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Title: Electronic and structural ground state of heavy alkali metals at high pressure

Abstract

Here, alkali metals display unexpected properties at high pressure, including emergence of low symmetry crystal structures, that appear to occur due to enhanced electronic correlations among the otherwise nearly-free conduction electrons. We investigate the high pressure electronic and structural ground state of K, Rb, and Cs using x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements together with ab initio theoretical calculations. The sequence of phase transitions under pressure observed at low temperature is similar in all three heavy alkalis except for the absence of the oC84 phase in Cs. Both the experimental and theoretical results point to pressure-enhanced localization of the valence electrons characterized by pseudo-gap formation near the Fermi level and strong spd hybridization. Although the crystal structures predicted to host magnetic order in K are not observed, the localization process appears to drive these alkalis closer to a strongly correlated electron state.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [2]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States); Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
  2. Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States)
  3. Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Lab. Nacional de Luz Sincrotron, Sao Paulo (Brazil); UNICAMP, Sao Paulo (Brazil)
  4. Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
OSTI Identifier:
1335889
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1180393
Grant/Contract Number:  
NA0002006; AC02-06CH11357; FG02-99ER45775; FC52-08NA28554; NA0001974
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 91; Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 1098-0121
Publisher:
American Physical Society (APS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats

Fabbris, G., Lim, J., Veiga, L. S. I., Haskel, D., and Schilling, J. S. Electronic and structural ground state of heavy alkali metals at high pressure. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.085111.
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Fabbris, G., Lim, J., Veiga, L. S. I., Haskel, D., & Schilling, J. S. Electronic and structural ground state of heavy alkali metals at high pressure. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.085111
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Fabbris, G., Lim, J., Veiga, L. S. I., Haskel, D., and Schilling, J. S. Tue . "Electronic and structural ground state of heavy alkali metals at high pressure". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.085111. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1335889.
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@article{osti_1335889,
title = {Electronic and structural ground state of heavy alkali metals at high pressure},
author = {Fabbris, G. and Lim, J. and Veiga, L. S. I. and Haskel, D. and Schilling, J. S.},
abstractNote = {Here, alkali metals display unexpected properties at high pressure, including emergence of low symmetry crystal structures, that appear to occur due to enhanced electronic correlations among the otherwise nearly-free conduction electrons. We investigate the high pressure electronic and structural ground state of K, Rb, and Cs using x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements together with ab initio theoretical calculations. The sequence of phase transitions under pressure observed at low temperature is similar in all three heavy alkalis except for the absence of the oC84 phase in Cs. Both the experimental and theoretical results point to pressure-enhanced localization of the valence electrons characterized by pseudo-gap formation near the Fermi level and strong spd hybridization. Although the crystal structures predicted to host magnetic order in K are not observed, the localization process appears to drive these alkalis closer to a strongly correlated electron state.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.91.085111},
journal = {Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics},
number = 8,
volume = 91,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 EST 2015},
month = {Tue Feb 17 00:00:00 EST 2015}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.085111
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F.</span> </li> <li> Physical Review, Vol. 133, Issue 5A</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.133.A1399" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRev.133.A1399<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.78.235" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">On the Compressibility of Metallic Cesium<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1950-05-01">May 1950</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Sternheimer, R.</span> </li> <li> Physical Review, Vol. 78, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.78.235" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1103/PhysRev.78.235<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.38.564" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Correlation between <math display="inline"> <mi>d</mi> </math> -Band Occupancy and Crystal Structure in the Rare Earths<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="1977-03-01">March 1977</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Duthie, J. 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margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Wilhelm, F.; Garbarino, G.; Jacobs, J.</span> </li> <li> High Pressure Research, Vol. 36, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/08957959.2016.1206092" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1080/08957959.2016.1206092<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> </div> <div class="pagination-container small"> <a class="pure-button prev page" href="#" rel="prev"><span class="sr-only">Previous Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-left"></span></a> <ul class="pagination d-inline-block" style="padding-left:.2em;"></ul> <a class="pure-button next page" href="#" rel="next"><span class="sr-only">Next Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-filter="type" data-pattern="*"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> All Cited By</a></li> <li class="small" style="margin-left:.75em; 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<span class="author">Lim, J.</span> ; <span class="author">Veiga, L. S. I.</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Physical Review. B, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Alkali metals display unexpected properties at high pressure, including emergence of low-symmetry crystal structures, which appear to occur due to enhanced electronic correlations among the otherwise nearly free conduction electrons. We investigate the high-pressure electronic and structural ground state of K, Rb, and Cs using x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements together with ab initio theoretical calculations. The sequence of phase transitions under pressure observed at low temperature is similar in all three heavy alkalis except for the absence of the oC84 phase in Cs. Both the experimental and theoretical results point to pressure-enhanced localization of the valence electrons<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> characterized by pseudogap formation near the Fermi level and strong spd hybridization. Although the crystal structures predicted to host magnetic order in K are not observed, the localization process appears to drive these alkalis closer to a strongly correlated electron state.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.085111" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1392411" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.91.085111</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="1" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1464807-ideal-crystal-structure-cristobalite-bridge-sio2-densification" itemprop="url">The Ideal Crystal Structure of Cristobalite X-I: A Bridge in SiO<sub>2</sub> Densification</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Shelton, Hannah</span> ; <span class="author">Bi, Tiange</span> ; <span class="author">Zurek, Eva</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Journal of Physical Chemistry. C</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">On compression of α-cristobalite SiO<sub>2</sub> to pressures above approximately 12 GPa, a new polymorph known as cristobalite X-I forms. The existence of cristobalite X-I has been known for several decades; however, consensus regarding its exact atomic arrangement has not yet been reached. The X-I phase constitutes an important step in the silica densification process, separating low-density tetrahedral framework phases from high-density octahedral polymorphs. It is the only nonquenchable high-density SiO<sub>2</sub> phase, which reverts to the low-density form on decompression at ambient temperature. Recently, an experimental study proposed an octahedral model of SiO<sub>2</sub> X-I with intrinsic structural defects involving partial Si<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> site occupancies. In contrast, our new single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments have shown that the ideal structure of this phase should instead be described by a defect-free model, which does not require partial occupancies. Here, the structure of cristobalite X-I consists of octahedral chains with a 4-60°-2 zigzag chain geometry. This geometry has not been previously considered but is closely related to post-quartz, stishovite, and seifertite. In addition to the ideal, defect-free crystal structure, we also present a description of the defects that are most likely to form within the X-I phase. Density functional theory calculations support our observations, confirming the dynamic stability of the X-I geometry and reasonably reproducing the pressure of the phase transformation. The enthalpy of cristobalite X-I is higher than stishovite and seifertite, but X-I is favored as a high-pressure successor of cristobalite due to a unique transformation pathway. Elastic and lattice dynamical properties of the X-I phase show intermediate values between stable tetrahedral and octahedral polymorphs, confirming the bridge-role of this phase in SiO<sub>2</sub> densification.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 4<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04282" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1464807" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04282</a></span></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc fulltext-link " href="/pages/servlets/purl/1464807" title="Link to document media" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-ostiid="1464807" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >Full Text Available</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1356440-evidence-from-fermi-surface-analysis-low-temperature-structure-lithium" itemprop="url">Evidence from Fermi surface analysis for the low-temperature structure of lithium</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Elatresh, Sabri F.</span> ; <span class="author">Cai, Weizhao</span> ; <span class="author">Ashcroft, N. W.</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">The low-temperature crystal structure of elemental lithium, the prototypical simple metal, is a several-decades-old problem. At 1 atm pressure and 298 K, Li forms a body-centered cubic lattice, which is common to all alkali metals. However, a low-temperature phase transition was experimentally detected to a structure initially identified as having the 9R stacking. This structure, proposed by Overhauser in 1984, has been questioned repeatedly but has not been confirmed. Here we present a theoretical analysis of the Fermi surface of lithium in several relevant structures. We demonstrate that experimental measurements of the Fermi surface based on the de Haas–van Alphen<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> effect can be used as a diagnostic method to investigate the low-temperature phase diagram of lithium. This approach may overcome the limitations of X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques and makes possible, in principle, the determination of the lithium low-temperature structure (and that of other metals) at both ambient and high pressure. Here, the theoretical results are compared with existing low-temperature ambient pressure experimental data, which are shown to be inconsistent with a 9R phase for the low-temperature structure of lithium.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 16<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701994114" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1356440" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="PA" >https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701994114</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="5" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/22742077-new-quaternary-alkali-metal-cadmium-selenites-sub-cd-seo-sub-sub-rb-cs-li-sub-cd-sub-seo-sub-sub" itemprop="url">New quaternary alkali metal cadmium selenites, A{sub 2}Cd(SeO{sub 3}){sub 2} (A = K, Rb, and Cs) and Li{sub 2}Cd{sub 3}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 4}</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Lü, Minfeng</span> ; <span class="author">Jo, Hongil</span> ; <span class="author">Oh, Seung-Jin</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Journal of Solid State Chemistry</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">A series of new alkali metal cadmium selenites, A{sub 2}Cd(SeO{sub 3}){sub 2} (A = K, Rb, and Cs) and Li{sub 2}Cd{sub 3}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 4} have been synthesized in phase pure forms through hydrothermal and solid-state reactions. Structural analyses using single crystal X-ray diffraction indicate that while A{sub 2}Cd(SeO{sub 3}){sub 2} and Li{sub 2}Cd{sub 3}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 4} reveal layered structures consisting of CdO{sub 6} and SeO{sub 3} polyhedra, their symmetry, bonding modes, and the orientation of lone pairs on Se{sup 4+} cations are different. A closer examination suggests that the observed structural variations found in the reported materials are attributed to<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> the structure-directing effect of alkali metal cations with different sizes. Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive analysis by X-ray, thermogravimetric analysis, Infrared and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, transformation reactions under hydrothermal conditions, and local dipole moment calculations for the reported materials are also reported. - Graphical abstract: The size of alkali metal cations affects the direction of lone pairs on the Se{sup 4+} between the layers. Display Omitted - Highlights: • New selenites, A{sub 2}Cd(SeO{sub 3}){sub 2} (A = K, Rb, and Cs) and Li{sub 2}Cd{sub 3}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 4}, were synthesized. • Complete structural determinations and full characterizations have been performed. • The structural variations are due to the different size of alkali metal cations. • A{sub 2}Cd(SeO{sub 3}){sub 2} transformed to Li{sub 2}Cd{sub 3}(SeO{sub 3}){sub 4} in aqueous LiNO{sub 3} under hydrothermal conditions.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSSC.2017.09.014" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="22742077" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSSC.2017.09.014</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="6" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/1047744-three-alkali-metal-gold-gallium-systems-ternary-tunnel-structures-some-problems-poorly-ordered-cations" itemprop="url">Three Alkali-Metal-Gold-Gallium Systems. Ternary Tunnel Structures and Some Problems with Poorly Ordered Cations</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Smetana, Volodymyr</span> ; <span class="author">Miller, Gordon J</span> ; <span class="author">Corbett, John D</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Inorganic Chemistry</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Six new intermetallic compounds have been characterized in the alkali metal (A = Na, Rb, Cs)–gold–gallium systems. Three isostructural compounds with the general composition A0.55Au2Ga2, two others of AAu3Ga2 (A = Rb, Cs), and the related Na13Au41.2Ga30.3 were synthesized via typical high-temperature reactions and their crystal structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis: Na0.56(9)Au2Ga2 (I, I4/mcm, a = 8.718(1) Å, c = 4.857(1) Å, Z = 4), Rb0.56(1)Au2Ga2 (II, I4/mcm, a = 8.950(1) Å, c = 4.829(1) Å, Z = 4), Cs0.54(2)Au2Ga2 (III, I4/mcm, a = 9.077(1) Å, c = 4.815(1) Å, Z = 4), RbAu3Ga2 (IV, Pnma, a =<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> 13.384(3) Å, b = 5.577(1) Å, c = 7.017(1) Å, Z = 4), CsAu3Ga2 (V, Pnma, a = 13.511(3) Å, b = 5.614(2) Å, c = 7.146(1) Å, Z = 4), Na13Au41.2(1)Ga30.3(1) (VI, P6 mmm, a = 19.550(3) Å, c = 8.990(2) Å, Z = 2). The first three compounds (I–III) are isostructural with tetragonal K0.55Au2Ga2 and likewise contain planar eight-member Au/Ga rings that stack along c to generate tunnels and that contain varying degrees of disordered Na–Cs cations. The cation dispositions are much more clearly and reasonably defined by electron density mapping than through least-squares refinements with conventional anisotropic ellipsoids. Orthorhombic AAu3Ga2 (IV, V) are ordered ternary Rb and Cs derivatives of the SrZn5 type structure, demonstrating structural variability within the AAu3Ga2 family. All attempts to prepare an isotypic “NaAu3Ga2” were not successful, but yielded only a similar composition Na13Au41.2Ga30.3 (NaAu3.17Ga2.33) (VI) in a very different structure with two types of cation sites. Crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis obtained from tight-binding electronic structure calculations for idealized I–IV via linear muffin-tin-orbital (LMTO) methods emphasized the major contributions of heteroatomic Au–Ga bonding to the structural stability of these compounds. The relative minima (pseudogaps) in the DOS curves for IV correspond well with the valence electron counts of known representatives of this structure type and, thereby, reveal some magic numbers to guide the search for new isotypic compounds. Theoretical calculation of total energies vs volumes obtained by VASP (Vienna Ab initio Simulation Package) calculations for KAu3Ga2 and RbAu3Ga2 suggest a possible transformation from SrZn5- to BaZn5-types at high pressure.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1021/ic300740u" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1047744" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="" >https://doi.org/10.1021/ic300740u</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a class="tab-nav disabled" data-tab="related" style="color: #636c72 !important; opacity: 1;"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> Similar Records</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </div></div> </div> </div> </section> <footer class="" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <div class="footer-minor"> <div class="container"> <hr class="footer-separator"/> <br/> <div class="col text-center mt-3"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal"> <ul class="pure-menu-list" id="footer-org-menu"> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://energy.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-us-doe-min" alt="U.S. Department of Energy" /> </a> </li> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://www.energy.gov/science/office-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-office-of-science-min" alt="Office of Science" /> </a> </li> <li class="pure-menu-item"> <a href="https://www.osti.gov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" class="sprite sprite-footer-osti-min" alt="Office of Scientific and Technical Information" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col text-center small" style="margin-top: 0.5em;margin-bottom:2.0rem;"> <div class="row justify-content-center" style="color:white"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal" style='white-space:normal'> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><a href="https://www.osti.gov/disclaim" class="pure-menu-link" target="_blank" ref="noopener noreferrer"><span class="fa fa-institution"></span> Website Policies <span class="d-none d-sm-inline d-print-none" style="color:#737373;">/ Important Links</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style='float:none;'><a href="/pages/contact" class="pure-menu-link"><span class="fa fa-comments-o"></span>Contact Us</a></li> <li class="d-block d-md-none mb-1"></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style='float:none;'><a target="_blank" title="Vulnerability Disclosure Program" class="pure-menu-link" href="https://doe.responsibledisclosure.com/hc/en-us" rel="noopener noreferrer">Vulnerability Disclosure Program</a></li> <li class="d-block d-lg-none mb-1"></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ostigov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-facebook" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Facebook</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://twitter.com/OSTIgov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-twitter" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Twitter</span></a></li> <li class="pure-menu-item" style="float:none;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ostigov" target="_blank" class="pure-menu-link social ext fa fa-youtube-play" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="sr-only" style="background-color: #fff; color: #333;">Youtube</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <link href="/pages/css/pages.fonts.240327.0205.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="/pages/js/pages.240327.0205.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script defer src="/pages/js/pages.biblio.240327.0205.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script defer src="/pages/js/lity.js"></script><noscript></noscript> <script async type="text/javascript" src="/pages/js/Universal-Federated-Analytics-Min.js?agency=DOE" id="_fed_an_ua_tag"></script><noscript></noscript> </body> <!-- DOE PAGES v.240327.0205 --> </html>