Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy

Pollard, Shawn D.; Garlow, Joseph A.; Yu, Jiawei; Wang, Zhen; Zhu, Yimei; Yang, Hyunsoo

doi:10.1038/ncomms14761

Title: Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy

Abstract

Néel skyrmions are of high interest due to their potential applications in a variety of spintronic devices, currently accessible in ultrathin heavy metal/ferromagnetic bilayers and multilayers with a strong Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. Here in this paper we report on the direct imaging of chiral spin structures including skyrmions in an exchange-coupled cobalt/palladium multilayer at room temperature with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, a high-resolution technique previously suggested to exhibit no Néel skyrmion contrast. Phase retrieval methods allow us to map the internal spin structure of the skyrmion core, identifying a 25 nm central region of uniform magnetization followed by a larger region characterized by rotation from in- to out-of-plane. The formation and resolution of the internal spin structure of room temperature skyrmions without a stabilizing out-of-plane field in thick magnetic multilayers opens up a new set of tools and materials to study the physics and device applications associated with chiral ordering and skyrmions.

Authors:

Pollard, Shawn D. ^[1]; Garlow, Joseph A. ^[2]; Yu, Jiawei ^[1]; Wang, Zhen ^[3]; Zhu, Yimei ^[4]; Yang, Hyunsoo ^[1]

National Univ. of Singapore (Singapore). Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States). Dept. of Material Science and Engineering; Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Dept.
Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States). Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Dept.

Publication Date:: Fri Mar 10 00:00:00 EST 2017

Research Org.:: Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1372428

Report Number(s):: BNL-113855-2017-JA
Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723; R&D Project: MA015MACA; KC0201010

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012704; AC02-98CH10886

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats


                    Pollard, Shawn D., Garlow, Joseph A., Yu, Jiawei, Wang, Zhen, Zhu, Yimei, and Yang, Hyunsoo. Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/ncomms14761.

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                    Pollard, Shawn D., Garlow, Joseph A., Yu, Jiawei, Wang, Zhen, Zhu, Yimei, & Yang, Hyunsoo. Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14761

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                    Pollard, Shawn D., Garlow, Joseph A., Yu, Jiawei, Wang, Zhen, Zhu, Yimei, and Yang, Hyunsoo. Fri .  
"Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14761.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1372428.

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@article{osti_1372428,

  title        = {Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy},

  author       = {Pollard, Shawn D. and Garlow, Joseph A. and Yu, Jiawei and Wang, Zhen and Zhu, Yimei and Yang, Hyunsoo},

  abstractNote = {Néel skyrmions are of high interest due to their potential applications in a variety of spintronic devices, currently accessible in ultrathin heavy metal/ferromagnetic bilayers and multilayers with a strong Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. Here in this paper we report on the direct imaging of chiral spin structures including skyrmions in an exchange-coupled cobalt/palladium multilayer at room temperature with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, a high-resolution technique previously suggested to exhibit no Néel skyrmion contrast. Phase retrieval methods allow us to map the internal spin structure of the skyrmion core, identifying a 25 nm central region of uniform magnetization followed by a larger region characterized by rotation from in- to out-of-plane. The formation and resolution of the internal spin structure of room temperature skyrmions without a stabilizing out-of-plane field in thick magnetic multilayers opens up a new set of tools and materials to study the physics and device applications associated with chiral ordering and skyrmions.},

  doi          = {10.1038/ncomms14761},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 8,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Fri Mar 10 00:00:00 EST 2017},

  month        = {Fri Mar 10 00:00:00 EST 2017}

}

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DOI: 10.1063/1.5093371

Evolution of topological skyrmions across the spin reorientation transition in Pt/Co/Ta multilayers
journal, May 2018

He, Min; Li, Gang; Zhu, Zhaozhao
Physical Review B, Vol. 97, Issue 17
DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.97.174419

Ultrafast spin dynamics and spintronics for ferrimagnets close to the spin compensation point (Review)
journal, September 2019

Ivanov, B. A.
Low Temperature Physics, Vol. 45, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1063/1.5121265

Spin-wave propagation in the presence of inhomogeneous Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions
text, January 2017

Lee, Seung-Jae; Moon, Jung-Hwan; Lee, Hyun-Woo
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1711.10082

Direct writing of room temperature and zero field skyrmion lattices by a scanning local magnetic field
journal, March 2018

Zhang, Senfu; Zhang, Junwei; Zhang, Qiang
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 112, Issue 13
DOI: 10.1063/1.5021172

Theory of isolated magnetic skyrmions: From fundamentals to room temperature applications
journal, March 2018

Büttner, Felix; Lemesh, Ivan; Beach, Geoffrey S. D.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22242-8

Current-induced spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems
journal, September 2019

Manchon, A.; Železný, J.; Miron, I. M.
Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 91, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.91.035004

Quantitative imaging of hybrid chiral spin textures in magnetic multilayer systems by Lorentz microscopy
journal, December 2019

Fallon, K.; McVitie, S.; Legrand, W.
Physical Review B, Vol. 100, Issue 21
DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.100.214431

Observation of Skyrmions at Room Temperature in Co2FeAl Heusler Alloy Ultrathin Film Heterostructures
journal, January 2019

Husain, Sajid; Sisodia, Naveen; Chaurasiya, Avinash Kumar
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35832-3

Metastable magnetic bubble in [Co/Pd]4/Py multilayers
text, January 2018

Wei, Yurui; Song, Chengkun; Ma, Yunxu
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1808.09215

Skyrmion-electronics: writing, deleting, reading and processing magnetic skyrmions toward spintronic applications
journal, January 2020

Zhang, Xichao; Zhou, Yan; Mee Song, Kyung
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 32, Issue 14
DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5488

Current-induced Out-of-plane Spin Accumulation on the (001) Surface of the ${Ir Mn}_{3}$ Antiferromagnet
journal, December 2019

Liu, Yang; Liu, Yifan; Chen, Mengji
Physical Review Applied, Vol. 12, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.12.064046

Creation of a thermally assisted skyrmion lattice in Pt/Co/Ta multilayer films
journal, November 2018

Zhang, Senfu; Zhang, Junwei; Wen, Yan
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 19
DOI: 10.1063/1.5053983

Isolated zero field sub-10 nm skyrmions in ultrathin Co films
journal, August 2019

Meyer, Sebastian; Perini, Marco; von Malottki, Stephan
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11831-4

Observation of magnetic skyrmions in unpatterned symmetric multilayers at room temperature and zero magnetic field
preprint, January 2018

Brandão, J.; Dugato, D. A.; Seeger, R. L.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1810.07844

Direct current-tunable MHz to multi-GHz skyrmion generation and control
journal, July 2019

Cheghabouri, Arash Mousavi; Onbasli, Mehmet C.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45972-9

Controlled modification of skyrmion information in a three-terminal racetrack memory
journal, January 2019

Wang, Kang; Qian, Lijuan; Ying, See-Chen
Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 14
DOI: 10.1039/c9nr00909d

Observation of Skyrmions at Room Temperature in Co2FeAl Heusler Alloy Ultrathin Film Heterostructures
journal, January 2019

Husain, Sajid; Sisodia, Naveen; Chaurasiya, Avinash Kumar
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35832-3

Stabilizing spin spirals and isolated skyrmions at low magnetic field exploiting vanishing magnetic anisotropy
journal, March 2018

Hervé, Marie; Dupé, Bertrand; Lopes, Rafael
Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03240-w

Metastable magnetic bubble in [Co/Pd] ₄ /Py multilayers
journal, December 2018

Wei, Yurui; Song, Chengkun; Ma, Yunxu
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aaf08a

Isolated zero field sub-10 nm skyrmions in ultrathin Co films
journal, August 2019

Meyer, Sebastian; Perini, Marco; von Malottki, Stephan
Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11831-4

Insight into the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction through first-principles study of chiral magnetic structures
journal, July 2017

Sandratskii, L. M.
Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.96.024450

Observation of Robust Néel Skyrmions in Metallic PtMnGa
journal, November 2019

Srivastava, Abhay K.; Devi, Parul; Sharma, Ankit K.
Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904327

Magnetic properties of isolated skyrmion under the in-plane magnetic field and anisotropy gradient
journal, August 2019

Xia, Haiyan; Song, Chengkun; Wang, Jinshuai
Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1063/1.5111132

Size and shape of skyrmions for variable Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and uniaxial anisotropy
text, January 2018

Behera, Aroop Kumar; Mishra, Swapna Sindhu; Mallick, Sougata
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1804.10548

A transmission electron microscope study of Néel skyrmion magnetic textures in multilayer thin film systems with large interfacial chiral interaction
journal, April 2018

McVitie, S.; Hughes, S.; Fallon, K.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23799-0

Determination of chirality and density control of Néel-type skyrmions with in-plane magnetic field
journal, July 2018

Zhang, Senfu; Zhang, Junwei; Wen, Yan
Communications Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s42005-018-0040-5

Ineffectiveness of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in the dynamical quantum phase transition in the ITF model
journal, October 2018

Cheraghi, Hadi; Mahdavifar, Saeed
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 30, Issue 42
DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae1c5

Observation of Robust Néel Skyrmions in Metallic PtMnGa
text, January 2019

Srivastava, Abhay K.; Devi, Parul; Sharma, Ankit K.
FID GEO
DOI: 10.23689/fidgeo-4603

Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction between ferromagnetic insulator and heavy metal
journal, February 2020

Xia, Siyu; Zhang, Sheng; Luan, Zhongzhi
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1063/1.5134762

Ferroelectrically tunable magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin oxide heterostructures
journal, November 2018

Wang, Lingfei; Feng, Qiyuan; Kim, Yoonkoo
Nature Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0204-4

Spin torque nano-oscillators based on antiferromagnetic skyrmions
journal, January 2019

Shen, Laichuan; Xia, Jing; Zhao, Guoping
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1063/1.5080302

Quantitative imaging of hybrid chiral spin textures in magnetic multilayer systems by Lorentz microscopy
text, January 2019

Fallon, K.; McVitie, S.; Legrand, W.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1901.03652

Current-Driven Dynamics of Frustrated Skyrmions in a Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Bilayer
journal, April 2019

Xia, Jing; Zhang, Xichao; Ezawa, Motohiko
Physical Review Applied, Vol. 11, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.11.044046

Current-driven coherent skyrmion generation
journal, March 2019

Deger, C.; Yavuz, I.; Yildiz, F.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40220-6

In Situ Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Phase Transformation in Epitaxial Metastable hcp Nickel Thin Films, Prepared via Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition
journal, October 2018

Motamedi, Pouyan; Bosnick, Ken; Cadien, Ken
Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 24
DOI: 10.1002/admi.201800957

Magnetic coupling of ferromagnetic SrRuO ₃ epitaxial layers separated by ultrathin non-magnetic SrZrO ₃ /SrIrO ₃
journal, November 2018

Wysocki, Lena; Mirzaaghayev, Ramil; Ziese, Michael
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 19
DOI: 10.1063/1.5050346

Observation of magnetic skyrmions in unpatterned symmetric multilayers at room temperature and zero magnetic field
preprint, January 2018

Brandão, J.; Dugato, D. A.; Seeger, R. L.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1810.07844

Publisher Correction: Stabilizing spin spirals and isolated skyrmions at low magnetic field exploiting vanishing magnetic anisotropy
text, January 2018

Hervé, Marie; Dupé, Bertrand; Lopes, Rafael
Karlsruhe
DOI: 10.5445/ir/1000090976

Interface Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in the interlayer antiferromagnetic-exchange coupled Pt/CoFeB/Ru/CoFeB systems
journal, October 2017

Belmeguenai, M.; Bouloussa, H.; Roussigné, Y.
Physical Review B, Vol. 96, Issue 14
DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.96.144402

Observation of magnetic skyrmions in unpatterned symmetric multilayers at room temperature and zero magnetic field
journal, March 2019

Brandão, J.; Dugato, D. A.; Seeger, R. L.
Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40705-4

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Title: Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy

Abstract

Citation Formats

Room temperature skyrmion ground state stabilized through interlayer exchange coupling journal, June 2015

Edge-mediated skyrmion chain and its collective dynamics in a confined geometry journal, October 2015

Edge-Mediated Skyrmion Chain and Its Collective Dynamics in a Confined Geometry text, January 2015

Room-Temperature Creation and Spin–Orbit Torque Manipulation of Skyrmions in Thin Films with Engineered Asymmetry journal, February 2016

Direct dynamic imaging of non-adiabatic spin torque effects journal, January 2012

On the transport of intensity technique for phase retrieval journal, December 2004

Direct Observation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in a Pt/Co/Ni Film journal, January 2015

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets journal, February 2016

A reversible conversion between a skyrmion and a domain-wall pair in a junction geometry journal, August 2014

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions journal, August 2013

Spin Hall torque magnetometry of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls journal, November 2014

Asymmetric magnetic domain-wall motion by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction journal, December 2013

Engineering skyrmions in transition-metal multilayers for spintronics journal, June 2016

Skyrmions on the track journal, March 2013

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles journal, June 2015

Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal journal, June 2010

Direct imaging of magnetic field-driven transitions of skyrmion cluster states in FeGe nanodisks journal, April 2016

Quantitative Fresnel Lorentz microscopy and the transport of intensity equation journal, March 2006

Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures journal, January 2016

Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization of small individual skyrmions at room temperature journal, January 2016

Anatomy of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction at Co / Pt Interfaces journal, December 2015

Anatomy of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction at Co/Pt Interfaces text, January 2015

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films text, January 2012

Direct imaging of magnetic field-driven transitions of skyrmion cluster states in FeGe nanodisks journal, April 2016

Experimental evaluation of the ‘transport-of-intensity’ equation for magnetic phase reconstruction in Lorentz transmission electron microscopy journal, January 2016

Phase measurement of atomic resolution image using transport of intensity equation journal, June 2005

Mobile Néel skyrmions at room temperature: status and future journal, May 2016

Clear evidence for strain changes according to Co layer thickness in metastable Co/Pd(111) multilayers: An extended x-ray absorption fine structure study journal, April 1996

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions journal, August 2013

Measuring and tailoring the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in perpendicularly magnetized thin films journal, July 2014

Proposal for quantifying the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction by domain walls annihilation measurement journal, September 2014

Asymmetric Magnetic Domain-Wall Motion by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction text, January 2013

Propagation of magnetic charge monopoles and Dirac flux strings in an artificial spin-ice lattice journal, May 2012

Reversal mechanisms in perpendicularly magnetized nanostructures journal, July 2008

MALTS: A Tool to Simulate Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy From Micromagnetic Simulations journal, August 2013

Skyrmion-skyrmion and skyrmion-edge repulsions in skyrmion-based racetrack memory journal, January 2015

Magnetization reversal and magnetic anisotropy in patterned Co/Pd multilayer thin films journal, January 2008

A reversible conversion between a skyrmion and a domain-wall pair in junction geometry text, January 2014

Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction journal, November 2013

Symmetry breaking in spin spirals and skyrmions by in-plane and canted magnetic fields journal, July 2016

Skyrmions on the track journal, March 2013

On the transport of intensity technique for phase retrieval journal, December 2004

Nucleation, stability and current-induced motion of isolated magnetic skyrmions in nanostructures journal, October 2013

Real-Space Observation of Short-Period Cubic Lattice of Skyrmions in MnGe journal, July 2015

Nanoscale magnetic skyrmions in metallic films and multilayers: a new twist for spintronics journal, June 2016

Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction text, January 2013

Tailoring the chirality of magnetic domain walls by interface engineering journal, October 2013

MALTS: A tool to simulate Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy from micromagnetic simulations preprint, January 2012

Characterization of JEOL 2100F Lorentz-TEM for low-magnification electron holography and magnetic imaging journal, June 2008

Spin-Orbit Torques in Co/Pd Multilayer Nanowires journal, December 2013

The potential and limitations of neutrons, electrons and X-rays for atomic resolution microscopy of unstained biological molecules journal, May 1995

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe journal, December 2010

Magnetic microscopy and topological stability of homochiral Néel domain walls in a Pt/Co/AlOx trilayer journal, December 2015

Skyrmion Lattice in a Doped Semiconductor text, January 2009

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films text, January 2012

The investigation of magnetic domain structures in thin foils by electron microscopy journal, April 1984

Room-Temperature Creation and Spin–Orbit Torque Manipulation of Skyrmions in Thin Films with Engineered Asymmetry journal, February 2016

Quantitative Fresnel Lorentz microscopy and the transport of intensity equation journal, March 2006

Skyrmion-skyrmion and skyrmion-edge repulsions in skyrmion-based racetrack memory text, January 2014

Erratum: Corrigendum: Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures journal, August 2017

Large anisotropic deformation of skyrmions in strained crystal journal, June 2015

Lorentz phase microscopy of magnetic materials journal, January 2004

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films journal, December 2012

Skyrmion lattice in the doped semiconductor Fe 1 − x Co x Si journal, January 2010

Lorentz phase microscopy of magnetic materials journal, January 2004

Direct dynamic imaging of non-adiabatic spin torque effects journal, January 2012

Real-Space Observation of Short-Period Cubic Lattice of Skyrmions in MnGe journal, July 2015

Dynamics and switching processes for magnetic bubbles in nanoelements journal, June 2009

Experimental evaluation of the ‘transport-of-intensity’ equation for magnetic phase reconstruction in Lorentz transmission electron microscopy journal, January 2016

First-principles investigation of chiral magnetic properties in multilayers: Rh/Co/Pt and Pd/Co/Pt journal, October 2018

Quantifying chiral exchange interaction for Néel-type skyrmions via Lorentz transmission electron microscopy journal, March 2019

Quantification of Mixed Bloch-Néel Topological Spin Textures Stabilized by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in Co / Pd Multilayers journal, June 2019

Stabilizing spin spirals and isolated skyrmions at low magnetic field exploiting vanishing magnetic anisotropy text, January 2018

Spin-wave propagation in the presence of inhomogeneous Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions journal, November 2017

First-principles investigation of chiral magnetic properties in multilayers: Rh/Co/Pt and Pd/Co/Pt text, January 2018

Size and shape of skyrmions for variable Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and uniaxial anisotropy journal, June 2018

Current-induced spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems text, January 2018

Room temperature skyrmion ground state stabilized through interlayer exchange coupling
journal, June 2015

Edge-mediated skyrmion chain and its collective dynamics in a confined geometry
journal, October 2015

Edge-Mediated Skyrmion Chain and Its Collective Dynamics in a Confined Geometry
text, January 2015

Room-Temperature Creation and Spin–Orbit Torque Manipulation of Skyrmions in Thin Films with Engineered Asymmetry
journal, February 2016

Direct dynamic imaging of non-adiabatic spin torque effects
journal, January 2012

On the transport of intensity technique for phase retrieval
journal, December 2004

Direct Observation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in a Pt/Co/Ni Film
journal, January 2015

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets
journal, February 2016

A reversible conversion between a skyrmion and a domain-wall pair in a junction geometry
journal, August 2014

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions
journal, August 2013

Spin Hall torque magnetometry of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls
journal, November 2014

Asymmetric magnetic domain-wall motion by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
journal, December 2013

Engineering skyrmions in transition-metal multilayers for spintronics
journal, June 2016

Skyrmions on the track
journal, March 2013

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles
journal, June 2015

Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal
journal, June 2010

Direct imaging of magnetic field-driven transitions of skyrmion cluster states in FeGe nanodisks
journal, April 2016

Quantitative Fresnel Lorentz microscopy and the transport of intensity equation
journal, March 2006

Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures
journal, January 2016

Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization of small individual skyrmions at room temperature
journal, January 2016

Anatomy of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction at $Co / Pt$ Interfaces
journal, December 2015

Anatomy of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction at Co/Pt Interfaces
text, January 2015

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films
text, January 2012

Direct imaging of magnetic field-driven transitions of skyrmion cluster states in FeGe nanodisks
journal, April 2016

Experimental evaluation of the ‘transport-of-intensity’ equation for magnetic phase reconstruction in Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
journal, January 2016

Phase measurement of atomic resolution image using transport of intensity equation
journal, June 2005

Mobile Néel skyrmions at room temperature: status and future
journal, May 2016

Clear evidence for strain changes according to Co layer thickness in metastable Co/Pd(111) multilayers: An extended x-ray absorption fine structure study
journal, April 1996

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions
journal, August 2013

Measuring and tailoring the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in perpendicularly magnetized thin films
journal, July 2014

Proposal for quantifying the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction by domain walls annihilation measurement
journal, September 2014

Asymmetric Magnetic Domain-Wall Motion by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction
text, January 2013

Propagation of magnetic charge monopoles and Dirac flux strings in an artificial spin-ice lattice
journal, May 2012

Reversal mechanisms in perpendicularly magnetized nanostructures
journal, July 2008

MALTS: A Tool to Simulate Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy From Micromagnetic Simulations
journal, August 2013

Skyrmion-skyrmion and skyrmion-edge repulsions in skyrmion-based racetrack memory
journal, January 2015

Magnetization reversal and magnetic anisotropy in patterned Co/Pd multilayer thin films
journal, January 2008

A reversible conversion between a skyrmion and a domain-wall pair in junction geometry
text, January 2014

Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
journal, November 2013

Symmetry breaking in spin spirals and skyrmions by in-plane and canted magnetic fields
journal, July 2016

Skyrmions on the track
journal, March 2013

On the transport of intensity technique for phase retrieval
journal, December 2004

Nucleation, stability and current-induced motion of isolated magnetic skyrmions in nanostructures
journal, October 2013

Real-Space Observation of Short-Period Cubic Lattice of Skyrmions in MnGe
journal, July 2015

Nanoscale magnetic skyrmions in metallic films and multilayers: a new twist for spintronics
journal, June 2016

Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
text, January 2013

Tailoring the chirality of magnetic domain walls by interface engineering
journal, October 2013

MALTS: A tool to simulate Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy from micromagnetic simulations
preprint, January 2012

Characterization of JEOL 2100F Lorentz-TEM for low-magnification electron holography and magnetic imaging
journal, June 2008

Spin-Orbit Torques in Co/Pd Multilayer Nanowires
journal, December 2013

The potential and limitations of neutrons, electrons and X-rays for atomic resolution microscopy of unstained biological molecules
journal, May 1995

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe
journal, December 2010

Magnetic microscopy and topological stability of homochiral Néel domain walls in a Pt/Co/AlOx trilayer
journal, December 2015

Skyrmion Lattice in a Doped Semiconductor
text, January 2009

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films
text, January 2012

The investigation of magnetic domain structures in thin foils by electron microscopy
journal, April 1984

Room-Temperature Creation and Spin–Orbit Torque Manipulation of Skyrmions in Thin Films with Engineered Asymmetry
journal, February 2016

Quantitative Fresnel Lorentz microscopy and the transport of intensity equation
journal, March 2006

Skyrmion-skyrmion and skyrmion-edge repulsions in skyrmion-based racetrack memory
text, January 2014

Erratum: Corrigendum: Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures
journal, August 2017

Large anisotropic deformation of skyrmions in strained crystal
journal, June 2015

Lorentz phase microscopy of magnetic materials
journal, January 2004

Dynamics of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls in ultrathin magnetic films
journal, December 2012

Skyrmion lattice in the doped semiconductor ${Fe}_{1 - x} {Co}_{x} Si$
journal, January 2010

Lorentz phase microscopy of magnetic materials
journal, January 2004

Direct dynamic imaging of non-adiabatic spin torque effects
journal, January 2012

Real-Space Observation of Short-Period Cubic Lattice of Skyrmions in MnGe
journal, July 2015

Dynamics and switching processes for magnetic bubbles in nanoelements
journal, June 2009

Experimental evaluation of the ‘transport-of-intensity’ equation for magnetic phase reconstruction in Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
journal, January 2016

First-principles investigation of chiral magnetic properties in multilayers: Rh/Co/Pt and Pd/Co/Pt
journal, October 2018

Quantifying chiral exchange interaction for Néel-type skyrmions via Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
journal, March 2019

Quantification of Mixed Bloch-Néel Topological Spin Textures Stabilized by the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in $Co / Pd$ Multilayers
journal, June 2019

Stabilizing spin spirals and isolated skyrmions at low magnetic field exploiting vanishing magnetic anisotropy
text, January 2018

Spin-wave propagation in the presence of inhomogeneous Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions
journal, November 2017

First-principles investigation of chiral magnetic properties in multilayers: Rh/Co/Pt and Pd/Co/Pt
text, January 2018

Size and shape of skyrmions for variable Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction and uniaxial anisotropy
journal, June 2018

Current-induced spin-orbit torques in ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems
text, January 2018

Proposal for a micromagnetic standard problem for materials with Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction
journal, November 2018

Spin torque nano-oscillators based on antiferromagnetic skyrmions
text, January 2018

Single Chiral Skyrmions in Ultrathin Magnetic Films
journal, November 2018