Abnormal Current–Voltage Hysteresis Induced by Reverse Bias in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaics

Rajagopal, Adharsh; Williams, Spencer T.; Chueh, Chu-Chen; Jen, Alex K. -Y.

doi:10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00058

Title: Abnormal Current–Voltage Hysteresis Induced by Reverse Bias in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaics

Journal Article · Sun Feb 28 23:00:00 EST 2016 · Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00058 · OSTI ID:1343580

Rajagopal, Adharsh ^[1]; Williams, Spencer T. ^[2]; Chueh, Chu-Chen ^[2]; Jen, Alex K. -Y. ^[2]

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Washington
Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering

In this study, reverse bias (RB)-induced abnormal hysteresis is investigated in perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) with nickel oxide (NiOx)/methylammonium lead iodide (CH₃NH₃PbI₃) interfaces. Through comprehensive current-voltage (I-V) characterization and bias-dependent external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is caused by the interfacial ion accumulation intrinsic to CH₃NH₃PbI₃. Subsequently, via systematic analysis we discover that the abnormal I-V behavior is remarkably similar to tunnel diode I-V characteristics and is due to the formation of a transient tunnel junction at NiO_x/CH₃NH₃PbI₃ interfaces under RB. The detailed analysis navigating the complexities of I-V behavior in CH₃NH₃PbI₃-based solar cells provided here ultimately illuminates possibilities in modulating ion motion and hysteresis via interfacial engineering in PVSCs. Moreover, this work shows that RB can alter how CH₃NH₃PbI₃ contributes to the functional nature of devices and provides the first steps toward approaching functional perovskite interfaces in new ways for metrology and analysis of complex transient processes.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); Asian Office of Aerospace R&D; National Science Foundation (NSF)

Contributing Organization:: The authors acknowledge the support from the Asian Office of Aerospace R&D (FA2386-15-1-4106), the Office of Naval Research (N00014-11-1-0246), and the Department of Energy SunShot (DE-EE0006710). This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (DGE-0718124, DGE- 1256082). A.K.-Y.J. thanks the Boeing-Johnson Foundation for their financial support. The characterization facility in Hillhouse Research Group at University of Washington was used for bias-dependent external quantum efficiency measurements. The authors thank Po-Wei Liang for help with AFM measurements.

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0006710

OSTI ID:: 1343580

Report Number(s):: DOE-UW-Jen--14

Journal Information:: Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Journal Name: Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 7; ISSN 1948-7185

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (61)

Physics of Semiconductor Devices Sze, S. M.; Ng, Kwok K. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470068329	book	January 2007
Solution-Processed Nickel Oxide Hole Transport Layers in High Efficiency Polymer Photovoltaic Cells Manders, Jesse R.; Tsang, Sai-Wing; Hartel, Michael J. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201202269	journal	January 2013
Working Principles of Perovskite Photodetectors: Analyzing the Interplay Between Photoconductivity and Voltage-Driven Energy-Level Alignment Domanski, Konrad; Tress, Wolfgang; Moehl, Thomas Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201503188	journal	October 2015
Nonvolatile Memory Elements Based on Organic Materials Scott, J. C.; Bozano, L. D. Advanced Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200602564	journal	June 2007
High-Performance and Environmentally Stable Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Based on a Solution-Processed Copper-Doped Nickel Oxide Hole-Transporting Layer Kim, Jong H.; Liang, Po-Wei; Williams, Spencer T. Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404189	journal	November 2014
Resistive Switching Behavior in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI _{3 −x} Cl _x Perovskite for Resistive Random Access Memory Devices Yoo, Eun Ji; Lyu, Miaoqiang; Yun, Jung-Ho Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201502889	journal	August 2015
Roles of Fullerene-Based Interlayers in Enhancing the Performance of Organometal Perovskite Thin-Film Solar Cells Liang, Po-Wei; Chueh, Chu-Chen; Williams, Spencer T. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201402321	journal	February 2015
Mapping Electric Field-Induced Switchable Poling and Structural Degradation in Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite Thin Films Leijtens, Tomas; Hoke, Eric T.; Grancini, Giulia Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201500962	journal	September 2015
Ion Migration and the Role of Preconditioning Cycles in the Stabilization of the J - V Characteristics of Inverted Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells De Bastiani, Michele; Dell'Erba, Giorgio; Gandini, Marina Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201501453	journal	October 2015
Perovskite Solar Cells: Revealing Underlying Processes Involved in Light Soaking Effects and Hysteresis Phenomena in Perovskite Solar Cells (Adv. Energy Mater. 14/2015) Zhao, Chen; Chen, Bingbing; Qiao, Xianfeng Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201570076	journal	July 2015
Perovskite Solar Cells: Light-Induced Self-Poling Effect on Organometal Trihalide Perovskite Solar Cells for Increased Device Efficiency and Stability (Adv. Energy Mater. 20/2015) Deng, Yehao; Xiao, Zhengguo; Huang, Jinsong Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201570107	journal	October 2015
The Significance of Ion Conduction in a Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Lead-Iodide-Based Perovskite Photosensitizer Yang, Tae-Youl; Gregori, Giuliano; Pellet, Norman Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 54, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201500014	journal	May 2015
Organic Charge Carriers for Perovskite Solar Cells Völker, Sebastian F.; Collavini, Silvia; Delgado, Juan Luis ChemSusChem, Vol. 8, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201500742	journal	August 2015
Thin-film solar cells: device measurements and analysis Hegedus, Steven S.; Shafarman, William N. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 12, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.518	journal	March 2004
Numerical simulation of tunnel diodes for multi‐junction solar cells Hermle, M.; Létay, G.; Philipps, S. P. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 16, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.824	journal	August 2008
Interfaces in Perovskite Solar Cells Shi, Jiangjian; Xu, Xin; Li, Dongmei Small, Vol. 11, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201403534	journal	February 2015
Effects of Cu doping on nickel oxide thin film prepared by sol–gel solution process Kim, Kyung Ho; Takahashi, Chiaki; Abe, Yoshio Optik, Vol. 125, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.11.074	journal	June 2014
Recent progress in resistive random access memories: Materials, switching mechanisms, and performance Pan, F.; Gao, S.; Chen, C. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 83 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2014.06.002	journal	September 2014
Interfacial modification of hole transport layers for efficient large-area perovskite solar cells achieved via blade-coating Back, Hyungcheol; Kim, Junghwan; Kim, Geunjin Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2015.09.018	journal	January 2016
Carrier-Activated Polarization in Organometal Halide Perovskites Li, Linkai; Wang, Feng; Wu, Xiaojing The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11627	journal	January 2016
Best Practices in Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency Measurements. Avoiding the Error of Making Bad Cells Look Good Christians, Jeffrey A.; Manser, Joseph S.; Kamat, Prashant V. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00289	journal	February 2015
C ₆₀ as an Efficient n-Type Compact Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells Wojciechowski, Konrad; Leijtens, Tomas; Siprova, Svetlana The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00902	journal	June 2015
Observable Hysteresis at Low Temperature in “Hysteresis Free” Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Bryant, Daniel; Wheeler, Scot; O’Regan, Brian C. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01381	journal	July 2015
Impact of Capacitive Effect and Ion Migration on the Hysteretic Behavior of Perovskite Solar Cells Chen, Bo; Yang, Mengjin; Zheng, Xiaojia The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02229	journal	November 2015
Control of I – V Hysteresis in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Perovskite Solar Cell Kim, Hui-Seon; Jang, In-Hyuk; Ahn, Namyoung The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02273	journal	October 2015
Light-Induced Space-Charge Accumulation Zone as Photovoltaic Mechanism in Perovskite Solar Cells Zarazua, Isaac; Bisquert, Juan; Garcia-Belmonte, Germà The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02810	journal	January 2016
Polymer and Organic Nonvolatile Memory Devices ^† Heremans, Paul; Gelinck, Gerwin H.; Müller, Robert Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm102006v	journal	February 2011
Nickel Oxide Hole Injection/Transport Layers for Efficient Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Liu, Shuyi; Liu, Rui; Chen, Ying Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm501898y	journal	July 2014
Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells Kojima, Akihiro; Teshima, Kenjiro; Shirai, Yasuo Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 131, Issue 17, p. 6050-6051 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja809598r	journal	May 2009
Optoelectronic Studies of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells with Mesoporous TiO ₂ : Separation of Electronic and Chemical Charge Storage, Understanding Two Recombination Lifetimes, and the Evolution of Band Offsets during J – V Hysteresis O’Regan, Brian C.; Barnes, Piers R. F.; Li, Xiaoe Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b00761	journal	April 2015
Anomalous Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells Snaith, Henry J.; Abate, Antonio; Ball, James M. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz500113x	journal	April 2014
Strong Photocurrent Amplification in Perovskite Solar Cells with a Porous TiO ₂ Blocking Layer under Reverse Bias Moehl, Thomas; Im, Jeong Hyeok; Lee, Yong Hui The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz502039k	journal	October 2014
Emergence of Hysteresis and Transient Ferroelectric Response in Organo-Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Chen, Hsin-Wei; Sakai, Nobuya; Ikegami, Masashi The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz502429u	journal	December 2014
Stark Effect in Perovskite/TiO ₂ Solar Cells: Evidence of Local Interfacial Order Roiati, Vittoria; Mosconi, Edoardo; Listorti, Andrea Nano Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl500544c	journal	March 2014
Perovskite–fullerene hybrid materials suppress hysteresis in planar diodes Xu, Jixian; Buin, Andrei; Ip, Alexander H. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8081	journal	May 2015
The dynamics of methylammonium ions in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells Leguy, Aurelien M. A.; Frost, Jarvist Moore; McMahon, Andrew P. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8124	journal	May 2015
Ionic transport in hybrid lead iodide perovskite solar cells Eames, Christopher; Frost, Jarvist M.; Barnes, Piers R. F. Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8497	journal	June 2015
Giant switchable photovoltaic effect in organometal trihalide perovskite devices Xiao, Zhengguo; Yuan, Yongbo; Shao, Yuchuan Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4150	journal	December 2014
Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9% Kim, Hui-Seon; Lee, Chang-Ryul; Im, Jeong-Hyeok Scientific Reports, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00591	journal	August 2012
Hysteresis and transient behavior in current–voltage measurements of hybrid-perovskite absorber solar cells Unger, E. L.; Hoke, E. T.; Bailie, C. D. Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE02465F	journal	January 2014
Understanding the rate-dependent J–V hysteresis, slow time component, and aging in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ perovskite solar cells: the role of a compensated electric field Tress, W.; Marinova, N.; Moehl, T. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE03664F	journal	January 2015
Charge selective contacts, mobile ions and anomalous hysteresis in organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells Zhang, Ye; Liu, Mingzhen; Eperon, Giles E. Materials Horizons, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4MH00238E	journal	January 2015
Temperature-dependent hysteresis effects in perovskite-based solar cells Ono, Luis K.; Raga, Sonia R.; Wang, Shenghao Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA04969A	journal	January 2015
Inorganic p-type contact materials for perovskite-based solar cells Li, Ming-Hsien; Shen, Po-Shen; Wang, Kuo-Chin Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA06425A	journal	January 2015
The chemical origin of the p-type and n-type doping effects in the hybrid methylammonium–lead iodide (MAPbI ₃ ) perovskite solar cells Frolova, Lyubov A.; Dremova, Nadezhda N.; Troshin, Pavel A. Chemical Communications, Vol. 51, Issue 80 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CC05205J	journal	January 2015
Dynamic interface charge governing the current–voltage hysteresis in perovskite solar cells Zhang, Huimin; Liang, Chunjun; Zhao, Yong Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5CP00416K	journal	January 2015
High-efficiency bulk heterojunction memory devices fabricated using organometallic halide perovskite:poly(N-vinylcarbazole) blend active layers Wang, Cheng; Chen, Yu; Zhang, Bin Dalton Transactions, Vol. 45, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5DT03969J	journal	January 2016
Highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells through band alignment engineering Correa Baena, Juan Pablo; Steier, Ludmilla; Tress, Wolfgang Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE02608C	journal	January 2015
Organometal halide perovskite solar cells: degradation and stability Berhe, Taame Abraha; Su, Wei-Nien; Chen, Ching-Hsiang Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE02733K	journal	January 2016
Effects of organic inorganic hybrid perovskite materials on the electronic properties and morphology of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) and the photovoltaic performance of planar perovskite solar cells Xia, Yijie; Sun, Kuan; Chang, Jingjing Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA03456F	journal	January 2015
An organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite logic gate for better computing Lin, Guoming; Lin, Yuanwei; Cui, Rongli Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 3, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC02270C	journal	January 2015
Photovoltaic hysteresis and its ramifications for concentrator solar cell design and diagnostics Gordon, Jeffrey M.; Katz, Eugene A.; Tassew, Wondesen Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 86, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1862776	journal	January 2005
Qualifying composition dependent p and n self-doping in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Wang, Qi; Shao, Yuchuan; Xie, Haipeng Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4899051	journal	October 2014
Ionic charging by local imbalance at interfaces in hybrid lead halide perovskites Almora, Osbel; Guerrero, Antonio; Garcia-Belmonte, Germà Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4941033	journal	January 2016
New Phenomenon in Narrow Germanium p − n Junctions Esaki, Leo Physical Review, Vol. 109, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.109.603	journal	January 1958
$I$–$V$Characterization of Tunnel Diodes and Multijunction Solar Cells Guter, W.; Bett, A. W. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 53, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/TED.2006.881051	journal	September 2006
Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites Lee, M. M.; Teuscher, J.; Miyasaka, T. Science, Vol. 338, Issue 6107, p. 643-647 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1228604	journal	October 2012
High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains Nie, W.; Tsai, H.; Asadpour, R. Science, Vol. 347, Issue 6221, p. 522-525 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0472	journal	January 2015
High-performance photovoltaic perovskite layers fabricated through intramolecular exchange Yang, W. S.; Noh, J. H.; Jeon, N. J. Science, Vol. 348, Issue 6240 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9272	journal	May 2015
Optimal I-V Curve Scan Time of Solar Cells and Modules in Light of Irradiance Level Herman, Matic; Jankovec, Marko; Topič, Marko International Journal of Photoenergy, Vol. 2012 https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/151452	journal	January 2012
Methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells: A new paradigm in photovoltaics Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja; Snaith, Henry MRS Bulletin, Vol. 40, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2015.169	journal	August 2015

Cited By (10)

Metal Oxide Charge Transport Layers for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells Shin, Seong Sik; Lee, Seon Joo; Seok, Sang Il Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201900455	journal	June 2019
Toward Perovskite Solar Cell Commercialization: A Perspective and Research Roadmap Based on Interfacial Engineering Rajagopal, Adharsh; Yao, Kai; Jen, Alex K. -Y. Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800455	journal	June 2018
Mixed Cation FA _x PEA _1- _x PbI ₃ with Enhanced Phase and Ambient Stability toward High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Li, Nan; Zhu, Zonglong; Chueh, Chu-Chen Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601307	journal	September 2016
Cesium Doped NiO _x as an Efficient Hole Extraction Layer for Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Chen, Wei; Liu, Fang-Zhou; Feng, Xi-Yuan Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700722	journal	June 2017
Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures Khenkin, Mark V.; Katz, Eugene A.; Abate, Antonio Nature Energy, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0529-5	journal	January 2020
Tunable hysteresis behaviour related to trap filling dependence of surface barrier in an individual CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ micro/nanowire Hong, Zhen; Zhao, Jie; Li, Shujun Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr08934e	journal	January 2019
Unraveling surface and bulk trap states in lead halide perovskite solar cells using impedance spectroscopy Han, Changfeng; Wang, Kai; Zhu, Xixiang Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 51, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aaa7cd	journal	February 2018
Inverted hysteresis in MAPbI ₃ perovskite solar cells induced by presetting bias voltage Xiang, Jin; Li, Yana; Huang, Feng Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 52, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ab1e2b	journal	May 2019
Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures Khenkin, Mv; Katz, Ea; Abate, A. Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.54194	text	January 2020
Consensus statement for stability assessment and reporting for perovskite photovoltaics based on ISOS procedures Khenkin, Mark V.; Katz, Eugene A.; Abate, Antonio Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.63659	text	January 2020

Similar Records

Modulation of PEDOT:PSS pH for efficient inverted perovskite solar cells with reduced potential loss and enhanced stability

Journal Article · Wed Nov 02 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces · OSTI ID:1343603

Wang, Qin; Chueh, Chu -Chen; Eslamian, Morteza; +1 more

Fluoroalkyl-substituted fullerene/perovskite heterojunction for efficient and ambient stable perovskite solar cells

Journal Article · Wed Oct 19 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Nano Energy · OSTI ID:1343588

Liu, Xiao; Lin, Francis; Chueh, Chu -Chen; +6 more

Room-temperature, solution-processable organic electron extraction layer for high-performance planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells

Journal Article · Thu Sep 24 00:00:00 EDT 2015 · Nanoscale · OSTI ID:1343576

Kim, Jong H.; Chueh, Chu-Chen; Williams, Spencer T.; +1 more

Related Subjects

14 SOLAR ENERGY
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Title: Abnormal Current–Voltage Hysteresis Induced by Reverse Bias in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Photovoltaics

Citation Formats

References (61)

Cited By (10)

Similar Records

Related Subjects