-splitting system based on active, stable earth-abundant electrocatalysts in conjunction with tandem III–V light absorbers protected by amorphous TiO ₂ films
journal, January 2015

Efficient Energy Transfer and Electron Transfer in an Artificial Photosynthetic Antenna−Reaction Center Complex ^†
journal, March 2002

Hydrogen-evolving semiconductor photocathodes: nature of the junction and function of the platinum group metal catalyst
journal, December 1982

Solar Water Splitting Cells
journal, November 2010

Photoelectrocatalysis and electrocatalysis on p-silicon
journal, April 1984

Photoelectrochemical cells
journal, November 2001

Improvement of photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation by surface modification of p-type silicon semiconductor photocathodes
journal, January 1982

Evaluation of Pt, Ni, and Ni–Mo electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution on crystalline Si electrodes
journal, January 2011

Lessons from nature about solar light harvesting
journal, September 2011

Hydrogen evolution on platinum-coated p-silicon photocathodes
journal, October 1996

Investigation of the Size-Scaling Behavior of Spatially Nonuniform Barrier Height Contacts to Semiconductor Surfaces Using Ordered Nanometer-Scale Nickel Arrays on Silicon Electrodes
journal, December 2001

A quantitative analysis of the efficiency of solar-driven water-splitting device designs based on tandem photoabsorbers patterned with islands of metallic electrocatalysts
journal, January 2015

Hydrogen photoevolution at p-type silicon electrodes coated with discontinuous metal layers
journal, August 1987

Plasmonics for improved photovoltaic devices
journal, February 2010

Photochemical transformations on plasmonic metal nanoparticles
journal, May 2015

A molecular ruthenium catalyst with water-oxidation activity comparable to that of photosystem II
journal, March 2012

The bubble coverage of gas-evolving electrodes in stagnant electrolytes
journal, March 2005

Bubble Formation at a Gas-Evolving Microelectrode
journal, April 2014

Modeling, Simulation, and Implementation of Solar-Driven Water-Splitting Devices
journal, October 2016

Dedicated full-field X-ray imaging beamline at Advanced Photon Source
journal, November 2007

How Does an Air Film Evolve into a Bubble During Drop Impact?
journal, November 2012

A Computational Approach to Edge Detection
journal, November 1986

Circle recognition through a 2D Hough Transform and radius histogramming
journal, January 1999

The NumPy Array: A Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation
journal, March 2011

scikit-image: image processing in Python
journal, January 2014

Methods for comparing the performance of energy-conversion systems for use in solar fuels and solar electricity generation
journal, January 2015

Work function, electronegativity, and electrochemical behaviour of metals
journal, September 1972

Measurement of the Zeta Potential of Gas Bubbles in Aqueous Solutions by Microelectrophoresis Method
journal, November 2001

Nanoscale capillarity for mitigating gas bubble adhesion on arrayed photoelectrode during photoelectrochemical water splitting
journal, June 2019