A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs

Accardi, A.; Alekhin, S.; Blümlein, J.; Garzelli, M. V.; Lipka, K.; Melnitchouk, W.; Moch, S.; Owens, J. F.; Plačakytė, R.; Reya, E.; Sato, N.; Vogt, A.; Zenaiev, O.

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4

Title: A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs

Abstract

Here, we review the present status in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs) in the light of the precision requirements for the LHC in Run 2 as well as other future colliders. We provide brief descriptions of all currently available PDF sets and use them to compute cross sections for a number of benchmark processes including the Higgs boson production in gluon-gluon fusion at the LHC. We show that the differences in the predictions obtained with the various PDFs are due to particular theory assumptions such as the heavy-flavor schemes used in the PDF fits, the account of power corrections and others. We comment on PDF uncertainties in the kinematic region covered by the LHC and on averaging procedures for PDFs, such as realized by the PDF4LHC15 sets. As a result, we provide recommendations for the usage of sets of PDFs for theory predictions at the LHC.

Authors:: Accardi, A.; Alekhin, S.; Blümlein, J.; Garzelli, M. V.; Lipka, K.; Melnitchouk, W.; Moch, S.; Owens, J. F.; Plačakytė, R.; Reya, E.; Sato, N.; Vogt, A.; Zenaiev, O.

Publication Date:: 2016-08-23

Research Org.:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1328554

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1327811

Report Number(s):: JLAB-THY-16-2231; DOE/OR/23177-3779
Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6044; 471; PII: 4285

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-06OR23177; FG02-97ER41922; SC0008791; 05H15GUCC1; PITN-GA- 2012-316704 (HIGGSTOOLS)

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields Journal Volume: 76 Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 1434-6044

Publisher:: Springer Science + Business Media

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats


                    Accardi, A., Alekhin, S., Blümlein, J., Garzelli, M. V., Lipka, K., Melnitchouk, W., Moch, S., Owens, J. F., Plačakytė, R., Reya, E., Sato, N., Vogt, A., and Zenaiev, O. A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs.  Germany: N. p., 2016. 
Web.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4.

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                    Accardi, A., Alekhin, S., Blümlein, J., Garzelli, M. V., Lipka, K., Melnitchouk, W., Moch, S., Owens, J. F., Plačakytė, R., Reya, E., Sato, N., Vogt, A., & Zenaiev, O. A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs.  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4

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                    Accardi, A., Alekhin, S., Blümlein, J., Garzelli, M. V., Lipka, K., Melnitchouk, W., Moch, S., Owens, J. F., Plačakytė, R., Reya, E., Sato, N., Vogt, A., and Zenaiev, O. Tue .  
"A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs".  Germany.  https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4.

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@article{osti_1328554,

  title        = {A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs},

  author       = {Accardi, A. and Alekhin, S. and Blümlein, J. and Garzelli, M. V. and Lipka, K. and Melnitchouk, W. and Moch, S. and Owens, J. F. and Plačakytė, R. and Reya, E. and Sato, N. and Vogt, A. and Zenaiev, O.},

  abstractNote = {Here, we review the present status in the determination of parton distribution functions (PDFs) in the light of the precision requirements for the LHC in Run 2 as well as other future colliders. We provide brief descriptions of all currently available PDF sets and use them to compute cross sections for a number of benchmark processes including the Higgs boson production in gluon-gluon fusion at the LHC. We show that the differences in the predictions obtained with the various PDFs are due to particular theory assumptions such as the heavy-flavor schemes used in the PDF fits, the account of power corrections and others. We comment on PDF uncertainties in the kinematic region covered by the LHC and on averaging procedures for PDFs, such as realized by the PDF4LHC15 sets. As a result, we provide recommendations for the usage of sets of PDFs for theory predictions at the LHC.},

  doi          = {10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4285-4},

  journal      = {European Physical Journal. C, Particles and Fields},

  number       = 8,

  volume       = 76,

  place        = {Germany},

  year         = {2016},

  month        = {8}

}

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The <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msubsup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> massive operator matrix elements of <mml:math altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> for the structure function <mml:math altimg="si3.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd"><mml:msub><mml:mi>F</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:msup><mml:mi>Q</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> and transversity
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The transition matrix element <mml:math altimg="si1.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" xmlns:sa="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-aff/dtd"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>A</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mi>q</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> of the variable flavor number scheme at <mml:math altimg="si2.gif" overflow="scroll" xmlns:xocs="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/xocs/dtd" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:ja="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/ja/dtd" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:tb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/table/dtd" xmlns:sb="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-bib/dtd" xmlns:ce="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/dtd" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:cals="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/cals/dtd" xmlns:sa="http://www.elsevier.com/xml/common/struct-aff/dtd"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:msubsup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msubsup><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math>
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Kotikov, A. V.; Krivokhizhin, V. G.; Shaikhatdenov, B. G.
Physics of Atomic Nuclei, Vol. 81, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1134/s1063778818020126

Charm Production and QCD Analysis at HERA and LHC
text, January 2017

Zenaiev, Oleksandr
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2017-01474

Systematic uncertainties in parton distribution functions from lattice QCD simulations at the physical point
text, January 2019

Alexandrou, Constantia; Cichy, Krzysztof; Constantinou, Martha
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-02720

PDF Profiling Using the Forward-Backward Asymmetry in Neutral Current Drell-Yan Production
text, January 2019

Accomando, Elena; Fiaschi, Juri; Hautmann, Francesco
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2019-04768

FLAG Review 2019
text, January 2019

Aoki, S.; Aoki, Y.; Becirevic, D.
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2020-00055

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV
text, January 2020

Sirunyan, Albert M.; Tumasyan, Armen; Adam, Wolfgang
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2020-02641

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Title: A critical appraisal and evaluation of modern PDFs

Abstract

Citation Formats

Parton distributions in the presence of target mass corrections journal, December 2012

Uncertainties of predictions from parton distributions II: theoretical errors journal, June 2004

Parton structure of the photon beyond the leading order journal, June 1992

Operator product expansions near the light cone journal, April 1971

Value of α s from deep-inelastic-scattering data journal, February 2003

Scaling violations and the gluon distribution of the nucleon journal, June 1982

Order α2S contributions to the deep inelastic Wilson coefficient journal, November 1991

Leptonic O(α2L) radiative corrections to deep-inelastic ep scattering in mixed variables journal, February 2003

Higgs boson production at hadron colliders in NNLO QCD journal, December 2002

x -space analysis for the photon structure functions in QCD journal, March 1984

Open heavy flavour production: conceptual framework and implementation issues journal, April 2002

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering (I). Theoretical calculations journal, January 1979

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering journal, November 1979

Parton densities from deep inelastic scattering to hadronic processes at super collider energies journal, March 1988

Order-αs2 QCD corrections to the deep inelastic proton structure functions F2 and FL journal, September 1992

Two-loop massive operator matrix elements and unpolarized heavy flavor production at asymptotic values journal, September 2007

Complete O(αS) corrections to heavy-flavour structure functions in electroproduction journal, March 1993

Neutrino inclusive inelastic scattering off nuclei journal, November 2007

Testing QCD scaling violations in the HERA energy range journal, September 1990

Global fit to the charged leptons deep-inelastic-scattering data: α s , parton distributions, and high twists journal, April 2001

Higher order QCD effects in inclusive annihilation and deep inelastic scattering journal, December 1981

Non-Lagrangian Models of Current Algebra journal, March 1969

Two-loop diagrams in Yang-Mills theory journal, June 1974

The strange parton distribution of the nucleon: global analysis and applications journal, April 2007

Leptoproduction of heavy quarks. II. A unified QCD formulation of charged and neutral current processes from fixed-target to collider energies journal, September 1994

Global study of nuclear structure functions journal, January 2006

Measurement of the Lepton Charge Asymmetry in W -Boson Decays Produced in p p ¯ Collisions journal, December 1998

Order αs2 correction to the structure function F3(x, Q2) in deep inelastic neutrino-hadron scattering journal, December 1992

Leading log radiative corrections to deep inelastic neutral and charged current scattering at HERA journal, March 1990

Lepton-hadron processes beyond leading order in quantum chromodynamics journal, December 1982

Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories. I journal, November 1973

Improved calculation of F2 in electroproduction and xF3 in neutrino scattering to NNLO and determination of αs journal, September 2001

Effects of higher-order threshold corrections in high- E T jet production journal, February 2001

Deep-inelastic scattering from off-shell nucleons journal, February 1994

Fixed target Drell-Yan data and NNLO QCD fits of parton distribution functions journal, September 2006

Soft gluon resummation for heavy quark electroproduction journal, January 1999

Treatment of heavy quarks in deeply inelastic scattering journal, October 2000

Asymptotic freedom in parton language journal, August 1977

Longitudinal heavy quark structure function in the region at journal, October 2006

O(αS) corrections to heavy-flavour inclusive distributions in electroproduction journal, March 1993

Space and time like cut vertices in QCD beyond the leading order - non-singlet sector journal, January 1981

Effects of QCD resummation on distributions of leptons from the decay of electroweak vector bosons journal, August 1995

The gell-mann-low function of QCD in the three-loop approximation journal, June 1980

Characteristics of heavy quark leptoproduction in QCD journal, January 1979

Charged current deep-inelastic scattering at three loops journal, October 2007

The longitudinal structure function at the third order journal, January 2005

$$\mathcal{O}(\alpha ^2 L^2 )$$ radiative corrections to deep inelasticep scattering for different kinematical variables journal, June 1995

Chromodynamic corrections to neutrino production of heavy quarks journal, January 1981

The mellin transform technique for the extraction of the gluon density journal, March 1996

Evolution of parton densities beyond leading order journal, November 1980

The correct renormalization of the gluon operator in a covariant gauge journal, July 1992

Parton distribution functions and benchmark cross sections at next-to-next-to-leading order journal, September 2012

The four-loop β-function in quantum chromodynamics journal, May 1997

Relativistic deuteron structure function journal, August 1994

Review of Particle Physics journal, August 2014

NNLO corrections to the total cross section for Higgs boson production in hadron–hadron collisions journal, August 2003

Heavy quark contributions to deep inelastic scattering journal, March 1976

Asymptotic Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories to Two-Loop Order journal, July 1974

Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories journal, June 1973

Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions? journal, June 1973

Measurement of kinematic and nuclear dependence of R = σ L σ T in deep inelastic electron scattering journal, June 1994

Comparison between variable flavor number schemes for charm quark electroproduction journal, April 2000

Higher-order effects in asymptotically free gauge theories journal, June 1979

The third-order QCD corrections to deep-inelastic scattering by photon exchange journal, September 2005

Next-to-leading order analysis of the deep inelastic R = σL/σT journal, April 1991

Scaling violation in the infinite-momentum frame journal, May 1978

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering (III). The singlet case journal, April 1980

Quantum-chromodynamic estimates for heavy-particle production journal, July 1978

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High energy factorization and small-x heavy flavour production journal, November 1991

Extracting parton densities from collider data journal, June 1998

Theoretical uncertainties in the QCD evolution of structure functions and their impact on αs(MZ2) journal, December 1996

Leading log radiative corrections to ep scattering including jet measurement journal, November 1991

Parton distributions in the presence of target mass corrections
journal, December 2012

Uncertainties of predictions from parton distributions II: theoretical errors
journal, June 2004

Parton structure of the photon beyond the leading order
journal, June 1992

Operator product expansions near the light cone
journal, April 1971

Value of α _s from deep-inelastic-scattering data
journal, February 2003

Scaling violations and the gluon distribution of the nucleon
journal, June 1982

Order α2S contributions to the deep inelastic Wilson coefficient
journal, November 1991

Leptonic O(α2L) radiative corrections to deep-inelastic ep scattering in mixed variables
journal, February 2003

Higgs boson production at hadron colliders in NNLO QCD
journal, December 2002

$x$ -space analysis for the photon structure functions in QCD
journal, March 1984

Open heavy flavour production: conceptual framework and implementation issues
journal, April 2002

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering (I). Theoretical calculations
journal, January 1979

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering
journal, November 1979

Parton densities from deep inelastic scattering to hadronic processes at super collider energies
journal, March 1988

Order-αs2 QCD corrections to the deep inelastic proton structure functions F2 and FL
journal, September 1992

Two-loop massive operator matrix elements and unpolarized heavy flavor production at asymptotic values
journal, September 2007

Complete O(αS) corrections to heavy-flavour structure functions in electroproduction
journal, March 1993

Neutrino inclusive inelastic scattering off nuclei
journal, November 2007

Testing QCD scaling violations in the HERA energy range
journal, September 1990

Global fit to the charged leptons deep-inelastic-scattering data: $α_{s},$ parton distributions, and high twists
journal, April 2001

Higher order QCD effects in inclusive annihilation and deep inelastic scattering
journal, December 1981

Non-Lagrangian Models of Current Algebra
journal, March 1969

Two-loop diagrams in Yang-Mills theory
journal, June 1974

The strange parton distribution of the nucleon: global analysis and applications
journal, April 2007

Leptoproduction of heavy quarks. II. A unified QCD formulation of charged and neutral current processes from fixed-target to collider energies
journal, September 1994

Global study of nuclear structure functions
journal, January 2006

Measurement of the Lepton Charge Asymmetry in $W$ -Boson Decays Produced in $p \bar{p}$ Collisions
journal, December 1998

Order αs2 correction to the structure function F3(x, Q2) in deep inelastic neutrino-hadron scattering
journal, December 1992

Leading log radiative corrections to deep inelastic neutral and charged current scattering at HERA
journal, March 1990

Lepton-hadron processes beyond leading order in quantum chromodynamics
journal, December 1982

Asymptotically Free Gauge Theories. I
journal, November 1973

Improved calculation of F2 in electroproduction and xF3 in neutrino scattering to NNLO and determination of αs
journal, September 2001

Effects of higher-order threshold corrections in high- $E_{T}$ jet production
journal, February 2001

Deep-inelastic scattering from off-shell nucleons
journal, February 1994

Fixed target Drell-Yan data and NNLO QCD fits of parton distribution functions
journal, September 2006

Soft gluon resummation for heavy quark electroproduction
journal, January 1999

Treatment of heavy quarks in deeply inelastic scattering
journal, October 2000

Asymptotic freedom in parton language
journal, August 1977

Longitudinal heavy quark structure function in the region at
journal, October 2006

O(αS) corrections to heavy-flavour inclusive distributions in electroproduction
journal, March 1993

Space and time like cut vertices in QCD beyond the leading order - non-singlet sector
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Effects of QCD resummation on distributions of leptons from the decay of electroweak vector bosons
journal, August 1995

The gell-mann-low function of QCD in the three-loop approximation
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Characteristics of heavy quark leptoproduction in QCD
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Charged current deep-inelastic scattering at three loops
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The longitudinal structure function at the third order
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$$\mathcal{O}(\alpha ^2 L^2 )$$ radiative corrections to deep inelasticep scattering for different kinematical variables
journal, June 1995

Chromodynamic corrections to neutrino production of heavy quarks
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The mellin transform technique for the extraction of the gluon density
journal, March 1996

Evolution of parton densities beyond leading order
journal, November 1980

The correct renormalization of the gluon operator in a covariant gauge
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Parton distribution functions and benchmark cross sections at next-to-next-to-leading order
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The four-loop β-function in quantum chromodynamics
journal, May 1997

Relativistic deuteron structure function
journal, August 1994

Review of Particle Physics
journal, August 2014

NNLO corrections to the total cross section for Higgs boson production in hadron–hadron collisions
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Heavy quark contributions to deep inelastic scattering
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Asymptotic Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories to Two-Loop Order
journal, July 1974

Ultraviolet Behavior of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories
journal, June 1973

Reliable Perturbative Results for Strong Interactions?
journal, June 1973

Measurement of kinematic and nuclear dependence of $R = \frac{σ_{L}}{σ_{T}}$ in deep inelastic electron scattering
journal, June 1994

Comparison between variable flavor number schemes for charm quark electroproduction
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Higher-order effects in asymptotically free gauge theories
journal, June 1979

The third-order QCD corrections to deep-inelastic scattering by photon exchange
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Next-to-leading order analysis of the deep inelastic R = σL/σT
journal, April 1991

Scaling violation in the infinite-momentum frame
journal, May 1978

Second-order contributions to the structure functions in deep inelastic scattering (III). The singlet case
journal, April 1980

Quantum-chromodynamic estimates for heavy-particle production
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Higher-order constraints on the Higgs production rate from fixed-target DIS data
journal, August 2011

Asymptotically free gauge theories. II
journal, February 1974

Deep-inelastic structure functions at two loops
journal, May 2000

The evolution of unpolarized singlet structure functions at small x
journal, June 1998

Non-singlet QCD analysis of deep inelastic world data at
journal, July 2007

High energy factorization and small-x heavy flavour production
journal, November 1991

Extracting parton densities from collider data
journal, June 1998

Theoretical uncertainties in the QCD evolution of structure functions and their impact on αs(MZ2)
journal, December 1996

Leading log radiative corrections to ep scattering including jet measurement
journal, November 1991

The four-loop QCD β-function and anomalous dimensions
journal, March 2005

CT10 next-to-next-to-leading order global analysis of QCD
journal, February 2014

Freedom at moderate energies: Masses in color dynamics
journal, October 1976