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Title: Wet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF-Chem simulations and aircraft observations

Abstract

In this work, we examine wet scavenging of soluble trace gases in storms observed during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. We conduct high-resolution simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) of a severe storm in Oklahoma. The model represents well the storm location, size, and structure as compared with Next Generation Weather Radar reflectivity, and simulated CO transport is consistent with aircraft observations. Scavenging efficiencies (SEs) between inflow and outflow of soluble species are calculated from aircraft measurements and model simulations. Using a simple wet scavenging scheme, we simulate the SE of each soluble species within the error bars of the observations. The simulated SEs of all species except nitric acid (HNO3) are highly sensitive to the values specified for the fractions retained in ice when cloud water freezes. To reproduce the observations, we must assume zero ice retention for formaldehyde (CH2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and complete retention for methyl hydrogen peroxide (CH3OOH) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), likely to compensate for the lack of aqueous chemistry in the model. We then compare scavenging efficiencies among storms that formed in Alabama and northeast Colorado and the Oklahoma storm. Significant differences in SEsmore » are seen among storms and species. More scavenging of HNO3 and less removal of CH3OOH are seen in storms with higher maximum flash rates, an indication of more graupel mass. Graupel is associated with mixed-phase scavenging and lightning production of nitrogen oxides (NOx ), processes that may explain the observed differences in HNO3 and CH3OOH scavenging.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [2];  [4];  [4];  [5];  [4];  [6];  [7];  [7];  [8];  [7];  [9];  [10];  [10];  [10];  [11] more »;  [11];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [2];  [12] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
  2. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO (United States)
  3. Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States)
  4. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  5. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  6. Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
  7. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
  8. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States); Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD (United States)
  9. Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD (United States)
  10. Georgia Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA (United States)
  11. Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)
  12. NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
1327086
Report Number(s):
PNNL-SA-119123
Journal ID: ISSN 2169-897X; KP1701000
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-76RL01830; ACCDAMNNX14AR56G; AGS-1261559; NNX12AMO8G; AGS-1522910; 1063479; 1522551; NNX12AC06G; NNX14AP46G-ACCDAM; ATM1063467; NNX12AB77G; NNX12AB76G
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 121; Journal Issue: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-897X
Publisher:
American Geophysical Union
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; deep convective storms; wet scavenging; ice retention; trace gases; WRF‐Chem

Citation Formats

Bela, Megan M., Barth, Mary C., Toon, Owen B., Fried, Alan, Homeyer, Cameron R., Morrison, Hugh, Cummings, Kristin A., Li, Yunyao, Pickering, Kenneth E., Allen, Dale J., Yang, Qing, Wennberg, Paul O., Crounse, John D., St. Clair, Jason M., Teng, Alex P., O'Sullivan, Daniel, Huey, L. Gregory, Chen, Dexian, Liu, Xiaoxi, Blake, Donald R., Blake, Nicola J., Apel, Eric C., Hornbrook, Rebecca S., Flocke, Frank, Campos, Teresa, and Diskin, Glenn. Wet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF-Chem simulations and aircraft observations. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1002/2015JD024623.
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Bela, Megan M., Barth, Mary C., Toon, Owen B., Fried, Alan, Homeyer, Cameron R., Morrison, Hugh, Cummings, Kristin A., Li, Yunyao, Pickering, Kenneth E., Allen, Dale J., Yang, Qing, Wennberg, Paul O., Crounse, John D., St. Clair, Jason M., Teng, Alex P., O'Sullivan, Daniel, Huey, L. Gregory, Chen, Dexian, Liu, Xiaoxi, Blake, Donald R., Blake, Nicola J., Apel, Eric C., Hornbrook, Rebecca S., Flocke, Frank, Campos, Teresa, & Diskin, Glenn. Wet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF-Chem simulations and aircraft observations. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024623
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Bela, Megan M., Barth, Mary C., Toon, Owen B., Fried, Alan, Homeyer, Cameron R., Morrison, Hugh, Cummings, Kristin A., Li, Yunyao, Pickering, Kenneth E., Allen, Dale J., Yang, Qing, Wennberg, Paul O., Crounse, John D., St. Clair, Jason M., Teng, Alex P., O'Sullivan, Daniel, Huey, L. Gregory, Chen, Dexian, Liu, Xiaoxi, Blake, Donald R., Blake, Nicola J., Apel, Eric C., Hornbrook, Rebecca S., Flocke, Frank, Campos, Teresa, and Diskin, Glenn. Thu . "Wet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF-Chem simulations and aircraft observations". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024623. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1327086.
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@article{osti_1327086,
title = {Wet scavenging of soluble gases in DC3 deep convective storms using WRF-Chem simulations and aircraft observations},
author = {Bela, Megan M. and Barth, Mary C. and Toon, Owen B. and Fried, Alan and Homeyer, Cameron R. and Morrison, Hugh and Cummings, Kristin A. and Li, Yunyao and Pickering, Kenneth E. and Allen, Dale J. and Yang, Qing and Wennberg, Paul O. and Crounse, John D. and St. Clair, Jason M. and Teng, Alex P. and O'Sullivan, Daniel and Huey, L. Gregory and Chen, Dexian and Liu, Xiaoxi and Blake, Donald R. and Blake, Nicola J. and Apel, Eric C. and Hornbrook, Rebecca S. and Flocke, Frank and Campos, Teresa and Diskin, Glenn},
abstractNote = {In this work, we examine wet scavenging of soluble trace gases in storms observed during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field campaign. We conduct high-resolution simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) of a severe storm in Oklahoma. The model represents well the storm location, size, and structure as compared with Next Generation Weather Radar reflectivity, and simulated CO transport is consistent with aircraft observations. Scavenging efficiencies (SEs) between inflow and outflow of soluble species are calculated from aircraft measurements and model simulations. Using a simple wet scavenging scheme, we simulate the SE of each soluble species within the error bars of the observations. The simulated SEs of all species except nitric acid (HNO3) are highly sensitive to the values specified for the fractions retained in ice when cloud water freezes. To reproduce the observations, we must assume zero ice retention for formaldehyde (CH2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and complete retention for methyl hydrogen peroxide (CH3OOH) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), likely to compensate for the lack of aqueous chemistry in the model. We then compare scavenging efficiencies among storms that formed in Alabama and northeast Colorado and the Oklahoma storm. Significant differences in SEs are seen among storms and species. More scavenging of HNO3 and less removal of CH3OOH are seen in storms with higher maximum flash rates, an indication of more graupel mass. Graupel is associated with mixed-phase scavenging and lightning production of nitrogen oxides (NOx ), processes that may explain the observed differences in HNO3 and CH3OOH scavenging.},
doi = {10.1002/2015JD024623},
journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
number = 8,
volume = 121,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Apr 21 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Thu Apr 21 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
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